Aluminum Phthalocyanine Research Articles

Aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate conjugated to surface-modified Iron oxide nanoparticles as a magnetic targeting platform for photodynamic therapy of Ehrlich tumor-bearing mice

BackgroundPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is a targeted treatment option for cancers that are non-responding to ordinary anticancer therapies. It involves activating a photosensitizer with a light source of a specific wavelength to destroy targeted cells and their surrounding vasculature. Aluminum phthalocyanine tetra sulfonate (AlPcS4) has gained attention as a second-generation photosensitizer for its strong absorption in the red-light region. AlPcS4 can be conjugated to magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) to provide targeted drug delivery to the tumor cells while reducing its undesired effect on healthy tissues in other body parts. MethodsMagnetic glutamine functionalized iron oxide nanocomposites loaded with AlPcS4 (IONs-NH2-AlPcS4) were synthesized via the co-precipitation method. The conjugate (IONs-NH2-AlPcS4) was characterized by TEM, Zeta potential, DLS, FTIR, and UV–VIS absorption spectroscopy. Furthermore, its photodynamic activity was investigated using albino mice with induced Ehrlich solid tumors. ResultsAlPcS4 was successfully conjugated to IONs-NH2 with a high loading efficiency of 54±2%. The synthesized conjugate exhibited a spherical shape, with 7 ± 2 nm particle size. The In vivo experiment revealed that the albino mice with induced Ehrlich solid tumor that were treated by combined PDT and magnetic targeting conjugate exhibited significant tumor regression and notably higher levels of necrotic tissue compared to the animals in other groups. ConclusionPDT mediated by magnetic targeting significantly inhibited tumor growth with minimal adverse effects, indicating its great potential as a promising strategy for solid cancer treatment.

Metallic-based phthalocyanine nanoemulsions for photodynamic purging of ovarian tissue in leukemia patients

For cancer patients with a high risk of ovarian tissue metastasis, ovarian autotransplantation is not advised due to the potential spread of malignant cells. Ex vivo purging of ovarian fragments may offer a more suitable alternative for fertility restoration. Eradicating malignant cells should be done selectively without affecting follicles or ovarian stromal cells (SCs). As a clinically licensed method, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive treatment to destroy cancer cells. This study evaluates the effectiveness of nanoemulsions (NE) containing two phthalocyanine photosensitizers; aluminum (III) phthalocyanine (AlPc) and zinc (II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc) in eliminating cancer cells. Human leukemic malignant (HL-60) and ovarian stromal cells (SCs) were treated with AlPc/ZnPc loaded NEs with or without diode laser irradiation. HL-60 leukemia cells in 2D culture were eliminated by treatment with 10nM AlPc-NE or 0.1µM ZnPc-NE, while no toxicity was observed in SCs. In 3D culture models, although the cells showed more resistance to the NEs as a result of limited oxygen and photosensitizer penetration, the treatment remained selective for cancer cells. These approaches have the potential to eliminate malignant cells from ovarian tissue fragments.

Polymer Tetrabenzimidazole Aluminum Phthalocyanine Complex with Carbon Nanotubes: A Promising Approach for Boosting Lithium-Ion Battery Anode Performance

Polymer Tetrabenzimidazole Aluminum Phthalocyanine Complex with Carbon Nanotubes: A Promising Approach for Boosting Lithium-Ion Battery Anode Performance

The Potential of Photodynamic Therapy Using Solid Lipid Nanoparticles with Aluminum Phthalocyanine Chloride as a Nanocarrier for Modulating Immunogenic Cell Death in Murine Melanoma In Vitro.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses a photosensitizer to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that kill target cells. In cancer treatments, PDT can potentially induce immunogenic cell death (ICD), which is characterized by a well-controlled exposure of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that activate dendritic cells (DCs) and consequently modulate the immune response in the tumor microenvironment. However, PDT still has limitations, such as the activity of photosensitizers in aqueous media and poor bioavailability. Therefore, a new photosensitizer system, SLN-AlPc, has been developed to improve the therapeutic efficacy of PDT. In vitro experiments showed that the light-excited nanocarrier increased ROS production in murine melanoma B16-F10 cells and modulated the profile of DCs. PDT induced cell death accompanied by the exposure of DAMPs and the formation of autophagosomes. In addition, the DCs exposed to PDT-treated B16-F10 cells exhibited morphological changes, increased expression of MHCII, CD86, CD80, and production of IL-12 and IFN-γ, suggesting immune activation towards an antitumor profile. These results indicate that the SLNs-AlPc protocol has the potential to improve PDT efficacy by inducing ICD and activating DCs.

Photodynamic Therapy under Diagnostic Control of Wounds with Antibiotic-Resistant Microflora

Background: Difficulties in the treatment of purulent wounds are caused by bacterial biofilms, which results in decontamination limitations. Infected wounds are not sufficiently susceptible to existing antibiotics, necessitating the search for alternative approaches to reduce the concentration of pathogenic microflora. Methods: This study describes an approach to the effective treatment of wounds by photodynamic inactivation or therapy (PDI/PDT) of antibiotic-resistant microflora under fluorescence control. For this purpose, laser and LED light (660–680 nm) and different groups of photosensitizers (PS) (1% solutions of methylene blue, aluminum phthalocyanine, chlorine e6 and nanocomposites containing these groups of PS) were used. The study included 90 patients with various wounds. Some patients were subjected to fluorescence diagnosis by laser spectral analysis before the PDT. Results: Positive results were achieved in 76 patients (84%, p < 0.05). After the first PDT session, a decrease in the concentration of microflora was noticeable. By the third and seventh days, a significant to complete inactivation of bacteria was obtained. In all patients who were photo-diagnosed before PDT, a significant PS concentration decrease of more than 75% after PDT was obtained. Conclusion: PDT is an effective method for the inactivation of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, including in long non-healing wounds, contributing also to early tissue regeneration.

Optical and Electrical properties of organic Aluminum phthalocyanine based thin films for organic electronics.

Thought this research, the optical and electrical properties of organic aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPc) molecule based thin film are emphasized. The transmittance of such materials presents a narrow peak and valley within a range of 446 nm. Dielectric parameters like refractive and extinction coefficient are studied within Uv-vis-IR range. Optical band gap and Urbach energy are determined found to be 2.6 eV and 33 meV. Based on single oscillator, dispersion energy and related parameters like E0, Ed, S0, l0, n0, epsil,

Modulation of heat shock protein expression and cytokine levels in MCF-7 cells through photodynamic therapy.

In this study, we assess the impact of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (AlPcS4) on the viability and cellular stress responses of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Specifically, we investigate changes in cell viability, cytokine production, and the expression of stress-related genes. Experimental groups included control cells, those treated with AlPcS4 only, light-emitting diode (LED) only, and combined PDT. To evaluate these effects on cell viability, cytokine production, and the expression of stress-related genes, techniques such as 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and real-time quantitative PCR (RT‒qPCR) were employed. Our findings reveal how PDT with AlPcS4 modulates mitochondrial activity and cytokine responses, shedding light on the cellular pathways essential for cell survival and stress adaptation. This work enhances our understanding of PDT's therapeutic potential and mechanisms in treating breast cancer.

Cholecystokinin 1 Receptor Is Activated Permanently in Photodynamic Action

In contrast to agonist activation that is reversed after washout of agonist, we have found that cholecystokinin 1 receptor (CCK1R) is activated permanently by singlet oxygen in type II photodynamic action, the G Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Activated By Singlet Oxygen is named GPCR-ABSO. CCK1R ectopically expressed in cell lines is activated in photodynamic action with photosensitizer sulphonated aluminum phthalocyanine (SALPC) or with genetically encoded protein photosensitizers (such as miniSOG, KillerRed) to trigger persistent calcium oscillations which are not washed out. Such permanent photodynamic CCK1R activation is seen also in freshly isolated pancreatic acini, which is inhibited by CCK1R antagonist. Photodynamic CCK1R activation is physiological in intensity, triggering calcium oscillations similar in frequencies to those induced by physiological CCK concentrations (10 - 100 pM). The molecular mechanisms for such permanent photodynamic activation of CCK1R at the physiological level are three-fold. When membrane proteins prepared from isolated rat pancreatic acini are subject to Western blot, CCK1R is found to be present as both dimers and monomers. After photodynamic action with SALPC at an intensity that would trigger persistent calcium oscillations in live cells, the resting receptor dimer is converted quantitatively to monomer, similar to agonist stimulated CCK1R monomerization revealed by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) method in rat CCK1R-expressing COS cells, suggesting that photodynamic CCK1R activation we have demonstrated is likely quite physiological. Whilst CCK1R is activated by singlet oxygen in photodynamic action, the M3 acetylcholine receptor is not affected. However, when TM3 of CCK1R is transplanted to M3R to replace TM3 of M3R, the chimeric receptor M3R-TM3CCK1R becomes activatable in photodynamic action, after tagging with miniSOG. The calculated extent of miniSOG photodynamic activation of M3R, chimeric M3R-TM3CCK1R, and CCK1R are 0%, 65%, 100% respectively. Comparative studies with pancreatic acini isolated from the rat, mouse and Peking duck found that sensitivity for photodynamic CCK1R activation is, in descending order: mouse > rat > Peking duck, the same order of the size of structure-free region of intracellular loop 3 (ICL3). Other than CCK1R, CCK2R is photodynamically activated also, after tagging with protein photosensitizer miniSOG. CCK1R and CCK2R are known to be involved in vital physiological functions: pancreatic secretion, satiety sensation, sinoatrial node pace-making, memory formation and storage, and others. Our work implies that all these and other physiological functions might be modulated in vivo by photodynamic CCK1R activation. The fact that such property of permanent photodynamic activation could be transplanted from CCK1R to other GPCR such as M3R suggests that photodynamic activation of GPCR could be used to tease apart the roles and functions of vast numbers of GPCR. Other functional proteins such as NAD(P)H oxidase 2, BK/Slo channel, CaMKII, riboflavin transporter (SLC52A1/RFVT1), might also be photodynamically activated permanently. This work was supported by The Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, Grant Nos. 31971170 and 32271278). This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Cetuximab-Toxin Conjugate and NPe6 with Light Enhanced Cytotoxic Effects in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Vitro.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer-targeted treatment that uses a photosensitizer (PS) and irradiation of a specific wavelength to exert cytotoxic effects. To enhance the antitumor effect against head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), we developed a new phototherapy, intelligent targeted antibody phototherapy (iTAP). This treatment uses a combination of immunotoxin (IT) and a PS for PDT and light irradiation. In our prior study, we demonstrated that an immunotoxin (IT) consisting of an anti-ROBO1 antibody conjugated to saporin, when used in combination with the photosensitizer (PS) disulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPcS2a) and irradiated with light at the appropriate wavelength, resulted in increased cytotoxicity against head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells. ROBO1 is a receptor known to be involved in the progression of cancer. In this study, we newly investigate the iTAP targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which is widely used as a therapeutic target for HNSCC. We checked the expression of EGFR in HNSCC cell lines, SAS, HO-1-u-1, Sa3, and HSQ-89. We analyzed the cytotoxicity of saporin-conjugated anti-EGFR antibody (cetuximab) (IT-Cmab), mono-L-aspartyl chlorin e6 (NPe6, talaporfin sodium), and light (664 nm) irradiation (i.e., iTAP) in SAS, HO-1-u-1, Sa3, and HSQ-89 cells. EGFR was expressed highly in Sa3, moderately in HO-1-u-1, SAS, and nearly not in HSQ-89. Cmab alone or IT-Cmab alone did not show cytotoxic effects in Sa3, HO-1-u-1, and HSQ-89 cells, which have moderate or low expression levels of EGFR protein. However, the iTAP method enhanced the cytotoxicity of IT-Cmab by the photodynamic effect in Sa3 and HO-1-u-1 cells, which have moderate levels of EGFR expression. Our study is the first to report on the iTAP method using IT-Cmab and NPe6 for HNSCC. The cytotoxic effects are enhanced in cell lines with moderate levels of EGFR protein expression, but not in nonexpressing cell lines, which is expected to expand the range of therapeutic windows and potentially reduce complications.

Axial Phenoxylation of Aluminum Phthalocyanines for Improved Cannabinoid Sensitivity in OTFT Sensors.

Cannabis producers, consumers, and regulators need fast, accurate, point-of-use sensors to detect Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) from both liquid and vapor source samples, and phthalocyanine-based organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) provide a cost-effective solution. Chloro aluminum phthalocyanine (Cl-AlPc) has emerged as a promising material due to its unique coordinating interactions with cannabinoids, allowing for superior sensitivity. This work explores the molecular engineering of AlPc to tune and enhance these interactions, where a series of novel phenxoylated R-AlPcs are synthesized and integrated into OTFTs, which are then exposed to THC and CBD solution and vapor samples. While the R-AlPc substituted molecules have a comparable baseline device performance to Cl-AlPc, their new crystal structures and weakened intermolecular interactions increase sensitivity to THC. Grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are used to investigate this film restructuring, where a significant shift in the crystal structure, grain size, and film roughness is detected for the R-AlPc molecules that do not occur with Cl-AlPc. This significant crystal reorganization and film restructuring are the driving force behind the improved sensitivity to cannabinoids relative to Cl-AlPc and demonstrate that analyte-semiconductor interactions can be enhanced through chemical modification to create more responsive OTFT sensors.

SYNTHESIS AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF TETRA-3-(4-CYCLOHEXYLPHENOXY)PHTHALOCYANINE ALUMINUM CHLORIDE COMPLEX

This work is devoted to the synthesis and study of the molecular structure of the tetra-3-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)phthalocyanine aluminum chloride complex. The synthesis of tetra-3-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)phthalocyanine aluminum chloride was carried out by the "nitrile" method. The complex was purified by M60 silica gel column chromatography, eluting with the chromophore. IR-spectroscopy and mass-spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) were used for the identification of the obtained compound. The electronic absorption spectrum was obtained in tetrahydrofurane and interpreted by quantum-chemical calculations in TDDFT approximation. The conformational search was performed utilizing the CREST program and GFN2-xTB approximation, followed by DFT calculations of the “single-point” energies of the found conformations. For each configuration, "single-point" energy calculations were carried out in the B3LYP-D3/dgdzvp approximation and the most energetically favorable structure was identified. It has been established that the most energetically favorable structure of the tetra-3-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)phthalocyanine aluminum chloride molecule is characterized by a helical mutual arrangement of bulky substituents on the same side of the macrocyclic plane. The interpretation of the electronic absorption spectrum was made on the basis of TDDFT calculations in the B3LYP-D3/def2-TZVP and CAM-B3LYP/def2-TZVP approximations with and without solvent (tetrahydrofuran, THF) within the C-PCM continuum solvation model. For both approximations, taking into account the solvent leads to a shift of the long-wavelength absorption maximum by 25–33 nm towards the experimental value (704 nm). The best agreement with experiment is achieved with the [PCM] CAM-B3LYP/def2-TZVP method.The simulated electronic spectrum is compared with the previously obtained spectra for complexes of Al(Cl) with tetrabenzoporphyrin (ClAlTBP) and tetrapyrazinoporphyrazine (ClAlTPyzPA).

An Inexpensive and Earth-Abundant Aluminium Based Single Atom Catalyst for Efficacious Oxygen Reduction Reaction

ABSTRACT Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is crucial for the commercial success of environmentally benign energy conversion devices such as fuel cells and metal−air batteries [1-2]. Replacement of Pt-based and transition metal-based electrocatalysts with efficient non-precious ORR catalysts is quite challenging so for [3-5]. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) based on first-row transition metals like Fe, Co, Cr have already received significant attention for ORR [6]. In this hunt, we have developed the rarely explored P-block earth abundant aluminium-based efficient and cost-effective ORR single atom catalyst. Nitrogen-doped Aluminium-based single atom catalyst has been synthesised by pyrolyzing aluminium phthalocyanine (AlPc) with dicyandiamide (DCDA) which is the source of carbon and nitrogen at different temperature and characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy. For comparison, AlPc has been pyrolyzed at 1000 °C without the addition of DCDA. The catalysts are named Al-N-C/T (T = 700 °C - 1000 °C) depending on the pyrolysis temperature. AlPc/1000 showed poor ORR activity with low diffusion-limited current of 0.76 mA/cm2 (current measured at the potential of 0.3 V vs RHE). The insufficient catalytic activity of AlPc-1000 is due to the strong bonding of aluminium active centers with oxygenated group intermediate. But after the introduction of DCDA, the catalytic activity of Al-N-C/T (T = 700 °C - 1000 °C) has been improved significantly because N-bonded Al atoms have optimal bonding strength with intermediate oxygen species [7]. The coordination environment of Al-N-C plays an essential role in exhibiting excellent catalytic activity towards ORR. The Al-N-C/1000 catalyst exhibits the highest diffusion-limited current (4.49 mA/cm2) as compared to all other Al-N-C/T (T = 700, 800, and 900 °C) based catalysts, along with more positive Eonset (844 mV vs. RHE) and half-wave potential E1/2 (749 mV vs RHE) (Figure 1). Electrochemical calculation further ropes the Al-Nx sites as the origin of ORR via an efficient 4-electron transfer pathway in basic medium. Importantly, negligible reduction in current density after 9000 cycles in alkaline medium is far superior to the durability limit set by the US department of energy and overpasses the state-of-the-art Pt/C catalyst (Figure 1). This methodology can be applied to design a variety of other alkaline earth, P block effective electrocatalysts. The Al-N-C/1000 catalyst exhibits the highest diffusion-limited current as compared to all other Al-N-C/T (T = 700, 800, and 900 °C) based catalysts, along with more positive Eonset and half wave potential. Electrochemical calculation further ropes the Al-Nx sites as the origin of ORR via an efficient 4-electron transfer pathway in basic medium. Importantly, negligible reduction in current density after 9000 cycles in alkaline medium is far superior to the durability limit set by the US department of energy and overpasses the state-of-the-art Pt/C catalyst. This methodology can be applied to design a variety of other alkaline earth, P block effective electrocatalysts. Keywords:ORR; Al-N-C electrocatalyst; SAC; P-block; Excellent stability

Spontaneous transmetalation at the ZnPc/Al(100) interface

Metal-phthalocyanines (MPcs) are a class of organic macrocycles that have received much attention for their potential use in various applications, including molecular electronics. In recent years, the on-surface synthesis of different MPcs has been demonstrated via deposition of atomic species, sample heating and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) manipulation. However, the spontaneous substitution of the central metal atom with a substrate one, known as transmetalation, remains a less explored process. Here, we study the transmetalation of ZnPc on Al(100) using a combination of STM and density functional theory (DFT) computations. Previously published X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data indicate the absence of Zn atoms from the interface, while our STM images show that a central atom is still present. This suggests that the transmetalation process occurs spontaneously for all ZnPc molecules. Our DFT calculations reveal that the transmetalation of Zn with Al releases 2 eV per molecule, providing thermodynamic evidence for the process. The on-surface synthesized aluminium phthalocyanine (AlPc) molecules are stabilised by the formation of a bond between the central metal atom and the substrate, similar to that found in chloroaluminium phthalocyanine (ClAlPc), with the consequent suppresion of the paramagnetism of free AlPc.

Biocompatible zeolite-dye composites with anti-amyloidogenic properties

One of the most attractive approaches in biomedicine and pharmacy is the application of multifunctional materials. The mesoporous structure of clinoptilolite (CZ) absorbs various types of substances and can be used as a model for studying the carriers for targeted drug delivery with controlled release. CZ-dye composites are fabricated by incorporation into clinoptilolite pores commonly used dyes, aluminum phthalocyanine, zinc porphine, and hypericin. We examined and compared the effect of pure dyes and CZ-dye composites on insulin amyloidogenesis. The formation of insulin amyloid fibrils and the disassembly of preformed fibrils is significantly affected by any of the three compounds, however, the strongest effect is observed for aluminum phthalocyanine indicating a structurally-dependent anti-amyloidogenic activity of the dyes. The incorporation of dyes into CZ particles resulted in enhanced anti-amyloidogenic activity in comparison to pure CZ particles. The cell metabolic activity, biocompatibility and fluorescence biodistribution of the dyes entrapped in the composites were tested in vitro (U87 MG cells) and in vivo in the quail chorioallantoic membrane model. Considering the photoactive properties of the dyes used, we assume their applicability in photodiagnostics and photodynamic therapy. It can also be expected that their anti-amyloidogenic potential can be enhanced by photodynamic effect.

Ultrasound- guided balloon angioplasty of occluded artery accompanied by combined disulphonated aluminum phthalocyanine - mediated photodynamic therapy and iodine-125- mediated gamma ray- intravascular brachytherapy

Ultrasound- guided balloon angioplasty of occluded artery accompanied by combined disulphonated aluminum phthalocyanine - mediated photodynamic therapy and iodine-125- mediated gamma ray- intravascular brachytherapy

Molecular Aggregation of Aluminum Phthalocyanine Chloride in Organic and Water-Organic Media

Molecular Aggregation of Aluminum Phthalocyanine Chloride in Organic and Water-Organic Media

Photodynamic Inactivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Using Alluminium Phthalocyanine.

In a series of in vitro experiments, the optimum regimes of laser treatment were determined for effective photodynamic inactivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis at a constant dose of aluminum phthalocyanine. Reference laboratory drug-susceptible strain H37Rv and clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis with varying degrees of resistance to antibiotics were used. Suspensions of M. tuberculosis were incubated with aluminum phthalocyanine in a concentration of 5 μg/ml and then subjected to photodynamic inactivation with high- or low- intensity laser irradiation at λ=662 nm at various parameters of light power density. Mycobacteria survival rate was assessed by CFU assay on solid media. It was shown that at the specified dose of the photosensitizer, the photodynamic inactivation of mycobacterium was characterized by inhibition and complete cessation of their growth depending on the dose density of the laser energy. Effective photodynamic inactivation started from a light dose density of 46.9 J/cm2 at a radiation power of 0.01 W and from 56.25 J/cm2 at a radiation power of 0.1 W. Photodynamic inactivation at low laser power is more effective against drug-susceptible strains of M. tuberculosis.

Aluminium phthalocyanine–mediated photodynamic therapy promotes antitumour activity in oesophageal cancer stem cells.

e15194 Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a non-invasive treatment modality, has emerged as an effective treatment measure for various cancers, including oesophageal cancer. PDT has attracted much attention in the field of oncology due to its low toxicity profile and the selective accumulation of the photoactivated agent in the tumour cells. However, the therapeutic effect of Aluminium (III) Phthalocyanine Chloride Tetra sulfonic Acid (AlPcS4Cl) mediated PDT on oesophageal CSCs is limited. In this study, we evaluated the cellular localization of AlPcS4Cl and its PDT anticancer effects on oesophageal CSCs. Methods: An in vitro experimental design was employed in this study. Oesophageal cancer (HKESC-1 cells) was grown, and the CSCs were isolated using the magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). The isolated CSCs were characterised using a flow cytometry, Hoechst efflux side population test, and immunofluorescence. The CSCs were maintained in a serum-free culture medium and incubated at 37° C, 5% CO2 and 85% humidity. The cells were grouped into control and experimental groups. The CSCs received two-fold increasing concentrations of AlPcS4Cl and were exposed to irradiation at 673.2nm wavelength using a diode laser. After 24 hours post-PDT, the anticancer activities of AlPcS4Cl on oesophageal CSCs were examined. The MTT cell viability assay was used to determine the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50), light microscopy for morphological changes, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay for cell proliferation, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay for cellular toxicity. While cellular localization of AlPcS4Cl was examined using fluorescent microscopy. All experimental and control cells were conducted in six biological replicates (n = 6). Results: Results were compiled, and statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism (v5). The mean values of experimental groups were compared with the mean value of the control cells. One-way ANOVA was employed, and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Findings from cellular localization showed that the AlPcS4Cl is localized in the mitochondria and lysosomes, indicating a probable cellular death pathway. The dose-response of AlPcS4Cl on oesophageal CSCs showed an IC50 value of 4µM, suggesting the photosensitizer is efficient for the treatment of CSCs at low concentrations. The CSCs exposed to PDT showed remarkable morphological distortion, high cytotoxic activity, decreased viable cells and significant antiproliferative potential. Conclusions: This study showed that AlPcS4Cl promote PDT anticancer effects on oesophageal CSCs and could serve as an efficient therapeutic option for eradicating oesophageal CSCs.

Evolution of the Impurity Sites and Electronic Spectra of Aluminum Phthalocyanine in a Silicate Nanoreactor

The evolution of the electronic absorption spectra of substituted aluminum phthalocyanine incorporated into a nanoporous silicate gel matrix has been studied. The decomposition of the contour of the long-wavelength Q-absorption band of molecules into Voigt components reveals the dependence of the formation of various types of impurity sites in the matrix nanopores, which act as a solid-state nanoreactor, on the drying time of the matrix. Possible mechanisms of the effect of the internal structure of the synthesized silicate material during the transition from a sol state to a dried xerogel state on the spectral properties of phthalocyanine impurity molecules are discussed. Models of the interaction of the impurity molecules with the surface of the matrix nanopores during drying are considered; the features of the evolution of the resulting impurity sites are elucidated.

Evolution of the Impurity Sites and Electronic Spectra of Aluminum Phthalocyanine in a Silicate Nanoreactor

Evolution of the Impurity Sites and Electronic Spectra of Aluminum Phthalocyanine in a Silicate Nanoreactor