Aluminum Bottles Research Articles

Processing Techniques and Metallurgical Perspectives and Their Potential Correlation in Aluminum Bottle Manufacturing for Sustainable Packaging Solutions

This study explores the potential of aluminum wine bottles as a sustainable alternative to traditional glass bottles, emphasizing their recyclability and environmental advantages. It reviews the potential use of Al-Mn-Mg 3xxx alloys in beverage can bodies and examines various applications of aluminum containers in packaging, including recyclable beverage containers. The manufacturing processes for aluminum bottles, including casting, rolling, punching, and deformation techniques, are discussed in detail, with a particular focus on their impact on mechanical properties and microstructure. The preference for 1xxx aluminum alloys in impact extrusion is explained, highlighting their lower flow stress and higher formability compared to 3xxx alloys, and the microstructural changes induced by various processing steps are analyzed. Challenges related to using recycled aluminum and their effects on mechanical properties and microstructure during aluminum bottle production are also addressed. One objective is to increase the proportion of recycled alloyed material used in aluminum bottle manufacturing. Depending on the technique employed, the fraction of alloyed recycled material can vary. The percentage of recycled alloyed material (3xxx series Al alloys) in cold backward impact extrusion could be raised by 60%. High-speed blow forming could facilitate the production of aluminum bottles with a recycled alloyed material ranging from 50 to 100% of the 3xxx series aluminum can body alloys. The high-speed drawing and ironing (DWI) process can produce large-format aluminum bottles (up to 750 mL), utilizing at least 90% of the recycled 3xxx series can body stock. Furthermore, the paper discusses the importance of optimized heat treatment designs in enhancing mechanical properties and controlling microstructural evolution in alloyed aluminum materials, such as 3xxx series alloys. The study concludes with a need for further research to deepen our understanding of the metallurgical aspects of aluminum bottle manufacturing and to optimize the use of recycled aluminum in packaging solutions, with a specific focus on improving mechanical properties and microstructural integrity. This comprehensive review aims to contribute to the development of more sustainable packaging practices in the beverage industry by providing insights into the interplay between manufacturing processes, mechanical properties, and microstructure of aluminum bottles.

Quadratic regression analysis for nonlinear heat source/sink and mathematical Fourier heat law influences on Reiner-Philippoff hybrid nanofluid flow applying Galerkin finite element method

BackgroundScientists across the world have tried to explore the effect of non-Newtonian fluids moving over a symmetric stretchable sheet with the presence of diverse influences revealed in this study due to its tremendous applications in various engineering and industrialized sectors like aerodynamics extrusion of plastic surfaces, condensation procedure of metal symmetric plate in a refrigeration immersion, and extrusion of a polymeric surface from a dye.Proposed modelReiner-Philippoff fluids flowing related to a symmetric stretch surface with the inclusion of effects like Forchheimer velocity, thermal radiative, and Cattaneo Christov heat fluxing are considered in the momentum and temperature equation. Novel tetra hybrid nanoparticles are considered to check the thermo physical behaviour of the proposed model. MethodologyThe showed PDEs are transformed into ODEs with the utilization of symmetric and self-similarity variables and further attempted numerically with the assistance of the Galerkin finite element methodology (G-FEM). The obtained findings are scrutinized in the form of figures and tables.FindingsFrom obtained outcomes, it is perceived that the heat transfer Nusselt magnifies extra in the instance of tetra hybrid nanofluids (THNFs) in disparity to tri and di hybrid nanoparticles. Darcy Forcheeimer effect Fr diminishes the fluid velocity and the temperature outline amplifies owed to amplification in thermal radiative variable Rd. The insertion of nanoparticles supports in the stabilizating of a nanofluid's flowand provides the symmetric of thestructure. Error in heat transfer Nusselt number diminishes by the virtue of magnification in Rd and the heat deliverance phenomenon magnifies as a consequence of enlargement in the thermal relaxation constraint.Practical application of the proposed modelDue to its particle use in manufacturing and engineering for shells that expand and contract, like stretchable (shrinkable) packaging, bundle wrapping, hot roll, sheet material extrusion, wire roll, glass fiber manufacturing, metallic packags, and aluminum bottles manufacturing, parabolic tough surface collectors, cooling of thermal reactors, polymer production, etc., the examination of two-dimensional flowing over an extending shallow has attracted attention. The proposed model outcomes are utilized in order the enhance heat transfer of the various liquids by utilizing tetra hybrid nanoparticles and effects like nonlinear based thermal radiation, Cattaneo-Christov heat flux and heat source/sink phenomenon.NoveltyThe effort is novel in its sagacity that no nanofluid model has been developed yet to examine the effect of tetra hybrid nanoparticles on liquid moving over any sort of surface.

Life cycle environmental impacts of consumer packaging products in Japan.

Several Japanese companies and the government are recently promoting a plastic ban and imposing a tax levy to curb litter and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This has led to a rapid rise of nonplastic packaging alternatives. While plastics and litter are pressing concerns, it is paramount to examine environmental risks of other alternatives before wide application and legislative action, to not further the risk of environmental damage. This study aims to quantify and compare plastic products such as polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) bottles and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bags with widely available alternatives in Japan like glass bottles, aluminum bottles, paper bags, and textile bags, to find a product with the least environmental impact. A life cycle assessment is conducted from a cradle-to-grave environmental impact approach that includes raw material extraction, production, transportation, end-of-life treatment, and disposal. Sixteen impact categories including climate change, acidification, aquatic-toxicity, so forth, and weighing is assessed using the MiLCA software. The functional unit is one piece of each packaging product, and impacts of product-filling, storage, recycling, and reuse are excluded for a consistent comparison. HDPE bags performed better than paper and textile bags in 15 of the 16 analyzed impact categories. Similarly, PET bottles outperformed aluminum and glass bottles in 12 out of the 16 impact categories analyzed. Weighted results also highlight the heightened negative environmental impacts of replacing plastic packaging with widely available alternatives.

Ultracold neutron storage in a bottle coated with the fluoropolymer CYTOP

The fluoropolymer CYTOP was investigated in order to evaluate its suitability as a coating material for ultracold neutron (UCN) storage vessels. Using neutron reflectometry on CYTOP-coated silicon wafers, its neutron optical potential was measured to be 115.2(2) neV. UCN storage measurements were carried out in a 3.8 l CYTOP-coated aluminum bottle, in which the storage time constant was found to increase from 311(9) s at room temperature to 564(7) s slightly above 10 K. By combining experimental storage data with simulations of the UCN source, the neutron loss factor of CYTOP is estimated to decrease from 1.1(1)times 10^{-4} to 2.7(2)times 10^{-5} at these temperatures, respectively. These results are of particular importance to the next-generation superthermal UCN source SuperSUN, currently under construction at the Institut Laue-Langevin, for which CYTOP is a possible top-surface coating in the UCN production volume.

Insights of School Water Consumption and Sanitation and Hygiene Practices among School Children in Dehiovita, Kegalle District, Sri Lanka

Developing access to safe drinking water, sanitation facilities and hygiene practices can reduce water borne diseases. The present study was carried out in the Dehiovita Zonal Educational zone under the Kegalle District from December 2018 to March 2019 to monitor existing facilities in schools, behavior among students, and for the sustainable development in water, sanitation, and hygiene at the schools. A semi-structured questionnaire was conducted covering students (n=500) from grade 7-13 in 15 schools through a random sampling technique. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software to compare the responses using graphical presentation. In terms of water consumption behavior, about 73% of respondents use water bottles. Of these, 73%, 43% accounted for using unsafe plastic bottles and 28% accounted for aluminum bottles. Most of the respondents, 50% mentioned that they use water bottles twice daily. In relation to the water purification method used, 45% of students use chlorinated water, whereas 36% do not have purified water. Only 36% of respondents do have a water supply. Regarding the issues of water supply, 62% of respondents stated that they have broken taps, and 54% responded on less treated water. Most respondents, 78% mentioned, that they are unsatisfied with the existing water. With regards to the sanitation behavior among students, 48% of students use the latrine twice while 32% of respondents use the latrine once a day. Most of the respondents, 88% mentioned that they do not use soap after toilet use. 78% of respondents mentioned that the existing sanitation facilities are unsatisfied. Regarding the issues associated with sanitation facilities in schools, 92% of respondents showed the unavailability of soap and 73% of respondents stated that they have old latrines, while 67% stated that there is no cleaning equipment. Given the consideration on menstrual hygiene management (MHM), the usage of sanitation facilities by female students, 28% of respondents use once daily and 26% do not use the sanitation facility. Regarding the issues associated with MHM, 91% of respondents showed that no napkins discarding facility, and 84% mentioned lack of a place to wash, while 72% of students stated the lack of water. In conclusion, it reveals that there exists a higher demand on awareness of water consumption, sanitation and hygiene practices at schools and awareness on disease spreading as there exists poor quality standards of water consumption and sanitation. Thus, it needs careful monitoring of management steps to uplift water consumption, hygiene, and sanitation. The study suggests strengthening school water, sanitation, and hygiene clubs at schools and focus on government funding for utility development.
 Keywords: Water consumption, School sanitation, Hygiene practices, Dehiovita, Menstrual hygiene management

Plastic (PET) vs bioplastic (PLA) or refillable aluminium bottles – What is the most sustainable choice for drinking water? A life-cycle (LCA) analysis

Nowadays, the most important tool to evaluate the environmental impact of both petro-plastics and bioplastics is the life cycle analysis (LCA). LCA determines the overall impact on the environment by defining, calculation and analyzing all the input and output directly related to production, utilization, and disposal of a product or a process. In this work, a LCA (cradle to grave) of bottles for drinking water was developed on three scenarios: polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, as conventional packaging material for outdoor drinking water, polylactic acid (PLA) bottles, as alternative and innovative biodegradable packaging and aluminum bottle, as reusable and almost infinitely refilling packaging. As a result of LCA, ten impacts categories have been accounted for, among which the global warming potential (GWP, measured as kgCO2 eq), the eutrophication potential (EP, measured as kgPO4 eq.), human and eco-toxicity (HTP and ETP, measured as kg 1,4-DB eq.). The average drinking water consumption in Italy has been estimated in 1.5 L per day, corresponding to three 500 ml-plastic bottles and 1 refillable aluminum bottle. LCA has been firstly applied to a single bottle production and use, then to the daily and annual bottles consumption. PET bottles production and use assure the lower environmental impacts compared to PLA bottles, burdened by agricultural phase for corn cultivation, and to aluminum bottles, when the every-day washing with hot water or water and soap is comprehended. Moreover, including the end-of-life options into the analysis, PET recycling permits to reduce up to about 30% the GWP, whereas PLA composting does not lead to any GWP savings. In this study, aluminum bottle has been considered reusable for 2.5 years. The microbiological quality of water in one-way PET and PLA bottles has been compared with the refillable bottle rinsing with hot water and soap and only hot water, highlighting that the level of contamination is alarmingly increased in the latter case.

Quality assessment of menthofuran rich essential oil of Mentha piperita (cimap-patra) stored at different temperatures and containers

The storage of the menthofuran rich essential oil of Mentha piperita (cv. CIMAP-Patra released by CSIR-CIMAP) is the major problem for its market sustainability. In the present study, the best storage conditions were optimized without degradation in menthofuran content and quality of essential oil. The quality of the essential oil was evaluated in two storage conditions (temperature: 25±2 °C and 4±0.5 °C), three types of storage containers (transparent glass, amber color glass, and aluminium bottles), and six storage periods (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 months). The results indicated that maximum degradation (52.45%) was reported in the oil sample which was stored in transparent vial at 25 °C. At 4 °C, degradation in menthofuran content was not pronounced irrespective of different containers, however, lowest degradation was reported in amber color bottle. Apart from the menthofuran, pulegone and isomenthone, minor fluctuations in other chemical constituents were recorded, but not in the proper pattern. The refractive index of the essential was not altered with storage condition and time, while optical density was decreased with the storage time. Results suggest that the storage of the menthofuran rich essential oil of Mentha piperita in amber color glass container at 4 °C is the best way to reduce the oxidation and degradation/conversion of menthofuran for a longer period of time.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Eco-Profile of Plastic, Glass, and Aluminium Bottles

In recent years, as climate change becomes more prevalent, much research has been going into microplastic to eliminate extracting plastic from gas oil or natural gas, using bio grade substitutes for raw materials, and replacing plastic bottles with glass bottles. However, modern solutions only solve a portion of the carbon footprint in the bottle production industry, and many carbon dioxide emissions are still produced from it. In this contribution, 3 different types of one time liquid storages- plastic, glass, and aluminium bottles- were analyzed step by step starting from raw material extraction to recycling for the least amount of carbon dioxide each stage produced- the Life Cycle Assessment process. The results show the production of ​glass bottles ​has the least amount of CO​2 emissions, and aluminium bottle production produces the highest amount of carbon dioxide by far.

Method to Determine the Stress-Strain Response of As-Formed Thin-Walled Tubular Structures Using a Flaring Apparatus

Finite element simulations are used extensively to refine the forming steps of draw and wall iron (DWI) aluminum bottles; therefore, accurate material data is required Unfortunately, the material properties of the base sheet cannot presently be used for simulation of the later forming stages due to preceding significant deformation (ironing) and thermal treatments. Measuring the stress-strain response using traditional methods (e.g. tensile test) becomes increasingly difficult at later stages of the bottle forming process due to a significant diameter reduction of the bottle neck from successive die-necking stages. Moreover, failure during forming tends to occur in the final deformation stages when the bottle opening is rolled over, creating a brim roll, at which point brim roll splits may occur. Knowledge of the stress-strain response prior to the roll over may lead to improved product design, reduced waste, and an optimized product. Therefore, this work details a flaring apparatus and data analysis method to determine the stress-strain response in the die-necked region of thin-walled aluminum bottles fabricated from AA3104 sheet metal.

Evaluating Transport Properties of LiPF6 in Concentrated EC/DEC Electrolytes By Self-Diffusivity from NMR

Accurate prediction of the lithium ion battery charge-discharge behavior is critically important in many battery applications1, including for the high-power, high-energy battery packs used in electric vehicles. Accurate model predictions by, for instance, the classical porous electrode model developed by John Newman2, require accurate electrolyte solution transport properties. In this work, the self-diffusivities of all species in LiPF6/EC/DEC electrolyte solutions were characterized by PFG-NMR, and the protocol reported by Kim and Srinivasan3was used to evaluate the transport properties. Experimental All chemicals were purchased from BASF. LiPF6 in EC/DEC (w/w 50:50) of different concentrations (1.5M to 0.1M) were prepared inside an argon-filled glove box and sealed in aluminum bottles before the PFG-NMR measurement.5 Diffusion coefficients (D) of the Li+, PF6 - , and EC/DEC were measured by 7Li 19F and 1H PFG stimulated echo NMR spectroscopy. Since resonances from EC, DEC are separated in one-dimensional 1H spectra, separate diffusion coefficients could be measured. Experiments were performed at Larmor frequencies of 599.82 and 564.3 MHz for 1H and 19F, respectively, over the temperature range of 0 to 40 oC using a 14.1 T (600 MHz 1H) NMR spectrometer (Agilent) equipped with a 5 mm z-gradient probe (Doty Scientific), which can generate a maximum gradient strength of approximately 31 T/m. The echo heights, S(g), recorded as a function of gradient strength, g, were fitted with the Stejskal-Tanner equation (equation 1), RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONShown in Figure 1 is the concentration dependence of self-diffusivity of LIPF6/EC/DEC measured by PFG-NMR for Li+, PF6 -, EC and DEC. Careful inspection of the data leads to several conclusions below: I. the self-diffusivities of all species decrease as the concentration increases or the temperature decreases, which is expected from the Stokes-Einstein equation II. the self-diffusivity values are ordered as follows EC≈DEC>PF6 ->Li+ III. the concentration dependence of self-diffusivity for PF6 -is stronger than other species, especially at lower concentrations, e.g. 0.1 M to 1.0 M, while Li+ shows the weakest dependence. The generalized-Darken relation (Equation 1) for translating self-diffusivities and of species i and j into binary diffusivities, Dij, is given by equation (2): where xi , xj , are component mole fractions. This relation was validated by Krishna and van Baten4. The resulting Fickian diffusivity values decrease as the concentration increases in a narrow range (3.7x10-10 to 2.4x10-10m2/s), and have similar magnitudes to these reported in EC/DEC or PC/EC/DMC as measured by electrochemical methods over a wide range of concentrations. Lundgren et al. 6 reported that the Fickian diffusivities of LiPF6 in the same electrolyte decreased from 2.8x10-10m2/s to 2.0x10-10 m2/s in the range of 0.5M to 1.5M, as measured by galvanostatic polarization experiments (red connected points, Figure 2); Valøen and Reimers 7 measured the Fickian diffusion coefficients of LiPF6in a PC/EC/DMC mixture (10:27:63) (blue connected points, Figure 2). Reference 1. L. Cai, R. E. White J. Power Sources14 (2011): 5985. 2. J. Newman, W. Tiedemann, Aiche Journal21 (1975), 25. 3. S. Kim, V. Srinivasan, J. Electrochem. Soc. 163(2016), A2977. 4. R. Krishna, J. M. van Baten, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44(2005), 6939. 5. K. Han, N. Rajput, X. Wei, W. Wang, J. Hu, K. Persson, K. Mueller J. Chem. Phys., 141(2014), 104509. 6. H. Lundgren, M. Behm, G. Lindbergh, J. Electrochem. Soc., 162(2015), A413. 7. Lars Ole Valøena, and J. Reimersa, J. Electrochem. Soc., 152 (2005), A882. Figure 1

Migration of aluminum from food contact materials to food\u2014a health risk for consumers? Part II of III: migration of aluminum from drinking bottles and moka pots made of aluminum to beverages

BackgroundDrinking bottles and stove-top moka pots made of aluminum have become very popular. Storing drinks in bottles and preparing coffee in a moka pot may result in the migration of aluminum to the beverage.Results/ConclusionsIn a systematic study of aluminum drinking bottles, it has been shown that drinking a mixture of apple juice and mineral water in an aluminum bottle may reach 86.6% of the total weekly intake (TWI) for adults, and drinking tea from an aluminum bottle may exceed the TWI (145%) for a child weighing 15 kg. In contrast, preparing coffee in an aluminum moka pot results in a maximum of 4% to TWI, if an average of 3.17 L coffee is consumed per week, even if the pots are washed in the dishwasher, against the explicit instructions of the manufacturer.

Numerical study of surface roughening in blow-formed aluminum bottle with crystal plasticity

Surface roughening due to the plastic straining in the blow-formed bottle is an important issue because of the cosmetically related surface appearance on the final product. In this paper, a finite-element-based crystal plasticity model is used to simulate surface roughening in aluminum tubes under blow-forming. The measured electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data is directly incorporated into the finite element model and the constitutive response at an integration point is described by the single crystal plasticity theory. Besides the influence of the texture and its spatial distribution, rate sensitivity and work hardening on surface roughening, the study shows that the better surface finishing in the final product can be achieved either through cladding a layer with more randomized texture or through improving the initial surface roughness of the tube before expansion, while the latter is more feasible and practical from industrial application point of view.

液体洗剤がアルミボトル缶内壁に及ぼす影響について

液体洗剤がアルミボトル缶内壁に及ぼす影響について

Aluminium can shaping by hydroforming: simulative feasibility study and prototype production

In these last years, the demand of shaped aluminium bottles and cans was continuously growing. The main problem is related to the fact that normally these objects have very thin thickness and a high strain-hardened material due to the deforming production steps (deep drawing and ironing). In the present paper, a study about the residual formability of cylindrical can is reported. In particular, a first characterization of the flow stress of the ironed component and the identification of the maximum deformation reachable with the hydroforming process were carried out. On the base of these preliminary results, the feasibility of hydroforming aluminium can, namely a small bottle for soft drink, has been investigated. The process is similar to tube hydroforming, even if the bottom part of the can is closed and air is used instead of liquid. The main problems to be solved were related with the possible breakages of the cylindrical body during hydroforming. The process success depends on the material characteristics, the diameter and thickness of the preformed cylindrical body, the shape, the geometry and the dimensions of the final part and the media pressure. The research aims to study the process feasibility and to prove the ability of the simulation software in forecasting the material behaviour. All the simulation phases are supported by experimental tests aiming at validating the finite element method model and to realize sound prototypes of Al soft drink bottles. In such a way, it is possible to have a reliable tool to help the designer in optimizing the process and in identifying new feasible shapes.

Tongue entrapment in aluminum water bottle: Discussion of removal and airway management

Tongue entrapment in a bottle neck is rare, with few cases reported in the literature. Reported here is the case of a child who presented to the Emergency Department with her tongue entrapped in an aluminum bottle. This case is unique in that the patient had a delayed presentation resulting in significant tongue edema, requiring advanced methods for removal and airway management. These include sedated mechanical removal of the strangulating object and transnasal fiberoptic intubation. We review published cases and the options for removal of an entrapped tongue from a bottle neck, and we discuss the importance of airway management.

Assessment of bisphenol A released from reusable plastic, aluminium and stainless steel water bottles

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous high volume industrial chemical that is an estrogen and an environmental endocrine disrupting chemical. Bisphenol A is used extensively in the production of consumer goods, polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins and coatings used to line metallic food and beverage cans. There is great concern regarding the possible harmful effects from exposures that result from BPA leaching into foods and beverages from packaging or storage containers. The objective of this study was to independently assess whether BPA contamination of water was occurring from different types of reusable drinking bottles marketed as alternatives to BPA-containing polycarbonate plastics. Using a sensitive and quantitative BPA-specific competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay we evaluated whether BPA migrated into water stored in polycarbonate or copolyester plastic bottles, and different lined or unlined metallic reusable water bottles. At room temperature the concentration of BPA migrating from polycarbonate bottles ranged from 0.2 to 0.3 mg L −1. Under identical conditions BPA migration from aluminium bottles lined with epoxy-based resins was variable depending on manufacturer ranging from 0.08 to 1.9 mg L −1. Boiling water significantly increased migration of BPA from the epoxy lined bottles. No detectable BPA contamination was observed in water stored in bottles made from Tritan™ copolyester plastic, uncoated stainless steel, or aluminium lined with EcoCare™. The results from this study demonstrate that when used according to manufacturers’ recommendations reusable water bottles constructed from “BPA-free” alternative materials are suitable for consumption of beverages free of BPA contamination.

An improved space-saving system for testing photoperiodic responses of insects and mites: its use for diapause experiments in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

We developed an improved space-saving system consisting of a netbook computer, microcontrollers, aluminum bottles with white light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and an incubator. In this system, light and dark periods, light intensity, and night-interrupting light conditions (i.e., period, intensity, and timing) can be independently controlled in each bottle with a pulse-width modulator (PWM). Scheduled photoperiodic conditions with less fluctuation in air temperature were successfully realized with this system. Night-interrupting light conditions that may prevent diapause induction and subsequent overwintering were examined using this system to establish a novel strategy for nonchemical control of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. The results show that diapause incidence decreased as the cumulative intensity of night-interrupting light increased. Taken together, data show that this system can provide an accurate and space-efficient means of investigating the photoperiodic responses of insects and mites without unwanted fluctuations in air temperature, thus contributing to development of a lighting-based pest-control method in commercial agricultural fields.

Effect of photoperiod on immature development and diapause induction in the Kanzawa spider mite, Tetranychus kanzawai (Acari: Tetranychidae)

The diapause response of the Kanzawa spider mite (KSM), Tetranychus kanzawai, was examined. KSMs were reared in aluminum bottles at 18°C with different combinations of light and dark periods created by the light-control unit. The developmental periods for all immature stages tended to decrease as the light period increased. The photoperiodic response curve for diapause induction showed that the critical (=50% diapause) light period was around 13 h days(-1). No diapause induction was observed when the light period was longer than 13.5 h days(-1) or under continuous light. At 13-h days(-1) light period, the developmental period for deutonymphal stage as well as for the total immature stages was longer in diapaused females than in non-diapaused females. These results indicate that immature development as well as diapause induction are affected by photoperiod and further suggest that diapause-inducing stimuli prolong the developmental period especially for the deutonymphal stage of KSMs.

BOTELLAS PARA EL TRANSPORTE A PRESIÓN DE GASES: DISEÑO Y OPTIMIZACIÓN

In this paper it is established an analytical design methodology for pressure gas bottles based on strength analytical technics. This methodology can be used not only for metal (steel or aluminium) bottles but also for mixed metal and composite (one or more layers). To make the analysis and the design some aspects must take in mind: resistance, weight and price and the methodology must allow solving easily and quickly any material combination. As well it can be analyzed each zone of the bottle: head, body and button. In this paper some materials have been analyzed: steel, aluminium, carbon fibre, basalt fibre and some material combinations too. To end, it has been verified the analytical obtained results in terms of resistance using numerical methods, like finite elements method (FEM)

New Material in Package Design

Materials selection is hugely important in packag ing design. In some cases, the visual tone of a piece of packaging may derive from its use of a substrate like Polypropylene, which i s typically seen as modern and contemporary. Alternatively, the visual tone may derive from the careful juxtaposition of different materials - some smooth, some textured. Everyday materials in unexpected context can provide a unique experience. Materials are most commonly paired with certain package types: Corrugated fiberboard boxes, glass bottles, and aluminum cans are classic examples. This is where the design mind can start reformulating to ha ve corrugated plastic boxes, aluminum bottles, or even plastic cans.