AlCl3 Research Articles

Chamuangone-rich rice bran oil ameliorates neurodegeneration in AlCl3/D-galactose model via modulation of behavioral, biochemical, and neurochemical parameters

Chamuangone is an exotic medicinal compound isolated from Garcinia cowa leaves. It shows great potential against inflammation, neurodegeneration, and oxidation. Through green extraction method, chamuangone-rich rice bran oil (CRBO) containing 1.97 mg/mL of chamuangone was obtained. This research study investigates the therapeutic effects of CRBO on D-galactose- and aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced Alzheimer’s disease in rat model. In all, 30 rats were divided into six groups and treated for 42 days as follows: control group (vehicle), disease control group (AlCl3 150 mg/kg + D-galactose 150 mg/kg p.o.), standard group (rivastigmine 3 mg/kg p.o.), and CRBO treatment groups with doses of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mg/kg p.o. Neurobehavioral studies were performed on completion of 42 days. Furthermore, biochemical, neurochemical, and histopathological analyses were performed. CRBO treatment mitigated impairment in neuromuscular coordination, mentation and cognition in behavioral tasks. It potentially recovered (p < 0.001) the declined level of catalase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidation. Neurochemical analysis revealed the restoration of serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine concentration in the brain after CRBO treatment. Histopathological examination of vital organs revealed recovery in CRBO-treated rats in a dose-dependent manner. Owing to neurotoxic effects of inducing agents, the level of acetylcholinesterase decreased in disease control group; however, CRBO treatment recovered the declined activity of this enzyme. Therefore, it is concluded that CRBO significantly recovered the neurodegenerative effects through multiple pathways, such as amelioration of oxidative stress and neuronal plasticity. Therefore, this innovative green remedy can be considered as a natural alternative for treating neurodegenerative disorders.

Fabrication of Ruby by 3D printing of transparent salt solutions

A novel method is presented for fabricating 3D-printed Cr3+-doped α-Al2O3 complex structures, known as Ruby, using digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing and sol-gel reactions based on solutions only. The aqueous printing solution comprises aluminum and chromium chloride as the sol-gel precursor and acrylic acid (AA) as the polymerizable component. After photopolymerization, aging, and sintering at 1150°C, structures shrink up to 28±7 %, achieving a final printing resolution of 55.7±0.7 μm, surpassing the nominal printer’s resolution of 200 μm. Characterization includes X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV-Vis, and fluorescence measurements, revealing crystalline Cr:α-Al2O3 composition emitting at 693 nm. The structures exhibit maximum compression stress of 89±3 MPa and microhardness of 340–500 HV, showcasing potential applications in thermal insulation, jewelry, and mechanical uses.

Efficacy of stem cells versus microvesicles in ameliorating chronic renal injury in rats (histological and biochemical study)

Chronic exposure to heavy metals as aluminum chloride (AlCl3) could result in severe health hazards such as chronic renal injury. The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) in comparison to their microvesicles (MV) in AlCl3-induced chronic renal injury. Forty-eight adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Control group, AlCl3-treated group, AlCl3/ASC-treated group, and AlCl3/MV-treated group. Biochemical studies included estimation of serum urea and creatinine levels, oxidative biomarkers assay, antioxidant biomarkers, serum cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-33), real time-PCR analysis of renal tissue MALT1, TNF-α, IL-6, and serum miR-150-5p expression levels. Histopathological studies included light and electron microscopes examination of renal tissue, Mallory trichrome stain for fibrosis, Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stain for histochemical detection of carbohydrates, and immunohistochemical detection of Caspase-3 as apoptosis marker, IL-1B as a proinflammatory cytokine and CD40 as a marker of MVs. AlCl3 significantly deteriorated kidney function, enhanced renal MDA and TOS, and serum cytokines concentrations while decreased the antioxidant parameters (SOD, GSH, and TAC). Moreover, serum IL-10, TNF-α, miR-150-5p, and renal MALT1 expression values were significantly higher than other groups. Kidney sections showed marked histopathological damage in both renal cortex and medulla in addition to enhanced apoptosis and increased inflammatory cytokines immunoexpression than other groups. Both ASCs and MVs administration ameliorated the previous parameters levels with more improvement was detected in MVs-treated group. In conclusion: ASCs-derived MVs have a promising ameliorating effect on chronic kidney disease.

Protective Effect of Buchholzia coriacea (Wonderful Kola) on Aluminium Chloride Induced Neurotoxicity on the Prefrontal Cortex of Adult Male Wistar Rat

Protective Effect of Buchholzia coriacea (Wonderful Kola) on Aluminium Chloride Induced Neurotoxicity on the Prefrontal Cortex of Adult Male Wistar Rat

Oxygen‐Rich Porous Organic Polymer for Thermal Energy Storage

Oxygen atoms have been widely used in porous organic polymers, which has attracted much attention from researchers. Herein, porous organic polymer with high oxygen content is synthesized with oxygen‐rich monomer as construction unit and anhydrous aluminum chloride as catalyst; then phase‐change materials (PCMs) composites are prepared by self‐adsorption method. The pore properties of the oxygen‐rich porous organic polymer are characterized by nitrogen absorption and desorption method. The properties of the PCM composites are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that the oxygen‐rich porous organic polymer has high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area (465 m2 g−1) and excellent thermal stability. The PCM composites possess high encapsulation rate (50.6 wt%) and latent heat (124.7 kJ g−1). After several thermal cycles, the thermal properties of all PCM composites are almost unchanged, and no leakage phenomenon is found. It can be seen that oxygen‐rich porous polymers have potential applications in PCM adsorption and thermal energy storage.

First Main-Group Element Lewis Acid Thionyl Chloride Adduct and its Chemistry.

Although the adduct of aluminum trichloride with thionyl chloride has been reported, no thionyl chloride adduct of a main group element Lewis acid or organometallic compound has been structurally characterized. In this communication we present the synthesis and reactivity of the structurally ascertained adduct of thionyl chloride with tris(pentafluoroethyl)gallane as a representative of a main group element Lewis acid. Gallium and indium compounds with electron withdrawing groups, e.g. the pentafluoroethyl ligand, display versatile properties. While gallates and indates, [MR4]-, behave as weakly coordinating anions, neutral gallanes and indanes, MR3, are strong Lewis acids. Salts with the tetrakis(pentafluoroethyl)gallate and -indate, [M(C2F5)4]- (M=Ga, In), have recently been studied in detail. In contrast to this, work on the syntheses of the free Lewis superacids M(C2F5)3 (M=Ga, In) is scarce and underdeveloped. The hydrates [M(C2F5)3(OH2)2] proved to be suitable starting materials, particularly due to their thermal stability. Herein we report on synthesis and characterization of reactive adducts, [M(C2F5)3D], with the weak donor molecules (D) SOCl2 and Me3SiF. The effective Lewis acidities of Ga(C2F5)3 and In(C2F5)3 were experimentally determined by the (modified) Gutmann-Beckett method and their catalytic potential is showcased.

Influence mechanism of leaching agent anions on the leaching of aluminium impurities in ionic-type rare earth ores: A DFT simulation combined with experimental verification

The aluminium impurity present during the leaching process of ionic-type rare earth ores increases the complexity and cost of the subsequent dealumination procedure, causing the loss of rare earth elements. Understanding the interactions between minerals and impurities is crucial for grasping interfacial reactions. However, the mechanism by which anions influence the adsorption behaviour of Al3+ remains unclear. This study examined the impact mechanisms of four typical leaching agent anions (SO42-, Cl-, NO3–, and CH3COO–) on the interaction between Al3+ and the kaolinite (001) surface using density functional theory (DFT). According to DFT calculations, the order of adsorption energy of Al3+ on the kaolinite (001) surface in the presence of anions is as follows: Al3+ < Al3+ in aluminium sulfate < Al3+ in aluminium chloride < Al3+ in aluminium nitrate < Al3+ in aluminium acetate. The adsorption strength of Al3+ on the kaolinite (001) surface is weakened to varying degrees by the presence of anions. Specifically, under the influence of acetate anions, it is difficult for Al3+ to adsorb and form bonds on the kaolinite (001) surface. In contrast, Al3+ can still adsorb mainly through Al-O ionic bonds under the influence of the other three anions. The density of states analysis showed that the 3p orbitals of Al atoms and the 2p orbitals of O atoms primarily contribute to the Al-O bond near the Fermi energy level. Experimental results from adsorption capacity tests, microcalorimetry, and zeta potential measurements support the DFT simulations, indicating that Al2(SO4)3 is the most easily adsorbed on the kaolinite surface, followed by AlCl3 and Al(NO3)3, with (CH3COO)3Al being the most difficult to adsorb. Column leaching tests further verified that adding CH3COO– to the leaching agent solution at pH > 4.5 can inhibit the leaching of aluminium impurities, enabling the efficient separation of rare earth elements from aluminium impurities, and reducing the aluminium content in the leachate.

Antioxidant Properties of Lemuni Leaves (Vitex trifolia var. purpurea) in Different Concentrations of Ethanol-Water Solvent Extraction

Vitex trifolia var. purpurea leaves (Lemuni leaves) is considered as a traditional medicine due to their antioxidant property. The antioxidant properties of Lemuni leaves depends on the concentration of ethanol-water solvent. Therefore, this current study intended to identify the antioxidant activity of Lemuni leaves (Vitex trifolia var. purpurea) in different concentrations of ethanol-water solvent extraction. Four ethanol-water concentrations were prepared (water extract (0% ethanol), 25% ethanol extract, 50% ethanol extract, and 75% ethanol extract). The antioxidant properties of Lemuni leaves were evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu assay, aluminium chloride calorimetric method while 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay were used to measure the antioxidant activities of the extracts. The experimental results showed that 75% ethanol extract had the highest (p&lt;0.05) total phenolic content (94.69 ± 4.75mg GAE/g DW) and total flavonoid content (30.76 ± 2.85mg QE/g DW) significantly. The 75% ethanol extract also had the significantly lowest (p&lt;0.05) IC50 value for DPPH (3.56 ± 0.11 mg/mL) and ABTS (2.01 ± 0.05 mg/mL) assays. Strong correlations were discovered between the total flavonoid content, total phenolic content with antioxidant properties of Lemuni leaves at different ethanol-water ratio by DPPH (r= -0.816; r= -0.824) and ABTS assays (r= -0.929; r= -0.920).The significantly elevated antioxidant properties of the 75% ethanol extract suggest promising applications in health supplements, pharmaceuticals, skincare products, biomedical research, and commercial ventures.

Performance repair of building materials using alumina and silica composite nanomaterials with electrodynamic properties

Abstract In recent years, the service life of building materials has become the focus of attention. Among them, the service life of concrete and steel bars is particularly affected by the corrosion of external ions (such as Cl−) in the environment. To solve this problem, a new type of composite nanocolloid was prepared through a controllable preparation method. The composite nanocolloid is prepared from aluminum chloride sol and silica sol as raw materials. The prepared colloidal particles have a particle size distribution between 10.5 and 17.5 nm, exhibiting excellent stability and dispersibility. In order to verify the improvement effect of the composite nanocolloid on the properties of building materials, the influence of it on the porosity of concrete and the anti-corrosion performance of steel bars was experimentally studied. The results indicate that the moisture absorption and dehumidification speed of concrete treated with composite nano colloids is slower, and the pore size distribution is mainly concentrated in 100–1,000 nm, indicating that the colloids can effectively optimize the pore structure of concrete. In addition, the processed steel plate samples showed high AC impedance values and low corrosion current logarithmic values in electrochemical testing, indicating that composite nanocolloids have a significant protective effect on the corrosion of steel bars, which can effectively improve the performance of building materials and extend their service life.

The effects of Ganoderma leucocontextum triterpenoids treatment on the D-galactose and aluminum chloride-induced Alzheimer-like pathology in mouse brain

Ethnopharmacology relevanceGanoderma leucocontextum T.H. Li, W. Q. Deng M. Wang & H.P.Hu. is a highland herbal medicine that has been shown to nourish the nervesand prolong life. Nevertheless, there is no evidence to indicate that Ganoderma leucocontextum triterpenoids (GLTs) reduce the damage triggered by Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aim of the studyThe aim of this investigation was to ascertain the protective effects of GLTs on AD mice models and cells, as well as to look into potential pathways. Materials and methodsIn this study, the phytochemical characterization of GLTs was performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The AD mouse model was induced by injecting intraperitoneally with D-galactose (120 mg/kg) and administering orally with aluminum chloride (20 mg/kg) daily for 28 days. After that, donepezil (5 mg/kg) and GLTs (0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 g/kg) were administered orally for 35 days. During the treatment period, aluminum chloride (20 mg/kg) and D-galactose (120 mg/kg) were continuously administered. And the behavior of the animals and the molecular changes of the hippocampus were determined after the whole experimental procedure. Furthermore, BV-2 cells were employed to validate GLTs' anti-neuroinflammatory properties. ResultsThe total triterpenoids content was 443.12 ± 0.21 g/kg and was inferred to contain 19 classes of substances such as organic acids, amino acids, vitamins, flavonoids, and other chemicals in GLTs. Treatment of D-galactose/aluminum chloride-induced mouse with GLTs can ameliorate AD symptoms, counteract cognitive decline, improve Aβ1-42 deposition, reduce the expression level of pro-apoptotic proteins, and attenuate the activation of hippocampal microglia and astrocytes. GLTs significantly increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes and significantly reduced the expression of inflammatory factors. GLTs inhibits nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) nuclear translocation and preserves myd88/traf6-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation. Furthermore, GLTs (2 and 5 mg/mL) inhibited the generation of nitric oxide and protected lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/L)-induced neuroinflammation in BV-2 cells. ConclusionsTaken together, Ganoderma leucocontextum triterpenoids can improve cognitive functions, including learning and memory, by reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, preventing apoptosis, and controlling amyloid genesis.

One-Pot Preparation of Layered Double Hydroxide-Engineered Boric Acid Root and Application in Wastewater.

Heavy metals and organic pollutants are prevalent in water bodies, causing great damage to the environment and human beings. Hence, it is urgent to develop a kind of adsorbent with good performance. Anion interlacing layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are a promising adsorbent for the sustainable removal of heavy metal ions and dyes from wastewater. Using aluminum chloride, zinc chloride and ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate (NH4B5O8 · 4H2O, BA) as raw materials, the LDHs complex (BA-LDHs) of B5O8- intercalation was prepared by one-step hydrothermal method. The BA-LDHs samples were characterized by a X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The results showed that B5O8- was successfully intercalated. Adsorption experimental results suggested that BA-LDHs possess a maximum adsorption capacity of 18.7, 57.5, 70.2, and 3.12 mg·g-1 for Cd(II), Cu(II), Cr(VI) and Methylene blue (MB) at Cs = 2 g·L-1, respectively. The adsorption experiment conforms to the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models, and the kinetic adsorption data are well fitted by the pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic equation. The as-prepared BA-LDHs have potential application prospects in the removal of heavy metals and dyes in wastewater. More importantly, they also provide a strategy for preparing selective adsorbents.

Preparation of Schiff base metal catalyst and its catalytic synthesis of propylene carbonate from CO2

In recent years, research on the conversion of CO2 into fine chemical products has emerged as a prominent and dynamic area of study. In this study, four ligands were synthesized using salicylaldehyde, o-phenylenediamine, ethylenediamine, hexanediamine, and 2,6-diaminopyridine as precursors. Subsequently, these ligands were reacted with cobalt nitrate, zinc chloride, and aluminum chloride to synthesize 12 Schiff base metal complexes, which were employed as catalysts for the synthesis of propylene carbonate from CO2 and epichlorohydrin. The findings reveal that the SF-L/Co catalyst demonstrated superior performance, potentially attributed to the robust chelating capability of Co, leading to the provision of more acidic metal centers. Characterization of SF-L/Co was conducted utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Process conditions were optimized, resulting in the achievement of a 100% yield and selectivity of propylene carbonate under optimal reaction conditions, without the generation of any by-products. Furthermore, the catalyst exhibited remarkable reusability, demonstrating consistent catalytic activity over five successive cycles without a substantial decrease in performance.

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Attenuated Neurochemical and Histopathological Alterations Associated with Aluminium Chloride Intoxication in Rats.

The present investigation explored the potential neuroprotective role of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-mediated Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like symptoms. Rats were distributed into four treatment groups equally: control, ZnONPs (4mg/kg b.wt.), AlCl3 (100mg/kg b.wt.), and ZnONPs + AlCl3 groups. Rats were treated for 42 consecutive days. ZnONPs injection into AlCl3-treated rats suppressed the development of oxidative challenge in the cortical and hippocampal tissues, as demonstrated by the decreased neuronal pro-oxidants (malondialdehyde and nitric oxide), and the increased glutathione and catalase levels. Additionally, ZnONPs injection showed anti-inflammatory potency in response to AlCl3 by decreasing levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. Moreover, pretreatment with ZnONPs prevented neuronal cell loss by decreasing the level of pro-apoptotic caspase-3 and enhancing the anti-apoptotic B cell lymphoma 2. Furthermore, ZnONPs ameliorated the disturbed acetylcholinesterase activity, monoamines (norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin), excitatory (glutamic and aspartic acids), and inhibitory amino acids (GABA and glycine) in response to AlCl3 exposure. These findings indicate that ZnONPs may have the potential as an alternative therapy to minimize or prevent the neurological deficits in AD model by exhibiting antioxidative, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and neuromodulatory effects.

Protective Role of Caloric Restriction versus L-Carnitine on Aluminium Chloride Induced Cognitive Deficit in Rats

Abstract Introduction Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a worldwide chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease. However, its pathophysiology is still unclear and there is no determined cure for it up till now. Both Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) and caloric restriction (CR) slow down the aging process. Hypothesis To compare the neuroprotective impacts of ALCAR and CR on aluminum chloride (AlCl3) induced AD in adult male rats to explore the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies of AD. Materials and Methods Our study was carried out on 67 adult male albino rats that were allocated into 4 groups: Control, AlCl3, AlCl3-Acetyl-L-Carnitine and AlCl3-Caloric Restriction groups. AlCl3 and ALCAR were taken by gavage in a dose of 100 mg/1ml/kg. B.W. and CR was done by 70% of the daily average caloric intake of the control group for 30 days. All rats were subjected to behavioral assessment; open field test (OFT), Y maze, novel object recognition test (NORT) and passive avoidance test (PAT), biochemical assay of serum phosphorylated tau (pTau), hippocampal homogenate phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate kinase (pAMPK), Beclin-1, Bax (Bcl-2-associated X protein), Bcl2 (B-cell lymphoma-2) and Bax/Bcl2 ratio as well as hippocampal histological studies using H&amp;E, Silver stain and Immunohistochemistry (nuclear protein Ki 67 &amp; glial fibrillary acidic protein GFAP). Results The results showed cognitive and behavioral deficits induced by AlCl3 and this were coincident with increased level of serum pTau, aggregated neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and senile plaques with increased pAMPK. impaired autophagy and enhanced apoptosis associated with defective neurogenesis and defective astrocyte activation. Conclusion ALCAR and CR partially improved the AlCl3 induced behavioral, cognitive, biochemical and histological changes, with more ameliorative effect of ALCAR on hippocampal apoptotic markers, with more obvious behavioral and histological improvement with CR.

Oral administration of encapsulated catechin in chitosan-alginate nanoparticles improves cognitive function and neurodegeneration in an aluminum chloride-induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of catechin-loaded Chitosan-Alginate nanoparticles (NPs) on cognitive function in an aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Catechin-loaded Chitosan-Alginate nanocarriers were synthesized through ionotropic gelation (IG) method. Physio-chemical characterization was conducted with the Zetasizer Nano system, the scanning electron microscope, and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The experiments were performed over 21 days on six groups of male Wistar rats. The control group, AlCl3 treated group, Catechin group, nanocarrier group, treatment group 1 (AlCl3 + Catechin), and treatment group 2 (AlCl3 + nanocarrier). A behavioral study was done by the Morris water maze (MWM) test. In addition, the level of oxidative indices and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity was determined by standard procedures at the end of the study. AlCl3 induced a significant increase in AChE activity, along with a significant decrease in the level of Catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the hippocampus. Moreover, the significant effect of AlCl3 was observed on the behavioral parameters of the MWM test. Both forms of Catechin markedly improved AChE activity, oxidative biomarkers, spatial memory, and learning. The present study indicated that the administration of Catechin-loaded Chitosan-Alginate NPs is a beneficial therapeutic option against behavioral and chemical alteration of AD in male Wistar rats.

The Effect of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Nestin and Sox-2 Gene Expression and Spatial Learning (Percent Alternation Y-Maze Test) against AlCl3-Induced Alzheimer's-like Pathology in a Rat Model.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by gradual cognitive impairment, including loss of synapses and nerve cells involved in learning, memory, and habit formation processes. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSCs) are multipotent cells. Because of their self-renewable, differentiation, and immunomodulatory capabilities, they are commonly used to treat many disorders. Hence, the current study intends to examine the effect of BM-MSCs transplantation on Aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced cognitive problems, an experimental model resembling AD's hallmarks in rats. The study was conducted in 2022 at The Biomedical Laboratory Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Indonesia. Adult male Wistar rats (three groups: negative control; no intervention+treatment with PBS; positive control: AlCl3+treatment with aqua dest; AlCl3+BM-MSCs: AlCl3+treatment with BM-MSCs, n=5 each) were treated daily with AlCl3 orally for five days. Stem cells were intraperitoneally injected into rats at a dose of 1x106 cells/rat. The same quantity of phosphate-buffered saline was given to the control group. One month after stem cell injection, the rat brain tissue was removed and placed in the film bottles that had been created. The expression of neural progenitor cell markers, including nestin and sex-determining Y-box 2 (SOX-2), was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Rats' cognitive and functional memory were examined using Y-maze. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 26.0) with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. The gene expression of nestin (29.74±0.42), SOX-2 (31.44±0.67), and percent alternation of Y-maze (67.04±2.28) increased in the AlCl3+BM-MSCs group compared to that in the positive control group. RT-PCR analysis indicated that nestin (P<0.001) and SOX-2 (P<0.001) were significantly enhanced in the AlCl3+BM-MSCs group compared to the positive control group. This group also indicated an increased percent alternation of Y-maze (P<0.001) in the AlCl3+BM-MSCs group compared to the positive control group. Due to its potential effects on cell therapy, BM-MSCs were found effective in a rat model of AD on the impairment of the rats' behavior and increased expression of neural progenitor cell markers.

Effect of hesperidin in the prevention of aluminum chloride-induced testicular dysfunction in rats.

Hesperidin is a citrus bioflavonoid and has numerous pharmacological actions. Hesperidin's effect on testicular dysfunction has not been well researched. Hence, the present study is aims to investigate the effect of hesperidin on aluminium chloride (AlCl3)-induced testicular dysfunction in rats. Both vitamin C (200 mg/kg) and hesperidin (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) were administered orally for 21 days. At the end of the study, the blood samples were obtained from all animals for investigation of biochemical and hematological parameters. Then, bilateral orchiectomy was carried out to remove testicles from the animals, and sperm was collected and examined under a microscope. Finally, organs such as the liver, kidney, and testicles were also collected and utilized for histopathological analysis. Part of the liver sample was used for determination of antioxidant enzymes such as reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) levels. The rats administered with AlCl3 showed elevated levels of biochemical and hematological parameters and a reduction in levels of sperm count, sperm motility, and oxidative stress parameters, whereas the rats administered with vitamin C/hesperidin (200 and 400 mg/kg) were able to ameliorate AlCl3-induced testicular dysfunction by attenuating AlCl3-induced changes in biochemical and hematological parameters, sperm motility, sperm count, and oxidative stress. Both vitamin C and hesperidin had significant ameliorative effects against AlCl3-induced testicular dysfunction.

Assessment of Behavioral Properties of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis against Aluminum-induced Neurotoxicity in Rats

ABSTRACT Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder leading to dementia and cognitive impairment. Current treatment modalities of AD do not cure the disease completely, rather it only slows the progression and are associated with numerous adverse effects. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. is an ornamental shrub having various medicinal properties such as analgesic, hepatoprotective, anti-arthritis, antidiabetic, and immunomodulatory effects. Methodology: The present study was carried out using ethanolic extract of the leaves of N. arbor-tristis L. (NALE) plant. About 36 albino Wistar rats were taken and divided into six groups containing six rats each. Group I was the normal control (rats received normal diet), group II rats were positive control (received aluminum chloride), group III rats were standard control group (received donepezil), while groups IV, V, and VI were test treatment control groups (received varying doses of NALE extract). Behavioral assessment was done by four procedures, namely Morris water maze test, locomotor test, passive avoidance, and elevated plus maze test. Results: The NALE treatment group showed a significant improvement in behavioral parameters and was comparable with standard group. Conclusion: Nyctanthes showed neuroprotective and cytoprotective effects by decreasing acetylcholinesterase activity and reducing oxidative stress. Hence, it is postulated that this product can be useful for the treatment of AD.

Approbation of technology for regulating the coverage of reservoirs by flooding using a thermotropic composition based on aluminum chloride and urea

Approbation of technology for regulating the coverage of reservoirs by flooding using a thermotropic composition based on aluminum chloride and urea

Cardio and Neuroprotective Effects of Naringenin Against Aluminum Chloride-induced Oxidative Stress in Wistar Rats

Background: Plant secondary metabolites have been reported to offer a wide variety of medicinal purposes, including protection against heavy metal toxicity. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the potentiality of naringenin a flavonoid in ameliorating the antioxidant defense system of neural and cardiac cells against aluminum chloride (AlCl3 ) toxicity in rats. Methods: The rats were divided into control (group 1), AlCl3 -treated (2), AlCl3+Naringenin-treated (3), and Naringenin-treated (4) groups. During experimentation, group 2 received an oral dose of 100 mg/kg/BW of AlCl3 , and group 3 received 100 mg/kg/BW of AlCl3 and 50 mg/ kg/BW of naringenin. In addition, group 4 received 50 mg/kg/BW of naringenin each day, while group 1 and all groups received a normal diet and water ad libitum for 30 days. The animals were sacrificed, and then blood, brain, and heart tissues were collected for biochemical and histological studies. Results: The results revealed that naringenin administration ameliorates the antioxidant defense system (catalase [CAT], superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], and glutathione transferase) in AlCl3 toxicity in neural and cardiac tissues. AlCl3 caused oxidative tissue damage, showing a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) (P&lt;0.05) in both tissues. The levels of neurotransmitter acetylcholine esterase, nitric oxide, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the rats of group 3 were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher compared with AlCl3 -intoxicated rats. Furthermore, the AlCl3 -administered group had significantly (P&lt;0.05) elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, with reduced high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in comparison to the naringenin-treated and control groups. Naringenin treatment normalized the lipid profile. Histological analysis using the hematoxylin and eosin staining method revealed that AlCl3 caused degenerative changes in the cerebellum and cardiac tissues, which were ameliorated by co-treatment with naringenin. Conclusion: Naringenin has the potential to mitigate AlCl3 -induced oxidative stress (OS) in the neural and cardiac tissues of rats by enhancing the antioxidant defense system and reversing tissue injuries in the brain and heart.