Aluminum Cylinder Research Articles

Panoramic/Dual-Surface Digital Image Correlation Measurement Using a Single Camera.

We propose a cost-effective and simple-to-implement mirror-assisted single-camera panoramic digital image correlation (DIC) method for panoramic/dual-surface profile and deformation measurement. Specifically, two planar mirrors and a single camera attached with a four-mirror adapter are used to capture stereo images of the front and rear surfaces of a test object. These stereo images can be processed by regular stereo-DIC to retrieve shape and kinematics fields of each surface. Further, with the speckle patterns prefabricated on the mirrors, reflection transformation matrices are obtained and applied to transform all reconstructed surfaces into a common world coordinate system. As such, panoramic/dual-surface shape and deformation measurements can be realized. For validation, a high-resolution smartphone camera and an industrial camera were, respectively, used to construct mirror-assisted single-camera panoramic DIC systems. Real experiments, including panoramic shape measurement of an aluminum cylinder, dual-surface shape measurement of an aluminum plate and uniaxial tensile tests of aluminum sheet specimens, were performed, confirming the feasibility and accuracy of the method. Since only a single camera and a few auxiliary reflective mirrors are required, the proposed method provides a cost-effective and convenient way for taking panoramic/dual-surface shape and deformation measurements of regular-sized cylindrical and bar samples.

Modeling the effects of modulated radiation pressure using a new acoustic lens

Modulated radiation pressure (MRP) is a method of utilizing the acoustic radiation force by using a double-sided suppressed carrier modulated (DSB-SCM) signal. This produces a modulated signal that oscillates at twice the modulation frequency. This process facilitates target detection and classification by using a high-carrier frequency to probe the target and shake it with the low-modulation frequency, which can be designed to be commensurate with the vibrational modes of the target. A frequency sweep can estimate the target resonant frequencies, while a physical scan along its length can estimate its mode shapes. Recently, a series of experiments were conducted at Washington State University with a newly designed and fabricated acoustic lens with a one-meter focal length. These experiments demonstrated that the first few bending modes of scaled targets like a solid aluminum cylinder and an open-ended aluminum cylindrical shell could be excited by MRP at a standoff distance of one meter and target mode shapes were measured using a physical scan. In this presentation, we show modeling results that confirm experimental findings: (1) estimation of target resonant frequencies using a frequency sweep and (2) estimation of target mode shapes using a physical scan.

Application of the B-Spline Method to Solve Nonlinear Problem of Heat Conduction With Radiation Boundary Conditions Using Kirchhoff Transformation

Abstract This paper concerns the joint application of the B-spline method and the Kirchhoff transformation to solve the nonlinear problem of thermal conduction with radiation type boundary conditions. The proposed method requires few iterations, sometimes none, for solids subjected to prescribed temperature boundary conditions. This method can be deployed by other numerical approaches (boundary element method, finite element method, finite element method, etc.) for the resolution of the heat conduction equation (linear or nonlinear), in terms of the Kirchhoff transformation θ. For numerical implementation, the steady-state finite element method is considered. The numerical validation was performed for a hollow aluminum cylinder whose outer surface is subjected to radiation. Three types of thermal conductivities are considered: (i) constant, (ii) linear, and (iii) nonlinear. As an application, we studied the thermal response of an aluminum reactor, in the form of an annular disk with cooling tubes, exposed to thermal radiation.

Probability of Detection applied to X-ray inspection using numerical simulations

In this work, we apply and adapt established Probability of Detection (POD) methods on inline inspection of aluminium cylinder heads using X-ray computed tomography. The CT simulation tool SimCT [4] is used to acquire virtual images of the specimens including artificial defects, which avoids the manufacturing of calibrated defects of known type (e.g., pore, inclusion, crack etc.), size and location. One of the exemplary defects is discussed as representative result together with the generated POD curves as well as its characteristics (i.e., the minimum detected defect, the maximum missed defect, POD(a90) =0.90 and a90/95).

Computational analysis of bubble–structure interactions in near-field underwater explosion

The response of underwater structures to a near-field explosion is coupled with the dynamics of the explosion bubble and the surrounding water. This multiphase fluid–structure interaction process is investigated in the paper using a two-dimensional model problem that features the yielding and collapse of a thin-walled aluminum cylinder. A recently developed computational framework that couples a finite volume compressible fluid dynamics solver with a finite element structural dynamics solver is employed. The fluid–structure and liquid–gas interfaces are tracked using embedded boundary and level set methods. The conservation of mass and momentum across the interfaces is enforced by solving one-dimensional bimaterial Riemann problems. The initial pressure inside the explosion bubble is varied by two orders of magnitude in different test cases. Three different modes of collapse are discovered, including an horizontal collapse (i.e. with one lobe extending towards the explosive charge) that appears counterintuitive, yet has been observed in previous laboratory experiments. Because of the transition of modes, the time it takes for the structure to reach self-contact does not decrease monotonically as the explosion magnitude increases. The fluid pressure and velocity fields, the bubble dynamics, and the transient structural deformation are visualized to elucidate the cause of each collapse mode and the mode transitions. The result suggests that, in addition to the incident shock wave, the second pressure pulse resulting from the contraction of the explosion bubble also has significant effect on the structure’s collapse. The phase difference between the structural vibration and the bubble’s expansion and contraction influences the structure’s mode of collapse. Furthermore, the transient structural deformation has clear effect on the bubble dynamics, leading to a two-way interaction. A counter-jet that points away from the structural surface is observed. Compared to the liquid jets produced by bubbles collapsing near a rigid wall, this counter-jet is in the opposite direction.

Bio-Evaluation of the Wound Healing Activity of Artemisia judaica L. as Part of the Plant's Use in Traditional Medicine; Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antibiofilm Properties of the Plant's Essential Oils.

Artemisia judaica (ArJ) is a Mediterranean aromatic plant used traditionally to treat gastrointestinal ailments, skin diseases, atherosclerosis, and as an immuno-stimulant. This study describes ArJ essential oil constituents and investigates their wound healing activity. The in vitro antioxidant and antibiofilm activities of ArJ essential oil were investigated. The in vivo pro/anti-inflammatory and oxidative/antioxidant markers were compared with standard silver sulfadiazine (SS) in a second-degree skin burn experimental rat model. The gas chromatography-equipped flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis of ArJ essential oil revealed the major classes of compounds as oxygenated monoterpenes (>57%) and cinnamic acid derivatives (18.03%). The antimicrobial tests of ArJ essential oil revealed that Bacillus cereus, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger were the most susceptible test organisms. Two second-degree burns (each 1 inch square in diameter) were created on the dorsum of rats using an aluminum cylinder heated to 120 °C for 10 s. The wounds were treated either with ArJ or SS ointments for 21 days, while the negative control remained untreated, and biopsies were obtained for histological and biochemical analysis. The ArJ group demonstrated a significant increase in antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymatic activities, while lipid peroxide (LP) levels remained insignificant compared to the negative control group. Additionally, ArJ and SS groups demonstrated a significant decrease in inflammatory levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) compared to the negative group, while interleukin 1 beta (IL-1b) and IL-6 were comparable to the negative group. At the same time, anti-inflammatory IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-b1) markers increased significantly in the ArJ group compared to the negative control. The ArJ results demonstrated potent wound healing effects, comparable to SS, attributable to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects as well as a high proportion of oxygenated monoterpenes and cinnamate derivatives.

Experimental investigation and optical visualization of a salt gradient solar pond integrated with PCM

The thermal performance of a solar pond is affected by the amount of heat lost to the ground through the lower convective zone (LCZ) in which the heat is stored. Studies are focused on decreasing the heat losses, to maximize the energy stored and guarantee the stability of the thermohaline system over time. Phase change materials (PCMs) can help to achieve all these goals, since they work as thermal energy storage (TES), exploiting the latent heat absorbed during the solid-liquid phase change. This paper presents an experimental application of PCMs in the LCZ of a small solar pond. The paraffin wax was enclosed in aluminium cylinders which have been arranged on the bottom. The temperature of the solution in deep is monitored both with and without the PCM. The stability of the pond is analyzed through a laser shadowgraph technique, to visualize the effect of the thermal convection on the interfaces. Results show that the LCZ of the solar pond with PCM is around 3 °C colder than the reference case after a 6-h heating period. The shadowgraph analysis proves that the thermal convection in the reference case is stronger and damage the interface until break. The monitoring of the solar pond with PCM shows an improved stability. • A solar pond integrated with PCM has been designed and built. • After the heating period, the system with PCM results colder in the LCZ. • PCM stabilized the LCZ-NCZ interfaces, as proved with the shadowgraph technique.

Topical Eucalyptol Ointment Accelerates Wound Healing and Exerts Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Rats' Skin Burn Model.

Eucalyptol is a major volatile constituent among well-known wound healing medicinal plants. The current study evaluated eucalyptol wound healing activity in the rat's third-degree skin-burn model. The parameters, i.e., skin-healing, oxidative/antioxidant markers, pro-/anti-inflammatory markers, were evaluated after 1- and 2-weeks of treatment regimens with 5% eucalyptol ointment. Eucalyptol-loaded ointment base of 5% w/w strength was formulated using fusion method and physically evaluated for consistency, stability, and homogeneity. A 25-rats were divided randomly into intact, negative control (untreated), silver sulfadiazine (SS, positive control), 1-week, and 2-weeks treated eucalyptol groups. Using an aluminum cylinder (120℃, 10 second duration), 3rd-degree skin burns were created on the rat's dorsum. Skin biopsies were collected at the end of the experiment for biochemical and histological investigations. Compared to the negative group; time-dependent wound size reduction and decreased edema were observed in eucalyptol-treated animals. Histopathological examinations demonstrated epidermis integrity, decreased neutrophil, and increased capillaries number in the 2-weeks and SS groups, compared to the negative and 1-week treated eucalyptol groups. Compared to the untreated animals, the 1- and 2-weeks eucalyptol treated groups' demonstrated significantly increased antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD, p=0.002 and p=0.003, respectively) and reduced lipid peroxide (LP, p=0.005 and p=0.0006, respectively). However, a significant increment of catalase (CAT, p=0.0009) was found only in the 2-weeks of eucalyptol group at a level of 2.42 ± 0.39 ng/g compared to 1.14 ± 0.04 ng/g in the untreated animals. Also, significant reductions in the cytokines, IL-1b, IL-6, and TNF-α (p < 0.05); and increase in the pro-angiogenic marker, IL-10, were detected in the 2-weeks (p=0.001) and SS (p=0.002) treated animals compared to the negative and 1-week eucalyptol treated groups. The study concluded that eucalyptol induced significant duration-based wound healing properties attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

“The Analysis of Imperative inThe Bilingual Text Called Aluminum Cylinder AMSCUD with K-valve ProYoke/Din (Output connection)”

There are lots definitions of linguistics, such as according to Webster (1981), linguistics is the study of human speech including the units, nature, structure, and modification of language. Wardhaugh (1973) stated that linguistics is the scientific study of language. The two definitions of these linguists clearly explain us that linguistics is basically related to language. In conducting this research the writer collect some sources, which are related to the topic she has chosen. There are two kinds on sources used, primary and secondary sources. The primary source is taken from the bilingual text; the source text and target language. The secondary source consists of facts, and opinion outside the word itself, such as dictionary, internet, encyclopedia, books, etc.

TECHNOLOGICAL METHODS FOR RESTORING THE CYLINDER LINER MIRROR

The analysis of the internal combustion engine market, the growth of competition and continuously increasing environmental requirements show the need for continuous quality improvement and reduction of the production time of new engine designs, as well as cost reduction at all stages of the product life cycle through the use of innovative technologies that minimize the labor and material resources consumed. One of the urgent tasks in the field of piston engine engineering is the use of aluminum alloys in the manufacture of cylinder liners and linerless cylinder blocks (Research purpose) The research purpose is in studying the technological solutions for repairing the cylinder liner mirror of the internal combustion engine block. (Materials and methods) The article presents the ways to increase the wear resistance of the working surface of the cylinder, considers the concepts of improving the reliability of cylinder blocks made of aluminum alloys, notes the features of restoration and hardening of aluminum cylinder blocks. (Results and discussion) The article describes the ways to increase the wear resistance of rubbing surfaces. One of the promising ways of increasing the life of the cylinder–piston group of aluminum alloys is the micro-arc oxidation. Technological measures consist in the use of wear-resistant coatings, volumetric and surface alloying. Ninety percent of all ICE blocks use liners made of iron alloys or other wear-resistant materials. (Conclusions) The results of the study showed that there are currently no technological solutions and sets of equipment for repairing the cylinder liner mirror, regardless of the material and method of manufacturing the internal combustion engine block. The possibilities of using the micro-arc oxidation method to increase the reliability of parts of the cylinder- piston group of internal combustion engines are not sufficiently studied now.

Thickness evaluation of hollow nonmagnetic cylinders utilizing a motional eddy current

This paper presents a way to calculate the shell thickness of nonmagnetic hollow cylinders for nondestructive applications. Aluminum cylinders with a solid structure and with a hollow structure are considered. The motion component of the induced eddy currents in a conductive cylinder is utilized to evaluate the shell thickness of hollow conductive cylinders at various frequencies and at variable speeds. One axisymmetric excitation coil and two axisymmetric pickup coils with antiserial connection are used. An analytical method using an axisymmetric computational model is developed for a parametric analysis of solid and hollow cylinder structures and shell thickness calculations, in which Fourier series are utilized. A 2D axisymmetric finite element method is also performed for a comparison with the results of the analytical method. The measurements at variable speeds and at various frequencies are presented with various hollow aluminum cylinders. The high linearity of the induced voltage versus the speed curve makes it possible to calculate the shell thickness of nonmagnetic hollow cylinders at different speeds.

Experimental Research on the Similarity of Rime Icing on a Cylinder Rotating around Its Horizontal Axis

Ice accumulation on the blade of a wind turbine surface seriously threatens the operational safety of the turbine; therefore, the research on this problem is very important. In this paper, a new similarity criterion of icing shape for a rotational model was proposed based on the similarity criterion for translational motion models in the aviation field, and experimental studies on the similarity of the rotational model icing were carried out. To validate the similarity criterion, icing wind tunnel tests were carried out with aluminum cylinders with diameters of 40 mm and 20 mm. Key parameters for the experiment, such as wind speed, temperature, liquid water content, medium volume diameter, and test time, were selected based on the criterion. All the icing tests were carried out in a new self-designed icing wind tunnel test system based on natural low-temperature conditions. The icing shapes observed in the tests were confirmed after many repetitions. To quantitatively analyze the similarity between different sizes of ice shapes, a dimensionless method for evaluating the similarity of ice shapes of different sizes was defined based on the typical characteristics of ice shapes. The research results show that the similarity score between two sizes of ice shapes under different test conditions is 81%~90%. The accuracy and applicability of the icing shape similarity criterion were thus validated. The research results in this paper lay a theoretical and experimental foundation for exploring the icing shape similarity of a rotating model.

Sensorless metal object detection for wireless power transfer using machine learning

PurposeThis study aims to realize a sensorless metal object detection (MOD) using machine learning, to prevent the wireless power transfer (WPT) system from the risks of electric discharge and fire accidents caused by foreign metal objects.Design/methodology/approachThe data constructed by analyzing the input impedance using the finite element method are used in machine learning. From the loci of the input impedance of systems, the trained neural network (NN), support vector machine and naive Bayes classifier judge if a metal object exists. Then the proposed method is tested by experiments too.FindingsIn the test using simulated data, all of the three machine learning methods show high accuracy of over 80% for detecting an aluminum cylinder. And in the experimental verifications, the existence of an aluminum cylinder and empty can are successfully identified by a NN.Originality/valueThis work provides a new sensorless MOD method for WPT using three machine learning methods. And it shows that NNs obtain high accuracy than the others in both simulated and experimental verifications.

Life-cycle energy and carbon saving potential of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing for the repair of mold inserts

Additive Manufacturing (AM) has been identified as a disruptive technology, that enables the transition to Industry 4.0 and allows companies to re-think and re-design both their products and manufacturing approaches. In such a context, the opportunity of using AM to extend the life of a product through repair could also allow the founding principles of the circular economy to be implemented. This paper deals with the development of a repair procedure for mold inserts, made of H13 steel, that are used to cast aluminum cylinder heads for internal combustion engines. The repair operations were experimentally performed in a hybrid additive-subtractive manufacturing center used for Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing. Once the technological and quality results that are required by the strict industrial standards had been verified, the life-cycle energy and carbon footprint of the repair approach were quantified and compared with those of the conventional substitution-based approach. Overall, at the end of the first life of the insert, the results highlighted that the WAAM- and repair-based approach could allow potential savings for both performance metrics, compared with the insert being machined from a massive workpiece as a substitute, despite requiring several manufacturing steps and incoming feedstock material characterized by a high embodied energy. Moreover, the environmental benefits of the proposed approach are amplified when multiple repair loops are considered, even for a lower lifespan for the repaired mold insert.

Investigation of interaction effect between static and rolling friction of corn kernels on repose formation by DEM

The coefficient of static friction (SF), the coefficient of rolling friction (RF) for particles are two key parameters affecting the repose angle formation and flow characteristics. In this paper, the interaction effects of SF and RF on the formation process of corn repose angle was investigated by the discrete element method. Firstly, five shape kinds of corn models (horse tooth, spherical cone, spheroid, oblate, and irregular shape) were established. Secondly, aluminum cylinder and organic glass box were used to conduct the simulation experiments with taking SF and RF as independent factors and seeing the repose angle as dependent value. Based on simulation results the regression equations were established. Simulation results showed the relation between two factors and the rotational kinetic energy is not nonlinear, and SF does not significantly restrict the flow of corn models after increasing the flow direction, and the effect of SF on the contact number between corns and the bottom plate is remarkable, while the effect of RF on the contact number is not remarkable. Finally, the interaction effect of two factors on the repose angle was analyzed by variance analysis and results showed SF and RF all have a significant impact on the repose angle. Moreover, their interaction effect has an impact on the repose angle. Keywords: corn kernels, coefficient of static friction, coefficient of rolling friction, repose angle, interaction influence DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20211405.4357 Citation: Shi L R, Yang X P, Zhao W Y, Sun W, Wang G P, Sun B G. Investigation of interaction effect between static and rolling friction of corn kernels on repose formation by DEM. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2021; 14(5): 238–246.

Cyclic behaviour modelling of GFRP adhesive connections by an imperfect soft interface model with damage evolution

In this paper a methodology for studying the mechanical behaviour of complex structures made of GFRP structural members joined by means of adhesive connections and subject to variable intensity loads is presented. The fundamental equations are derived by an asymptotic approach applied on composite structures made of two elastic solids bonded together by a third thin one represented by a thin layer with a nonlinear behaviour. The adhesive layers are considered micro cracked according to the Kachanov’s assumptions.Within this framework, to calibrate the parameters of the imperfect interface model, the mechanical properties and damage evolution of an epoxy adhesive have been experimentally evaluated under cyclic loadings. The experimental tests have been performed on aluminium cylinders considering different thicknesses of adhesive. The experimental results evidence how the adhesive thickness influences the strength, stiffness and consequently the initial damage parameter (initial cracks) of the bonded connections.Finally, the robustness and accuracy of the imperfect interface model is demonstrated by the excellent comparison with experimental results of a GFRP hollow column to built-up beam adhesive connection, under static, cyclic and fatigue loads using a description of damage evolution.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of plasma transferred wire arc spray coating on aluminum cylinder bores

This study examines the microstructure and mechanical properties of plasma transferred wire arc (PTWA) coating of typical alloyed steel, deposited on diecast aluminum alloy cylinder bores. The coating surface and microstructure were characterized in terms of surface roughness, features (i.e., defects, splats formation mechanisms, distribution of oxides, re-solidified particles, and interfacial metallurgical bonding) using laser scanning confocal microscope, scanning and transmission electron microscope (SEM and TEM). Residual stress through the thickness of the coating was measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and hole-drilling method. In post-processed samples, compressive residual stress was measured throughout the coating with a value close to 100 MPa at the interface, resulting from the thermal mismatch between coating and substrate materials. In terms of mechanical properties, coating hardness was estimated at both the micro- and nanoscale and examined the influence of microstructure inhomogeneity on the mechanical performance and failure modes. Three-point bending tests and consequent analysis using the equivalent section method yielded stress-strain properties for both the substrate and coating materials with a maximum coating strength averaging 1480 ± 108 MPa. SEM observation of fracture surfaces showed three modes of failure involving coating delamination and breakage, which is related to the deposition process and the various features within the coating.

Numerical computation of fluid–solid mixture flow using the SPH–VCPM–DEM method

In this paper, a unified particle-based solver is developed to solve complex fluid–solid​ mixture flow problem involving many elastic solid bodies. Our previous Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) solver that incorporates Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) for fluid modelling and Volume Compensated Particle Method (VCPM) for elastic solid modelling is extended by incorporating the Discrete Element Method (DEM) for modelling the contact force between colliding elastic solid bodies. The contact force is modelled using the non-linear Hertzian formulation. The method is firstly validated by solving several benchmark FSI problems that involve only one solid body. Then, solid–solid interaction is modelled and the collision problem involving two elastic rings and the well-known Drafting, Kissing and Tumbling (DKT) phenomenon in a fluid domain are simulated. The results agree considerably well with other benchmark numerical solutions. The collapse of Aluminium cylinder layers (in dry and wet conditions) is then simulated and it is found that the numerical result is comparable to the experimental data. Following that, the SPH–VCPM–DEM method is used to solve a more complex problem involving the dumping of solid objects through solid and perforated fall pipes for scour protection. The results show the potential of the SPH–VCPM–DEM method in simulating complex fluid–solid mixture flow.

Thermal analysis of macro-encapsulated phase change material coupled with domestic gas heater for building heating

Rising concerns of environmental degradation and energy security particularly in developing countries like Pakistan has exhilarated the need for energy storage systems for efficient source utilization. Phase Change Material (PCM) based Thermal Energy Storage (TES) systems are used with air conditioning systems for thermal load management in buildings. The TES system discussed in this paper consists of a macro-encapsulated PCM Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MCHH) in aluminum cylinders. The system is integrated with a domestic gas heater to capture extra energy dissipated by the gas heater, used to raise the room temperature to the thermal comfort level. A numerical model is developed in MATLAB based on the enthalpy method for the performance analysis and investigating the phase transition phenomenon of MCHH, followed by experimental validation. Different thermal performance indices of TES are investigated such as liquid fraction, energy, and exergy stored during the charging/discharging process. The model has predicted 42 kJ and 9 kJ of energy and exergy stored, respectively during the charging cycle, while experimentations showed 39.6 kJ and 6 kJ energy and exergy stored in the material, respectively. The deviation of 15% in energy and 33.33% in exergy from experimental results indicated that the actual phase transition is non-isothermal and the mathematical model does not include the factor to accommodate the actual melting phenomenon with changing thermophysical properties of PCM. This performance analysis is significant to design and optimize the PCM-based TES coupled with conventional heating sources.

Piston-Type Optical Modulator for Dynamic Thermal Radiation Tuning Applications.

This study introduces a movable piston-like structure that provides a simple and cost-effective avenue for dynamically tuning thermal radiation. This structure leverages two materials with dissimilar optical responses—graphite and aluminum—to modulate from a state of high reflectance to a state of high absorptance. A cavity is created in the graphite to house an aluminum cylinder, which is displaced to actuate the device. In its raised state, the large aluminum surface area promotes a highly reflective response, while in its lowered state, the expanded graphite surface area and blackbody cavity-like interactions significantly enhance absorptance. By optimizing the area ratio, reflectance tunability of over 30% is achieved for nearly the entire ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared wavelength regions. Furthermore, a theoretical analysis postulates wavelength-dependent effectivenesses as high as 0.70 for this method, indicating that tunabilities approaching 70% can be achieved by exploiting near-ideal absorbers and reflectors. The analog nature of this control method allows for an infinitely variable optical response between the upper and lower bounds of the device. These valuable characteristics would enable this material structure to serve practical applications, such as reducing cost and energy requirements for environmental temperature management operations.