Aluminum Blades Research Articles

Single pulse data collection with an X-ray chopper at in situ room temperature Laue crystallography beamline BL03HB

in situ room temperature Laue crystallography has gained increasing attention. This method is suitable for time-resolved Laue crystallography experiments to get crystal structure with only several single-frame data collections. To improve the diffraction efficiency of protein crystals at room temperature, a simple X-ray chopper combined with a fast shutter has been successfully developed and tested at in situ room temperature Laue crystallography beamline BL03HB of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF). This chopper is built with two aluminum blades. There are two windows on both blades, as well as an internal lead block. The width of windows for transmission of beam can be flexibly adjusted by a steel block coated with lead. The chopping frequency is controlled independently. The device allows chopping frequencies ranging from 0 to 10 Hz, and exposure times down to 100 μs can be obtained for our Laue diffraction experiment with the combination of a fast shutter. Moreover, a single pulse data collection strategy has been developed at BL03HB. The performance of our single pulse data collection method with the designed chopper for the improvement of data quality has been analyzed. Results show that the quality of diffraction data obtained from the single pulse data collection method is significantly improved, and the developed chopper is very suitable for room temperature Laue crystallography experiments at the synchrotron beamline with super bending magnet as light source.

Investigating the effect of axial fan shrinkage obtained by centrifugal casting technology on aerodynamic characteristics

Centrifugal casting technology was developed for the application of manufacturing axial fans. In the literature, these fans were usually manufactured by injection molding, mechanical processing or heat pressing. The main characteristic of this molding technology allows the creation of thick and hollow blades. This characteristic of the blades gives useful advantages of the fan that cannot be achieved by conventional methods. The centrifugal casting technology has been applied to fabricate axial fans in recent research. However, the issue of quality control and especially the shrinkage of the resulting fan compared to the molding has not yet been considered. Therefore, more in-depth studies and approaches are required. In this study, 3D scanning method is used to evaluate the shrinkage of the blades. The used 3D scanner is the Comet L3D 5M type based on structured light (blue LED) with a 5-megapixel sensor. This device achieves high accuracy and reliability (resolution 18 μm). The theoretical basis for determining fan shrinkage compared to CAD molds is based on the following main parameters: Chord line L (mm), relative thickness Emax (%), and stagger angle ( (degrees). In addition, the aerodynamic characteristics of the proposed fan are compared to those of a fan made of aluminum (blades are identical, but different in fabricating technology). Characteristics of this aluminum rigid-fan are assumed as reference. The results showed that the difference was not large between the blades. Besides, the results of aerodynamic testing on the test bench of the two fans are almost similar. This indicates the good adaptability of the axial fan received by the centrifugal casting technology.

Hypergravity-exacerbated cracking in high-speed rotating 7075 aluminum blades

On Earth, high-speed rotating blades and rotors experience hypergravity, which is mainly derived from centrifugal force. Aluminum alloys are widely used in high-speed rotating machines. In particular, 7075 aluminum has excellent properties, providing it with great potential for application in high-temperature rotating parts. In this work, the cracking behavior and microstructural evolution characteristics of high-speed rotating blades under different stresses were studied. A specifically designed instrument and blades with multiple necks were assembled, and the stress was tuned by adding weight to the blade tip. Each rotating blade cracked on its root neck, indicating that the gradient hypergravitational force decreased from the root to the tip. The degree of high-temperature cracking obviously increased with a sawtooth-like tip, but the degree of low-temperature cracking did not obviously increase with a smooth tip. A comparison under a constant uniaxial force required a greatly increased ultimate cracking strength that was approximately 10–18 times greater than that under hypergravitational force at the same temperature. Force analysis indicated that the coupling of hypergravitational forces in the normal direction and torsional forces in the tangential direction accelerated cracking. A uniaxial force caused grains to extend along the blade direction. However, a tangential force cut these extended grains to accelerate cracking and grain refining. In this study, real-world simulated service conditions for commercial alloys rotating at high speeds and a new understanding of the mechanical properties of alloys under various severe conditions were provided.

Numerical and experimental study of the conical connection of the blade of a rotary machine

The paper presents an experimental and numerical study of the tapered socket of the aluminum blade root of the mine main ventilation fan, which is based on the tests of a simplified full-scale model with a discarded airfoil and its subsequent finite element analysis. The calculation model takes into account elastoplastic properties of materials and non-linear contacts with friction. The proposed joint consists of an aluminum tapered blade root, two steel retainers with similar tapered surfaces, and two steel bolts that join the retainers around the root. Pre-tightening the bolts allows fixing the blade in an unloaded state in the socket and prevents its unwanted turns. Such a tightening is taken into account in the finite element analysis by means of determining, in compliance with special rules, the axial force of the pretension of the bolts. With the help of a hydraulic press acting on the lower surface of the airfoil root, the effect of the centrifugal load on the conical joint from the side of the blade airfoil is simulated. Nonlinear static analysis of the elastoplastic behavior of the structure allows determining the destructive loads that cause the bolts to break with the subsequent disconnection of the fasteners and the blade to fly out of the seat. The graphs of the equivalent von Mises stresses indicate that the maximum stresses are reached in the working part of the bolts, which fully corresponds to the nature of the destruction of the structure upon reaching the maximum equivalent load on it. The experimental study confirms the correctness of the determination of contact stresses at the tapered socket location. Correspondence of the results of the static analysis with the results of the full-scale experiment makes it possible to draw a conclusion about the correctness of the conducted finite element modelling. This allows using the developed formulation of the problem to determine the strength of rotor structures with conical connections of blades without performing preliminary experimental studies. In addition, the developed technique can be extended to a larger range of conical and cylindrical joints due to the simplicity of the approach and the versatility of the formulation of the nonlinear finite-element problem which models structures with preloaded or tensioned elements.

Simulation Study of the Effect of Wind Speed and Material Type on the Mechanical Properties of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Blades

Wind energy is a clean and fast-growing renewable energy source that can be harnessed using wind turbines. In a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT), turbine blades are a crucial factor, and their fiasco leads to wind turbine failure. However, references to VAWT blade structural analysis are very limited. Therefore, the study was carried out to determine the material with the lowest degree of deformation without structural failure. The finding could be used as a recommendation in the material selection of Savonius type vertical axis wind turbine blades. The study used materials such as aluminum, stainless steel, and fiberglass. The analysis was carried out by simulating using ANSYS software. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used for determining the loading by providing speed variations at 3 m/s, 4 m/s, 5 m/s, and 6 m/s. The Finite Element Analysis (FEA) method was applied to analyze the structure, which shows the results of total deformation, equivalent stress, and safety factor. The total deformation results from the aluminum blades showed values of 109.55 mm, 190.73 mm, 299.25 mm, and 425.39 mm. The safety factor values of 4.4049, 2.5166, 1.5647, and 1.1348 revealed that it was also technically safe. Aluminum material can be recommended to be used in the manufacture of Savonius type vertical axis wind turbine blades because of its low price, lightweight, corrosion resistance, and sufficient durability, as revealed from the results of total deformation and safety factor values.

The novel designs for increasing heat transfer in ground heat exchangers to improve geothermal heat pump efficiency

Heat transfer between ground heat exchangers (GHE) and the soil is highly important for the overall efficiency of geothermal heat pump systems. Therefore, the present study investigates how adding materials with high thermal conductivity influences the efficiency and outlet temperature of horizontal heat exchangers. To this end, novel methods were developed and evaluated. Initially, metal sheets were used under pipes as fins or blades to enhance the heat transfer rate (HTR) between GHE and the ground and involve a larger portion of the soil. Due to soil moisture effects on thermal conductivity, the boxes used in this study were filled using two distinct methods. Given its higher moisture content, the soil (backfill material) within the box demonstrated a higher thermal conductivity than the soil surrounding the box. In the first method, the box was connected to the ground so that water could enter it when irrigating the green space, thereby increasing the soil's moisture content and the thermal conductivity of the backfill material. In the second method, the boxes were equipped with aluminum and steel blades to enhance heat transfer through pipes. The simulation was performed using the 1D-3D method and COMSOL software was used. After confirming the efficiency of the proposed methods, their dimensions and thermal properties were altered to produce optimal modes. The temperature of the outlet fluid was reduced by 3.8% in cooling mode using only one aluminum sheet, and the overall efficiency of the GHE increased by 37%. Moreover, the reduction in the outlet temperature of the GHE when the blade was connected to the box filled with the proposed backfill materials was reduced by 10%, which is a very significant result.

Design, Manufacture and Testing of an Open-Source Benchmark Composite Hydrokinetic Turbine Blade

In a trend towards clean energy alternatives, recent years have seen great strides in the marine energy space. This has resulted in a pressing need for the design, development, and validation of novel energy harvesting technologies such as hydrokinetic devices, which capture kinetic energy from waves, tides, and currents. However, these devices span numerous concepts and designs that often lack solid benchmark research that can be freely referenced. This work focuses on the design process of an open-source composite hydrokinetic turbine blade for a three-bladed marine turbine rotor assembly with a diameter of 2.5 m. The proposed blade consists of two structural composite skins that are bonded with an adhesive and filled with a foam core. This study will explore and contrast the efficiency and resolution of low-fidelity rapid design methodologies and comprehensive high-fidelity approaches for the blade design, modeling, and analysis efforts, a key objective in this research. Blade hydrodynamic loads were modeled and applied to finite-element blade models to study deformations and potential failure. Ongoing efforts will result in blade manufacture and structural testing at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. In future work, multiple blades will be deployed at the Living Bridge site at the University of New Hampshire and will be compared to rigid aluminum blades of the same geometry, developed by Sandia National Laboratories. Ultimately, this research will lay foundational groundwork for researchers and manufacturers, establishing a baseline composite blade design that will serve as a benchmark in the development of future hydrokinetic turbine blades.

Global Prior Transformer Network in Intelligent Borescope Inspection for Surface Damage Detection of Aeroengine Blade

Surface damage detection is vital for diagnosis and monitoring of aero-engine blade. At present, borescope inspection is the dominant technology. Several inspectors hold borescope to inspect the blades one by one through naked eyes on the apron. The inspection of turbine blades even requires drilling into narrow aero-engine tail nozzle. The manual visual inspection is high cost and low efficiency. To improve detection efficiency and economic benefit, we propose an intelligent borescope inspection method in this paper. Facing the problem of weak damage information caused by background noise and unsatisfactory illumination, local window Transformer network efficiently models pixel-to-pixel relations with the help of global self-attention mechanism, shifted window strategy is used to conduct information exchange. The capacity of global modeling is benefit for capturing detail damage outline. Besides, to learn label relations as prior and embed it into model, semantic information of different damages is aggregated by a two-layer graph convolution network. The global label graph network provides global prior by modeling label dependencies based on the samples in dataset. Finally, the image features and label features are fused to provide rich feature representation for mode recognition and damage localization. We validate the effectiveness of the proposed method on three datasets, including simulated blade, aluminum, and real blade datasets. The results demonstrate that the proposed method has superior performance with 84.9 mAP on simulated blade dataset and satisfactory visualization results on real blade dataset.

Analisis kinerja turbin air arus bawah bentuk sudu bengkok dengan variasi material

A water turbine is a device used to convert the potential energy of water into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is then converted into electrical energy by a generator. This test was carried out experimentally using a crooked blade type with six blades and the type of water turbine used was undershoot. Various types of blade materials are plastic, aluminium, and iron. As well as varying the opening of fluid flow, namely the valve opening of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The results obtained indicate that variations in turbine blade material have an effect on turbine power and turbine efficiency The highest turbine power and efficiency was obtained at 100% valve opening with a load of 0.7 kg on plastic, iron and aluminium material. The highest turbine power is 1.16 watts for the plastic blade, the aluminium blade is 1.22 watts, and for the iron, the blade is 1.1 watts. The highest efficiency obtained for plastic blades is 50.14 % for experiment and theoretical is 5.67%, aluminium blades are 52.77% for experiment and 54.41% for theoretical, iron blades are 47.5% for experiment and 48.97% for theoretical.

Numerical Investigation of the Structural Behavior of an Innovative Offshore Floating Darrieus-Type Wind Turbines with Three-Stage Rotors

The vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) design has several advantages for offshore wind turbine installation. The VAWT provides omnidirectional wind power, and its mechanical rotating mechanisms can be installed near sea level. In this paper, the selection of a suitable composite material for floating H-Darrieus-type wind turbines with three-stage rotors and its properties are discussed. The centrifugal forces acting on the composite blades are compared to the values of these forces evaluated on the aluminum blades. Abaqus software is used for numerical simulations. The selection of appropriate laminations used to model the composite materials is discussed. The optimum combination of selected layers is determined to reduce the values of maximum bending stresses and displacements, resulting in a high strength-to-weight ratio. In the post-processor, a path is taken at the location of the application of the maximum load on the blade and the values of the displacements and stresses along this path are determined. These maximum values are compared to the unidirectional strength of the selected composite material to ensure a safe design.

Sistema remoto de alimentación semiautomatizado para mascotas

The overload of activities of the people causes the lack of time for the care of the pets, which causes that they do not receive their food in adequate schedules, or the opposite case of only leaving a food tower without measuring proportions. This causes serious problems in the health of pets in the long term, either malnutrition or obesity. The objective of the project is to feed the pets adequately at set times, avoiding health problems due to a bad diet in the pet due to lack of time, likewise avoiding the waste of food by giving specific portions according to the intake Automatic decision by weight and race size. This project will be carried out with recycled materials, reducing the cost of processing. A base that will hold an aluminum blade, this will be responsible for turning allowing or obstructing the passage of food. In the upper part there is a container with lid to store the food. With the help of an application created for cell phones where you enter the weight of your pet and the size of its breed, the amount of food that corresponds to it is calculated, this calculation is based on a food table. In this application you can also set different schedules for the three daily meals.

Investigation of robotic abrasive belt grinding methods used for precision machining of aluminum blades

The high profile accuracy requirements for new type aircraft engine blades prevent RABG (robotic abrasive belt grinding) from precision machining. To solve this issue, a kind of abrasive belt grinding device with a floating compensation function was designed to reduce machining errors, and a double-vector control method was proposed to optimize the processing trajectory of robotic abrasive belt grinding. A series of grinding experiments of aluminum alloy blades were carried out. The experimental results revealed that the machining profile accuracy of the blade can be significantly improved to 0.06 mm with the optimum process parameters, and the machined surface roughness was less than 0.4 μm.

Examination of Savonius VAWT Blade Made of Stainless Steel and Aluminum using Ansys

This paper studies roof mounted savonius type Vertical Axis Wind Turbine systems with the goal of maximizing the efficiency and reducing the cost. The efficiency of the wind turbine depends on the material, shape and angle of the blade. So material plays an important role in the design of wind turbine. In this paper, Stainless Steel and Aluminum material are used to design savonius wind blades of 1 m height and 0.5 m chord length with 4 different arc radii. Modeling software Solid Works is used to model savonius wind blade and static structural and modal analysis of the Stainless Steel and Aluminum blades are done by using ANSYS Workbench software.

Static Structural and Dynamic Properties Examination of Savonius VAWT Blades Made of Aluminum using Ansys

This paper studies the potential for installing roof-mounted Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) systems on house roofs with the goal of maximizing the efficiency and reducing the cost and weight of the turbine. The efficiency of the wind turbine depends on the material, shape and angle of the blade. So material of the turbine blade is an important factor in the design of wind turbine. Most of the wind turbine blades are made of mild steel and stainless steel which has more density. It has huge weight, more high corrosion and less fatigue strength. The steel can be replaced by aluminum material to reduce the weight, to improve corrosion resistance, to make them more affordable, efficient, durable and sustainable. In this paper, Aluminum material was used to design savonius wind blades of 1 m height and 0.5 m chord length with 4 different arc radii. CAD modeling software Solid Works was used to model wind blade and static structural and modal analysis of the Aluminum blade was done by using ANSYS Workbench software. This size of turbine can be most suitable for small houses in urban areas to produce electricity.

Temperature Effects on Electromechanical Response of Deposited Piezoelectric Sensors Used in Structural Health Monitoring of Aerospace Structures

Turbomachine components used in aerospace and power plant applications preferably require continuous structural health monitoring at various temperatures. The structural health of pristine and damaged superalloy compressor blades of a gas turbine engine was monitored using real electro-mechanical impedance of deposited thick film piezoelectric transducers at 20 and 200 °C. IVIUM impedance analyzer was implemented in laboratory conditions for damage detection in superalloy blades, while a custom-architected frequency-domain transceiver circuit was used for semi-field circumstances. Recorded electromechanical impedance signals at 20 and 200 °C acquired from two piezoelectric wafer active sensors bonded to an aluminum plate, near and far from the damage, were initially utilized for accuracy and reliability verification of the transceiver at temperatures >20 °C. Damage formation in both the aluminum plate and blades showed a peak shift in the swept frequency along with an increase in the amplitude and number of impedance peaks. The thermal energy at 200 °C, on the other hand, enforces a further subsequent peak shift in the impedance signal to pristine and damaged parts such that the anti-resonance frequency keeps reducing as the temperature increases. The results obtained from the impedance signals of both piezoelectric wafers and piezo-films, revealed that increasing the temperature somewhat decreased the real impedance amplitude and the number of anti-resonance peaks, which is due to an increase in permittivity and capacitance of piezo-sensors. A trend is also presented for artificial intelligence training purposes to distinguish the effect of the temperature versus damage formation in sample turbine compressor blades. Implementation of such a monitoring system provides a distinct advantage to enhance the safety and functionality of critical aerospace components working at high temperatures subjected to crack, wear, hot-corrosion and erosion.

Active Robust Control of Elastic Blade Element Containing Magnetorheological Fluid

This research study proposes a new active control structure to suppress vibrations of a small-scale wind turbine blade filled with magnetorheological (MR) fluid and actuated by an electromagnet. The aluminum blade structure is manufactured using the airfoil with SH3055 code number which is designed for use on small wind turbines. An interaction model between MR fluid and the electromagnetic actuator is derived. A norm based multi-objective H2/H∞ controller is designed using the model of the elastic blade element. The H2/H∞ controller is experimentally realized under the impact and steady state aerodynamic load conditions. The results of experiments show that the MR fluid is effective for suppressing vibrations of the blade structure.

Active Control of a Small-Scale Wind Turbine Blade Containing Magnetorheological Fluid.

This research study proposes a new active control structure to suppress vibrations of a small-scale wind turbine blade filled with magnetorheological (MR) fluid and actuated by an electromagnet. The aluminum blade structure is manufactured using the SH3055 (Bergey Windpower Co. Inc., Norman, OK, USA) code numbered airfoil which is designed for use on small wind turbines. A dynamic interaction model between the MR fluid and the electromagnetic actuator is constructed to obtain a force relation. A detailed characterization study is presented for the proposed actuator to understand the nonlinear behavior of the electromagnetic force. A norm based multi-objective H2/H∞ controller is designed using the model of the elastic blade element. The H2/H∞ controller is experimentally implemented under the impact and steady state aerodynamic load conditions. The results of experiments show that the MR fluid- electromagnetic actuator is effective for suppressing vibrations of the blade structure.

Towing tank testing of passively adaptive composite tidal turbine blades and comparison to design tool

Abstract Passively adaptive bend-twist (BT) tidal turbine blades made of non-homogeneous composite materials have the potential to reduce the structural loads on turbines so that smaller more cost effective components can be used. Using BT blades can also moderate the demands on the turbine generator above design conditions. This paper presents experimental towing tank test results for an 828 mm diameter turbine with composite BT blades compared to a turbine with geometrically equivalent rigid aluminum blades. The BT blades were constructed of a graphite-epoxy unidirectional composite material with ply angles of 26.8° to induce BT coupling, and an epoxy foam core. For steady flow conditions the BT blades were found to have up to 11% lower thrust loads compared to rigid blades, with the load reductions varying as a function of flow speed and rotational speed. A coupled finite element model-blade element momentum theory design tool was developed to iterate between the structural (deformation and stresses) and hydrodynamic (power and thrust loads) responses of these adaptive composite blades. When compared to the experimental test results, the design tool predictions were within at least 8% of the experimental results for tip-speed ratios greater than 2.5.

Removal of Six Estrogenic Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) from Municipal Wastewater Using Aluminum Electrocoagulation

Conventional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) processes are primarily designed to reduce the amount of organic matter, pathogens, and nutrients from the incoming influent. However, these processes are not as effective in reducing the concentrations of micropollutants, including endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), which notoriously evade traditional wastewater treatment technologies and are found even in tertiary-treated effluent. For WWTPs practicing deep-well injection or surface-water discharge, EDCs in the treated effluent are discharged into groundwater or the aquatic environment where humans and wildlife may potentially suffer the effects of chemical exposure. In the current laboratory-scale study, we tested a bench-top electrocoagulation (EC) unit utilizing aluminum blades for the removal of six estrogenic EDCs [estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), bisphenol-A (BPA), and nonylphenol (NP)]. Samples of municipal wastewater influent and tertiary-treated effluent were spiked with the six EDCs in order to test the removal efficiency of the EC unit. The mean concentration of each EDC component was statistically lower after EC treatment (removal range = 42%–98%). To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate aluminum electrocoagulation for removal of these specific EDCs, including nonylphenol (without the ethoxylate chain), as well as natural and synthetic estrogens.

Plate-fin array cooling using a finger-like piezoelectric fan

In this study, the heat transfer of a plate-fin array cooled by a vibrating finger-like piezoelectric fan comprising four flexible rectangular blades was investigated. The results indicated that the heat transfer enhancement of the fin array cooled by a vibrating piezoelectric fan at x/L = 0.5 and H = 5 mm ranged between 1.5 and 3.3, regardless of the fin array orientation. However, the heat transfer enhancement caused by a fan being placed at either edge of the fin array yielded a dissimilar result between both of the fin array orientations because of the superimposed effects of the boundary layer development and the air flow induced by the fan. This dissimilarity was especially noticeable when the piezoelectric fan was composed of aluminum blades to accommodate the moderate Reynolds number. In addition to the Reynolds number, the ratio of the fan blade vibration envelope to the source area determined the Nu number of the piezoelectric fan-cooled fin array. This design enhanced the fin array heat transfer and reduced cooler volume by embedding multiple vibrating beams into the fin array.