Aluminum Scrap Research Articles

Analisis Sifat Mekanik dan Struktur Mikro Aluminium Scrap (ADC12) Menggunakan Tungku Listrik

Knowing the mechanical and microstructural properties of aluminum scrap materials found in casting using an electric furnace. The research procedure included temperature data (750oC, 800oC, 850oC) and smelting time for 120 minutes. Hardness testing procedure is carried out to get the hardness value from some casting result areas. Microstructure is characterized by a comparison of the grain size of the metal that has undergone casting, to measure the grain size in this study using the image J program. The highest hardness value shows the melting temperature of 800oC with a temperature holding time of 120 minutes of 63.8HB. The longer the temperature holding time, the hardness value will increase. The smallest grain size occurs at a melting temperature of 800oC with a temperature holding time of 120 minutes of 21µm.

PENGARUH UNSUR MAGNESIUM DAN HEAT TREATMENT PADA PERFORMA PISTON DARI VELG ALUMINIUM DENGAN ADC 12

<p class="abstrak"><em>Aluminum alloy is one of the non ferrous metals that are widely used in various fields of life including one of the automotive industry. In Indonesia, the automotive industry is currently experiencing rapid development, as indicated by the number of motorized vehicles</em><em>.there are many aluminium scrap from velg those are not used intensively</em><em>, </em><em>so </em><em>casting is done through the use of al</em><em>uminium velg</em><em>. To prevent damage to the piston and to approach the standard, its hardness needs to be increased, namely by adding magnesium by 0.3% and 0.6% as well as artificial aging heat treatment method at a temperature of 155 </em><em>˚</em><em>C with a variation of holding time used </em><em>are</em><em> 2 hours and 4 hours. </em><em>The original piston </em><em>has a hardness </em><em>value </em><em>87.5 VHN. It turns out that aluminum velg material has a chemical composition of silicon element (Si) of 12.9% which is not in accordance with the A333.0 standard, so it is necessary to add the ADC 12 in casting to make new piston material. Based on the A333.0 standard, the suitable composition is 75% ADC 12 + 25% aluminum velg with a hardness value </em><em>is</em><em> 83.2 VHN, but still below </em><em>from </em><em>the original piston hardness. After the addition of magnesium and artificial aging the hardness of the new piston material has increased. The hardness of the material is 75% ADC 12 + 25% aluminum velg which has a hardness over the original piston is a material with artificial aging 4 hours with a hardness value </em><em>is</em><em> 87.6 VHN, material with the addition of magnesium elements 0.3% and 0.6% as well as artificial aging 4 hours which had a violence value </em><em>are</em><em> 88.6 VHN and 90.2 VHN. The process of adding magnesium and artificial aging also affects the metallography of the material, namely the structure and shape of the microstructure becomes more organized and there is a </em><em>change</em><em> in grain size.</em></p>

Thermal Treatment on MSWI Bottom Ash for the Utilisation in Alkali Activated Materials

At present, most municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash is directly landfilled, raising concerns about environmental issues and loss of resources. Due to its high mineral content, MSWI bottom ash is now being considered as a raw material to prepare alkali-activated materials (AAMs). However, the mineral fraction unavoidably contains metallic aluminium (Al) and zinc (Zn) scraps (<1 wt.%), which easily oxidise and generate H2gas under alkaline conditions. As a result, when using MSWI bottom ash to prepare AAMs, the formation of a porous structure, as well as expansive cracks (both detrimental to strength development) can be observed. In this research, thermal treatment of MSWI bottom ash, at temperatures of 500 and 1000 °C, was performed to deal with the issue caused by metallic Al/Zn. A series of tests, including Quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD) analysis, fineness measurements (particle size and surface area), and the dissolution test, were conducted to examine the effects of thermal treatment on as-received bottom ash. The results indicate that it is difficult to oxidise metallic Al/Zn at 500°C, but heating up to 1000 °C can realize the complete oxidation of Al/Zn, which in turn allows the wide utilisation of bottom ash in AAMs.
 Keywords: MSWI bottom ash, thermal treatment, alkali-activated materials.

CO fuel and γ-LiAlO2 production through alkali carbonate-assisted CO2 splitting by reusing aluminum wastes

This study proposes a process of reusing waste aluminum scraps and greenhouse gas CO2 as chemical feedstocks for producing CO gas fuel and γ-LiAlO2. The non-isothermal kinetics shows that the oxidation of aluminum scraps in CO2 is inhibited once the passive alumina layer being formed at aluminum surface. With the addition of alkali carbonate, the CO generation rate is enhanced depending on the composition of carbonate salt and CO2 concentration. By correlating the thermal stability characteristics of the carbonate with the CO generation features, it is revealed that the as-formed alumina layer is firstly dissolved in the molten salt by means of basic corrosion mechanism and then followed by solid-state reaction with the alkali-metal oxide. By adding Li2CO3, the conversion rate of aluminum scraps can be significantly improved and is completed in 1 h.

Physical Properties and Hardness of Treated Amorphous Silica as Reinforcement of AA7075 Recycled Aluminum Chip

Solid state recycling techniques of waste aluminum materials without melting the material is a process that consumed less energy consumption. The reuses of waste materials such as aluminum scrap and rice husk ash lead to the friendly environmentally and low cost of production. Physical properties and hardness of treated amorphous silica as reinforcement of AA7075 recycled aluminum chip were investigated. Recycled aluminum sample AA7075 reinforced treated amorphous silica by rice husk ash was prepared by the technique of powder metallurgy (PM) owing of reduced energy consumption and operating cost in comparison with conventional cast-recycling. The presence of silica exists in rice husk ash obtained after through chemical treatment and burning process of rice husk at temperatures of 700°C for 2 hours. The effect of aluminum recycled chip with rice husk ash composite with composition of 2.5 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 7.5 wt.%, 10 wt.% and 12.5 wt.%, on physical properties and hardness were investigated. Based on investigation to AA7075 recycled aluminum chip reinforced treated amorphous silica by rice husk ash, the porosity and water absorption of composite of metal matrix is increase with increasing of composition of treated rice husk ash as the density shows decrease when the treated rice husk ash is added up to 5 wt.%. The addition of treated rice husk ash has improve the hardness of composite of metal matrix from 53.49 Hv of 100 wt.% of AA7075 recycled aluminum chip to 69.53 Hv of composite of metal matrix at 10 wt.% of composition of treated rice husk ash. Based on this research, treated amorphous silica as reinforcement has enhance the physical properties and hardness of recycled aluminum chip sample in composition up to 10 wt.% of treated amorphous silica.

Development of national standards for the needs of the water industry on the examples of the aluminium polyoxycloride

An important stage in conditioning of water before its supply is the use of coagulants, with polyaluminium chloride being one of such agents. Active application of this coagulant began late last century, and its global output has been consistently growing since. The purpose of the work was to create a new standart because of the need to ensure a uniform assessment of the quality of the proposed coagulants. The necessity of unification in the field of quality control processes of coagulants is shown. General requirements for quality control of aluminum polyoxychloride are formulated. In particular, the standard contains universal methods to determine impurities and main quality parameters (basic capacity, contents of aluminium oxide and chloride ions) in polyaluminium chloride; regulate pH, residual aluminium, chlorides and heavy metal ions for the whole concentration range of the active ingredient in the agent (i.e. the standard covers both dry and liquid products); avoid use of low-quality raw materials (including aluminium scrap) in the production of polyaluminium chloride; characterise high- and low-basic products (given a non-linear change in properties at different concentrations); regulate frequency of and conditions for checking polyaluminium chloride against declared parameters.

A novel approach for the production and characterisation of aluminium–alumina hybrid metal matrix composites

In this study, aluminium–alumina hybrid metal matrix composites were developed using stir–squeeze casting with ultrasonic stirring. Scrap aluminium alloy wheels (SAAWs) were used as the matrix material, with 1, 2, and 3 wt% of nanosized alumina ((Al2O3)n) particles as well as 4, 5.5, and 7 wt% of microsized alumina ((Al2O3)m) particles as reinforcement components. An experimental study was conducted using the Taguchi method with an L9 orthogonal array, and the multiobjective optimisation based on ratio analysis technique was used for optimisation. The effects of different ratios of nanosized and microsized alumina particles as well as ultrasonic parameters, namely amplitude and pulse time, on the microstructure and mechanical properties were evaluated and compared. Pin-on-disc wear tests were conducted in the dry condition under uniform load to determine the influence of nanosized and microsized alumina on the wear behaviour. The results revealed that SAAWs reinforced with 1 wt% of nanosized alumina particles and 5.5 wt% of microsized alumina particles and having an amplitude of 100% and pulse on-time of 180 s exhibited lower porosity and metal loss (wear) as well as higher hardness, tensile strength, and compressive strength than other composites.

Kilowatt-Scale Fuel Cell Systems Powered by Recycled Aluminum

Abstract Presented here is a novel system that uses an aluminum-based fuel to continuously produce electrical power at the kilowatt scale via a hydrogen fuel cell. This fuel has an energy density of 23.3 kW h/L and can be produced from abundant scrap aluminum via a minimal surface treatment of gallium and indium. These additional metals, which in total comprise 2.5% of the fuel’s mass, permeate the grain boundary network of the aluminum to disrupt its oxide layer, thereby enabling the fuel to react exothermically with water to produce hydrogen gas and aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlOOH), an inert and valuable byproduct. To generate electrical power using this fuel, the aluminum–water reaction is controlled via water input to a reaction vessel in order to produce a constant flow of hydrogen, which is then consumed in a fuel cell to produce electricity. As validation of this power system architecture, we present the design and implementation of two proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell systems that successfully demonstrate this approach. The first is a 3 kW emergency power supply, and the second is a 10 kW power system integrated into a BMW i3 electric vehicle.

Synthesis of high value-added Na–P1 and Na-FAU zeolites using waste glass from fluorescent tubes and aluminum scraps

The present work reports the feasibility of valorizing waste glass and aluminum scraps into zeotype materials. The raw materials were reacted hydrothermally at 60 °C using alkaline fusion prior to hydrothermal treatment. The obtained powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electron microscopy (SEM) and magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) of 27Al and 29Si nuclei. The influence of some parameters like alkalinity, reaction time and particle size on the nature of obtained zeolites has been also studied. The characterization methods demonstrated that the final products are aluminosilicate materials with a high cation exchange capacity containing Na-FAU and Na–P1 zeolites. The above results show that valorization of waste glass and aluminum scraps to obtain Na-FAU and NaP1 zeolites is possible and can be a sustainable alternative to the traditional synthesis methods.

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of ZnO supported on Alumina and Antibacterial study

Al2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized by simple co-precipitation method using scrap aluminum foils. ZnO and ZnO supported on Alumina were also prepared. A detail structural characterization of prepared material was carried out using XRD and various other techniques. Gamma Alumina with particle size 4 nm was formed. A complete Photodegradation of Amido black dye was observed on the above materials under natural sunlight. 1:1 ZnO/Al2O3 showed increased photoactivity compared to ZnO alone. CO2 estimation and COD analysis were performed so as to elucidate the extent of mineralization of the dye. Surface properties of the photocatalyst were correlated with photocatalytic activity by studying the surface charge character of the catalysts. Antibacterial activity towards gram positive and gram negative bacteria was also studied which showed promising results.

Determination of fluoride component in the multifunctional refining flux used for recycling aluminum scrap

In this paper, the optimum fluoride component in the multifunctional refining flux used for recycling aluminum scrap was determined. Theoretical analysis of solid fluxing shows that strong stripping ability of oxide layer on aluminum surface for the flux and appropriate interfacial tensions between Al melt / inclusion (σM-I), flux / inclusion (σF-I), and flux / Al melt (σF-M) are indispensable for making the flux achieve the properties of covering, drossing, and cleaning simultaneously. In term of four preliminarily selected fluoride salts, i.e., KF, AlF3, K3AlF6 and KAlF4, the results of interfacial tension measurements indicates that, combined addition of A-type fluoride (KF) and B-type fluoride (AlF3, K3AlF6 and KAlF4) to equimolar NaCl-KCl can just offset the shortage of single addition of KF which means worsening the separating effect of flux from melt surface and weakening the wettability of flux on the inclusions due to the lower σF-M and the higher σF-I respectively. Additionally, coalescence behaviors of aluminum droplets in molten fluxes reveals that, KF, K3AlF6 or KAlF4 possesses stronger stripping ability of oxide layer, while the stripping ability of oxide layer for AlF3 is weaker. Ultimately, the combination of KF with K3AlF6 or/and KAlF4 is ascertained to be an optimum selection for fluoride component in the multifunctional refining flux.

Copper selective separation and nanoporous copper oxide preparation from waste copper-clad aluminum scraps

Waste copper-clad aluminum (CCA) scraps are secondary resources that are rich in Cu and Al, with biosafety disposal that bears considerable strategic significance in promoting CCA. A process comprising NH3 leaching, NH3 distillation, and roasting was proposed to separate Cu from waste CCA scraps and prepare nanoporous CuO. First, NH3 leaching was performed to separate Cu from scraps. The effects of initial Cu2+ concentration, NH3 concentration, and air flow rate on Cu leaching speed were assessed. Over 99% Cu could be selectively leached, whereas nearly no Al reacted in optimum conditions. Leaching mechanism was analyzed by combining the changes in the potential and pH of the entire NH3 leaching process. Subsequently, NH3 distillation of the leach liquor was carried out to prepare a precursor, which was confirmed to be CuCO3·Cu(OH)2 by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis. Finally, CuCO3·Cu(OH)2 was roasted, and the effect of roasting temperature on roasted product composition and properties was investigated by thermogravimetry–differential scanning calorimetry, XRD, scanning electron microscopy, and N2 adsorption–desorption. Results indicated that nanoporous CuO (purity, >99%; Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, 44.38 m2/g; pore volume, 0.2690 cm3/g) was successfully prepared. In the entire process, 96.70% NH3 and 98% Cu were recovered via analytical calculation.

The beginning and the end of the aluminium value chain

Metallic aluminium does not naturally occur in nature, and it was largely unknown, virtually a mystery, until 200 years ago. The modern aluminium production using a hydrometallurgical refining process for making alumina followed by electrolysis of this mineral was first developed in 1886 and, in principle, the same technology is still used to this day. About 90% of alumina refineries in the world use the Bayer process for refining Bauxite ore. It is very efficient, but it can only be used on high quality bauxite with low content of admixtures, especially silicon. The Bayer process also generates a Bauxite Residue (BR), maybe better known as Red Mud (RM) which is a thick red-brown, high-basicity paste consisting of silicon, iron, aluminium, titanium and others. The International Institute of Aluminium estimates that since 1886 almost a billion tonnes of aluminium were produced around the world with three fourths of this amount still being in use today, of which about 35% is located in buildings and structures, 30% in electric cables and equipment and 30% in transport. Aluminium scrap is collected all over the world. In the home, it mostly consists of aluminium beverage cans. It is claimed that 1 ton of recycled empty beverage cans save 8 tons of bauxite, 4 kg of various fluorides and 14 kWh of electricity. Additionally, recycling aluminium significantly reduces the negative environmental impact of ever-expanding RM landfills. As the idea of environmental responsibility is gaining more and more traction, separate household scrap recycling is becoming more and more popular around the world. How challenges related to such activity can be met will be the main topic of this paper alongside discussing new developments for alumina production without RM generation.

Study Comparative of Corrosion Rate Scrap Aluminium in Chloride Acid (HCl) and Natrium Chloride (NaCl) Solutions

Scrap aluminium is waste aluminium, the result of recycling that can be used as an alternative raw material with consideration of cheap and affordable prices. The use of aluminium scrap has been widely used both on a large scale such as the automotive industry, ships, aircraft, construction, etc., as well as on a small scale such as household appliances. Chloride acid is used in the process of purifying salt, cleaning porcelain, and as a stain remover on kitchen utensils, and sodium chloride, known as salt, is very corrosive due to the presence of chloride ions. The corrosive nature of chloride ions can be influenced by the concentration and duration of immersion, so it is necessary to research changes in the corrosion rate caused by the concentration and time of immersion. This study uses a method of immersion with weight loss where the specimen is immersed in HCl and NaCl with a concentration of 0. 1%; 0. 3%; and 0. 5% with an immersion time of 5 days, 10 days and 15 days. The results showed that the highest corrosion rate of HCl occurred at 15 days immersion with a concentration of 0. 1% at 1542. 314 Mpy, and the smallest corrosion rate at 5 days with a concentration of 0. 5% at 181. 09 Mpy. For the largest NaCl corrosion rate occurred at 15 days immersion with a concentration of 0. 1% from 101. 171 Mpy, and the smallest corrosion rate at 5 days immersion with a concentration of 0. 5% 41. 793 Mpy.

The use of supercritical water for the catalyst-free oxidation of coarse aluminum for hydrogen production

Supercritical water is used to oxidize aluminum scrap and 3 mm aluminum slugs without employing catalysts, milling or specialized alloys.

When will the arrival of China's secondary aluminum era?

As the consumption of aluminum products in China continues to increase in recent years, the in-use stock of aluminum products is increasing. With the service life of aluminum products about to run out and the shortage of bauxite resources in China, recycling domestic aluminum scrap to produce secondary aluminum will become an inevitable trend. With reference to the development status of secondary aluminum in developed countries and the scenario we set, the future production and stock ratio of secondary aluminum in China are predicted. According to our selected scenarios, the research results include: (1) China's primary aluminum will reach its peak around 2025, and its production capacity will gradually decrease with the replacement of secondary aluminum in China; (2) With the increasing domestic aluminum stocks, China began to enter the era of scrap aluminum recycling after 2020, and the peak supply of aluminum scrap lagged behind the peak consumption of aluminum for 10–20 years. (3) The in-use stock of aluminum will peak around 2040 and the in-use stock of secondary aluminum will be saturated around 2060. (4) With the recycling of aluminum scrap, secondary aluminum will break through the production level of 10 million tons in 2023. The level of secondary aluminum in China will exceed the production level of primary aluminum for the first time around 2035. After 2050, secondary aluminum production will account for more than 60% of the total output and the secondary aluminum stock ratio (SASR) will account for more than 70%. Thus, there will be a rapid shifting in production capacity from primary to secondary routes. In this case, the relevant policies should pay more attention to the recovery of aluminum scrap and the production of secondary aluminum. As China's aluminum will maintain this strong consumption momentum and the shortage of bauxite in the country, research on China's future secondary aluminum will become increasingly important.

Analysis of aluminum scrap processing technology

The analysis of aluminum scrap processing technologies is presented taking into account the economic and environmental components. Acid-alkaline methods sulfate and soda methods, as well as electric arc remelting of aluminum slag in a single-phase AC electric arc furnace are considered. A significant number of problems are noted regarding the mechanical and electro physical characteristics of manufactured products. The solution of these issues, taking into account the increasing requirements of the consumer, is possible only when performing special studies in terms of improving technology and developing devices and devices for new technological processes

Facile and affordable synthetic route of nano powder zeolite and its application in fast softening of water hardness

Herein, we proposed an affordable and facile way of treating the hardening of water from local groundwater and seawater sources. This was facilitated by synthesizing zeolitic materials via an effortless and affordable method from readily available disposed of waste materials. Firstly, by converting waste aluminium (scrap wire cables, takeaway foil, cans, and spray aerosol bottles) along with disposed of silica gel into active zeolitic materials with the aid of a conventional domestic microwave. Small amounts of the produced zeolites (NaX and NaA) were utilized in the removal of the hardness of water (10 g.L−1), showing elimination of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions within 30 min, removing 90 % of the total hardness (> 1000 ppm). The spent zeolite samples can be further used for more than two consequent cycles, then the regeneration can be promoted by using NaCl solution at ambient conditions. The total price for the synthesis of 1 kg of the zeolite produced herein is 14 $/kg. This is 70 % lower than the price of commercial zeolites available in the market. Our proposed facile route in zeolite preparation could potentially change the traditional costly softening treatment techniques. It also minimizes the use of extra chemical materials, templates and multi-step procedures. The excellent hardness removal capacity in groundwater and seawater using synthesized zeolite samples could open doors for various applications.

Towards GHG Emissions Neutrality of Aluminium Slug Production: An Industrial Study

The aluminium industry is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases (GHG) and accounts for approximately 1 % of global GHG emissions. A large portion of emissions are indirect emissions, due to the large GHG footprint of consumed electricity, while direct energy and process-related emissions are also significant. The aluminium is widely used in packaging, transportation, the building sector and for various other purposes. This study focuses on aluminium slugs, which are semi products made from aluminium alloys and are used as tubes and containers in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. Since the aluminium industry is among the largest GHG emitters, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed to evaluate the environmental impact of aluminium slug production. Environmental impact assessment was performed using OpenLCA software, the Ecoinvent 3.1 database and self-collected plant data. The study includes the environmental impact of anode production, electrolysis and slug production. The functional unit for the study is 1 t of aluminium slug at the company exit gate. Besides GHG emissions and the related GHG footprint associated with slug production, acidification potential and photochemical oxidation potential are further assessed. Various opportunities for GHG emission reduction are further investigated in accordance with the longer-term company strategy. If more aluminium scrap were used and carbon capture performed, the GHG footprint could be reduced by 65 % compared to the base case.

Electrocoagulation for removal of phosphate from aqueous solution: Statistical modeling and techno-economic study

Abstract The focus of this study is to evaluate electrocoagulation as a process for the remediation of phosphate contaminated synthetic aqueous solutions using scrap aluminium plate electrodes in monopolar-parallel mode. An attempt was made in modeling the phosphate removal as a function of the significant parameters as well as to optimize the process statistically with the help of Response Surface Methodology using Design Expert software Version 7.0.0. The full factorial central composite design was followed to obtain the required number of runs for batch study. Five parameters namely initial pH, inter-electrode distance (IED), the concentration of the supporting electrolyte (SEC), electrolysis-time and voltage were considered for the experimentations. A valid model to predict the removal efficiency was established and the removal efficiencies witnessed were as high as 98%. The techno-economic optimization yielded the following set of parameters as the most economical solution: pH = 7, Voltage = 11.23 V, IED = 3 cm, t = 14.03 min and SEC = 0.46 g/L exhibiting a 90% removal efficiency and an operating cost of 0.22 $/m3 of water treated or 2.52 $/Kg of phosphate removed. The study of crystallinity of the electrocoagulation byproduct was also conducted using XRD analysis, which showed the presence of amorphous or poorly crystalline phases.