Aluminum Beverage Research Articles

PASSIVE THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL BY USING PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL-FILLED ALUMINUM CANS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

In the recent years, researches are focused on improving the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) panels by cooling panel surface utilizing different methods. In this work, paraffin wax-filled aluminum beverage cans have been utilized to improve the performance of photovoltaic panels. The main aims of this study are reutilizing waste materials in solar systems and increasing the performance of a PV panel by employing an unconventional approach. Modified and unmodified PV panels have been experimentally investigated simultaneously to observe and compare their performances. Experimentally attained outcomes showed that electrical efficiency was upgraded from 10.69% to 12.60%. Moreover, normalized power output efficiency was found as 61.72% and 71.56%, respectively, for unmodified and modified PV systems. In addition to the electrical performance investigation, an exergy analysis has been performed and mean exergy efficiency values for conventional and modified PV panels were found as 2.26% and 5.73%, respectively. General outcomes of this study showed successful utilization of paraffin wax-filled aluminum cans as a thermal management and efficiency improvement technique in photovoltaic systems.

Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Si3N4 Reinforced Composites Produced from Aluminum Waste

In this study, first of all, waste aluminum beverage cans were melted and poured into molds to obtain matrix material in the form of ingots. Stir casting process was used for composite material production. 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% by weight Si3N4 reinforcement was added to the matrix material. The effects of reinforcement ratios on the density, hardness, tensile strength, impact strength and microstructure of composite materials were investigated. In Si3N4 reinforced composites, tensile strength increased from 54,5 MPa to 105,17 MPa, impact strength increased from 4,94 J to 13,18 J, and hardness increased from 70 HV to 87,9 HV depending on the increased reinforcement ratio. Also, in the density measurements, density and porosity ratio increased with the increase of the reinforcement ratio. From the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the produced composites, it was determined that the particle distribution increased with the increase in the reinforcement ratio and the reinforcement material was homogeneously dispersed.

Effect of Plastic Anisotropy on Ironing Formability of 3104 Aluminum Alloy Hard Sheets

3104 aluminum alloy hard sheets are widely used for aluminum beverage can body stock (CBS) mainly because of their high ironing formability. The CBS has large anisotropy of r-value (Lankford value) and n-value (work hardening exponent), however, the effect of such anisotropy on the ironing formability remains unclear. In this study, cup and DI forming behavior was investigated using cold-rolled 3104 aluminum alloy hard sheets with different anisotropy of r and n-values. Magnitude of the anisotropy changes during drawing and ironing. Ironing fracture tests reveal that fracture occurs at angles between 10 and 20° in the can circumferential direction. From the strain distribution measurement of the can wall, it is found that the axial strain of the can wall at the fracture angle is larger. A theoretical analysis method of ironing stress introducing r and n-value anisotropy is devised based on the Hill’s anisotropic plasticity theory (quadratic yield function). The devised analysis reveals that as the anisotropy of r-value in the can wall becomes smaller, (1) the fracture is less likely occur, (2) the margin of stress which calculated from the ratio of the can axial tensile stress to fracture stress is larger.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of a Porous Material Obtained by Low Replacement of Volcanic Ash by Aluminum Beverage Cans

This study focuses on the evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of a porous material based on a mixture of powder (Volcanic ash /Aluminum Beverage Cans) and a solution of phosphoric acid. Volcanic ash (VA) use was collected in one of the quarries of Mandjo (Cameroon coastal region), crushed, then characterized by XRF, DRX, FTIR and named MaJ. The various polymers obtained are called MaJ0, MaJ2.5, MaJ5, MaJ7.5 and MaJ10 according to the mass content of the additions of the powder from the aluminum beverage cans (ABCs). The physical and mechanical properties of the synthetic products were evaluated by determining the apparent porosity, bulk density, water absorption and compressive strength. The results of this study show that the partial replacement of the powder of VA by that of ABC leads to a reduction in the compressive strength (5.9 - 0.8 MPa) and bulk density (2.56 – 1.32 g/cm3) of the polymers obtained. On the other hand, apparent porosity, water absorption and pore formation within the polymers increases with addition of the powder from the beverage cans. All of these results allow us to agree that the ABCs powder can be used as a blowing agent during the synthesis of phosphate inorganic polymers.

Seafloor litter along the Italian coastal zone: An integrated approach to identify sources of marine litter

A heterogeneous amount of waste of different origins is continuously generated along Italian coasts in the Mediterranean Sea. In this paper, using information regarding the quantities and the different types of marine litter based on Project AWARE's “Dive Against Debris” data, we try to identify the main sources of this waste. In particular, the methodological approach used associates the origin of marine litter sources with the dataset of geo-localised state-owned maritime concessions, which are loaded by the granting bodies (regions, municipalities, port authorities) on the State Property Information System (Sid). The sources of marine litter were evaluated using the matrix scoring technique (MST). Then, to assess the weight of each source in each station, the community-level weighted mean (CWM) was calculated. Single-use plastic accounted for the highest percentage (19.13%), followed by glass beverage bottles (10.90%), shopping bags (9.03%), aluminium beverage cans (4.91%), and cigarette butts (4.61%).Tourism and beach users contributed to 42.3% of the litter found, followed by fishing (15.7%) and yachting (11.3%). The overlapping of the data collected by scuba divers with the state concessions of activities from offshore and mainland areas was used to distinguish the anthropic pressures that impact the coast. Policy makers and the local administrator may use these results to define new methods of collection and reuse of anthropic waste through a more harmonised approach in the management of marine waste.

Investigating the effects of calcination time on Α-alumina synthesis from aluminum waste can

Several countries around the world are confronted solid waste management most especially from aluminum beverage containers. The recycling process is seen as an effective approach since it is energy saving, cost effective and reduced emission. In this study, the Sol-gel method was used to process the aluminum wastes and to consequently synthesize them into aluminum oxide (α-Al2O3) and presented in several crystalline structures. The result from this study indicated that the synthesized α-alumina at lower calcination time exhibited a lower FTIR peak intensity which indicated a more crystallinity. However, the synthesized α-alumina exhibited higher and sharper FTIR bands at higher calcination time. Moreover, the morphological characteristic shows that exhibited almost similar features with a non-spherical heterogeneous particle sizes. The results of the elemental analysis suggest a direct proportionality between the calcination time, and atomic percentage of aluminum among the samples. Conclusively, this study shows that the waste aluminum can be converted into economical value-added products.

Aluminum Beverage Cans Provide Countless Benefits to Brewers and Consumers

Aluminum Beverage Cans Provide Countless Benefits to Brewers and Consumers

RECYCLING AND PROCESSING OF WASTE : NEEDS OF THE TIME

Unwanted and unusable materials and out dated or obsolete substances have been called as waste. Solid waste from residential areas (domestic waste), waste from schools, offices, etc. (municipal waste)and water and other materials from factories are considered as garbage. This has become a global problem. With the development and fast population growth the quantity has also increased along with the changes in the quality. There are countries namely Unit States, Japan, Italy, China are in the leading role in producing trash. An American on an average throws away nearly 7 pounds of trash daily. The United States consumes 30% of the World’s resource deposit and has the only 5% of world’s population. U.S. produces about 30% of the total world’s waste generated. In many countries a huge number of furniture, furnishing materials, cloths, foot wear, plastic materials, electric and electronic items are after sometimes rejected. Huge volumes of packing materials including plastic, papers, thermocol, etc. are dumped and its only a few percent is recycled. For example in the United States, 80% of all products are used once and then discarded.95% of the plastic and 50% of all the aluminum beverage cans are recycled only.

Technological problems and limitations in reducing the body weight of an aluminum beverage can

Technological problems and limitations in reducing the body weight of an aluminum beverage can

Application of MIL-53(Al) prepared from waste materials for solid-phase microextraction of propranolol followed by corona discharge-ion mobility spectrometry (CD-IMS)

In this study, MIL-53(Al) metal-organic framework was prepared from waste raw materials. A polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic bottle was used as the source of terephthalic acid, and an aluminium beverage can was applied as the precursor of aluminium salt. The activated MIL-53(Al) was immobilized onto a stainless steel probe of the ion mobility spectrometer (IMS), and the coated probe was used for solid-phase microextraction of propranolol from biological samples before determination. The effect of the different parameters such as pH, ionic strength, and stirring rate of the sample, extraction time, and temperature was studied on the extraction efficiency of propranolol. The linearity was obtained ranging from 5−200 μg L−1 with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.9988, and the detection limit was calculated 1.7 μg L−1 in the water sample. The relative standard deviations of the method were in the range of 2.5–12.2 %. Finally, the method was utilized for determination of propranolol in the tablet sample.

Effect of Adding Degassing (Ar-N2) on Hardness and Microstructure of Recycling Aluminum Cans

In this work the effect of degassing on hardness and microstructure of aluminum recycled cans using aluminum beverage cans scrap from different locations in Baghdad wastes had been studied. Aluminum cans were shredded and ground into small pieces. It was processed through a gas fired to eliminate the coated layer (paint or lacquer on the metal). Generally the scrap is divided into two groups before charging to the furnace, one without adding degassing and the other degased with (Ar-N2). When temperature exceed 690C° molten aluminum was pour into two molds, after cooling. The two ingots were expose to porosity test, hardness, and microstructure. It was found from recycled cans ingot behave like short freezing range alloys. The main form of shrinkage porosity is localized external sink, appeared at the heat centers or at last region to be solidify. This had been verified clearly by microstructure of many regions of the ingot without adding a degasser. Either defect or decrease in hardness was clearly seen in the ingot without degassing addition. In addition to oxides, a number of additional compounds could be considered inclusions (intermetallic phase particles) in cast structures. Where the main conclusion was to remove gases without using a degassing to ingot decadence on the first gas fire on the cans to remove all paint or lacquer on the metal, but this was not sufficient and properly we need to add degassing to ingots. Finally this was clearly shown from the results of the ingot with adding a degassing had 89 kg/mm2 HV rather than 61 kg/mm2 for ingot without degassing

Implementation of Statistical Process Control through PDCA Cycle to Improve Potential Capability Index of Drop Impact Resistance: A Case Study at Aluminum Beverage and Beer Cans Manufacturing Industry in Indonesia

Purpose: The purposes of this study are first, to analyze why the process capability index (Cpk) for drop impact resistance (DIR) does not meet the specification or less than 1.33, and second, to find out what improvements should be made to make it meet the specification.Methodology/Approach: The methodology used was Statistical Process Control (SPC) through the PDCA cycle, supporting with Cause and Effect Diagram (CED), Nominal Group Technique (NGT) and “why, what, where, when and how (5W1H)” method.Findings: With the above methods, the result of the study was given a positive impact on the company. The average of DIR was increased from 20.40 cm to 25.76 cm, increased by 26.27% and the standard deviation was reduced from 1.80 to 1.48, and then the Cpk index was increased from 0.48 to 1.79 it means the process is in control and capable.Research Limitation/implication: This research was limited only on the two-piece can aluminum cans manufacturing process, no for three-piece cans manufacturing. SPC through PDCA cycle is an interesting method for continuous improvement of process capability in the cans manufacturing industry.Originality/Value of paper: This study highlights the area of future research SPC through the PDCA cycle to analyze and optimize process capability. Therefore, this research is considered to promote and adopt high-valued methodologies for supporting industry to achieve global competitive advantages.

Processing of Used Beveraged Waste for Production of Hydroge Gas with Electrolysis Process Using NaOH Catalyst

The production of hydrogen gas as an alternative fuel cell which is a renewable energy, is now in great demand by utilizing waste aluminum beverage cans and added water using NaOH catalyst by electrolysis process. The research method will be carried out by inserting 1 gram of aluminum pieces into a tube and 300 ml of distilled water followed by a NaOH catalyst. Both faucets are opened to release air during the filling process. The faucet is closed when the height of the solution in both tubes is the same. Then turn on the DC flow, then adjust the voltage according to the variable. The filling period is recorded until the specified reaction time. The results of the gas volume obtained are recorded, and the hydrogen obtained is determined by the flame test. From the research it can be concluded that the hydrogen gas produced from the reaction can be identified by means of a flame test. The characteristics of hydrogen gas appear in flames which tend to disappear in the air. At Al 5 gr Weight : 5 M NaOH concentration is the largest volume of hydrogen. The reaction time of 150 minutes will produce a lot of hydrogen gas. The largest volume of hydrogen gas lies at a voltage of 20 volts.

The beginning and the end of the aluminium value chain

Metallic aluminium does not naturally occur in nature, and it was largely unknown, virtually a mystery, until 200 years ago. The modern aluminium production using a hydrometallurgical refining process for making alumina followed by electrolysis of this mineral was first developed in 1886 and, in principle, the same technology is still used to this day. About 90% of alumina refineries in the world use the Bayer process for refining Bauxite ore. It is very efficient, but it can only be used on high quality bauxite with low content of admixtures, especially silicon. The Bayer process also generates a Bauxite Residue (BR), maybe better known as Red Mud (RM) which is a thick red-brown, high-basicity paste consisting of silicon, iron, aluminium, titanium and others. The International Institute of Aluminium estimates that since 1886 almost a billion tonnes of aluminium were produced around the world with three fourths of this amount still being in use today, of which about 35% is located in buildings and structures, 30% in electric cables and equipment and 30% in transport. Aluminium scrap is collected all over the world. In the home, it mostly consists of aluminium beverage cans. It is claimed that 1 ton of recycled empty beverage cans save 8 tons of bauxite, 4 kg of various fluorides and 14 kWh of electricity. Additionally, recycling aluminium significantly reduces the negative environmental impact of ever-expanding RM landfills. As the idea of environmental responsibility is gaining more and more traction, separate household scrap recycling is becoming more and more popular around the world. How challenges related to such activity can be met will be the main topic of this paper alongside discussing new developments for alumina production without RM generation.

Relating fractographic analysis to yield strength of novel X7475 (Al–Zn–Mg–Cu) alloys produced by recycling aluminium beverage cans

The aim of this letter was to conduct a postmortem on the nature of fracture, substrates and possible precipitates formed in a novel experimental 7xxx alloy cast from recycled beverage cans (RBCs) and link same to yield strength (σy) following heat treatment (HT). Fractographic investigation revealed the formation of dendrites and hardening phases such as MgZn2 and Al2Mg3Zn3 among others, following HT. An alloy S10 recorded the peak σy of 117.200 MPa while S3 was the least with 51.212 MPa and extension (e) of 0.197 mm.

Synthesis of alumina from aluminium can waste to be applied as catalyst support for biodiesel production

Abundant of aluminum beverage cans are normally discarded after use have caused considerable land pollution and environmental problems. This research is therefore aimed to synthesize alumina from aluminum can waste which is one of the most common kind of waste. The objective of this research is to synthesize and characterize alumina produced from aluminum can waste, and to be applied as catalyst support in the biodiesel production. In this study, the alumina from aluminum can waste was produced via Sol-gel method by varying the aging time. Characterization of alumina was performed by using FTIR, XRD, BET, and SEM-EDX. The synthesized alumina was used as catalyst support for potassium nitrate catalyst to be applied in biodiesel production by using transesterification reaction of cooking oil. The biodiesel produced was analyzed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) and FTIR. The experimental results revealed that the alumina powder synthesized at room temperature have high surface area which are suitable to be used as catalyst support of producing biodiesel. In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that it is possible to produce alumina from aluminum can waste that can be used as catalyst support for biodiesel production. From the GCMS and FTIR results, it was proven that biodiesel is produced.

A deterministic inventory model in reverse supply chain

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a unique model for the production–recycling–reuse of aluminium refreshment cans. It is presumed that disposed-off 250-ml aluminium cans are collected from the retail outlet. The cans are thereafter arranged into non-tainted and tainted categories. Design/methodology/approach The current model considers all the factors, i.e. producing, recycling and remanufacturing, whereas the previous models provide emphasis only one factor. Six procedures were considered in the improvement of the mathematical model. Findings In this paper, a recycling–reuse model that remanufactures non-tainted aluminium beverage cans and uses regrind from damaged non-tainted aluminium beverage cans mixed with parent aluminium material in the production of new cans was developed and analysed to reduce the amount of aluminium beverage cans that are disposed off in a scrapyard. The model is assumed to have no shortcomings, and the different percentages regarding the classes of cans are taken to be deterministic. Originality/value The model incorporates several unique aspects, including accounting for the cost of land use and associated environmental damage through the calculation of a present value that is charged to the manufacturer.

The effect of flux’s towards Mg reduction from aluminium beverage cans

Aluminium beverage cans scrap recycling is expected to fulfil aluminium needs in Indonesia, reduce production cost, and pollution generated. Fluxing is one of the methods that can be used to reduce impurities in aluminium alloys such as magnesium, flux also can protect molten metal reacted with oxygen. In this research, aluminium beverage cans scrap used to consist of carbonated, isotonic, and refreshing beverage cans and NaCl+KCl as flux. The holding time of salt fluxing process was 60, 120, 180 and 240 minutes and 5, 10 and 15% variation of flux mass from total scrap mass. Ingot from the recycling process tested to know the percentages of Mg reduction and acquisition of Al using XRF analysis and metallographic. The result showed that the highest percentage of Mg reduction was 77.83% on the addition of the sample of 15% flux for holding time 120 minutes, but Al reached 97.49% for holding time 240 minutes on same flux. On the addition of 10%, flux for holding time 180 minutes was reached 98.82% for yield, 71.84% for recovery, and recycling efficiency 70.53%.

Crystallographic Texture Evolution of Aluminum Alloy 3104 in the Drawn and Wall Ironing (DWI) Process

Aluminum beverage cans should have very specific crystallographic textures to increase productivity, reduce losses and reduce the amount of material. The present work seeks to add information on the crystallographic texture of aluminum alloy 3104 H-19 during the different manufacturing steps, which undergoes a flat sheet of metal for a cylindrical body. The work scope encompasses from the cup drawing to the final ironing operation and its objective is to add information on the texture evolution of the aluminum alloy undergoes in the intermediary steps. Crystallographic texture continues to change from the drawn cup through the ironing stages. This rotation is assumed to be a grain alignment with the plastic flow of the material.

Elimination of bromate from water using aluminum beverage cans via catalytic reduction and adsorption

While zero valent aluminum (ZVAl) is a promising reductant for eliminating bromate from water, ZVAl is typically obtained from reagent grade aluminum. As used aluminum beverage can is the most common aluminum waste, it can be conveniently used to prepare ZVAl. Thus, in this study aluminum beverage cans are employed for the first time as a plentiful and easily accessible aluminum source to afford ZVAl for eliminating bromate from water. As aluminum is easily oxidized to form aluminum oxide, aluminum can pieces (ACPs) are pre-treated with HCl for removing the oxide layer to afford ZVAl. While non-acid-treated ACP is ineffective to remove bromate, the acid-treated ACP successfully eliminates bromate from water completely. Bromate elimination by ACP is attributed to reduction of bromate to bromide by the reactive sites of ACP and adsorption of bromate to the surface of ACP. Bromate elimination by ACP also proceeds much faster at higher temperatures and low pH values, while the alkaline condition causes serious negative effects on bromate elimination. Besides, oxalic acid is found to facilitate bromate elimination not only on the kinetics but also reduction to bromide because the passivation layer is suppressed in the presence of oxalic acid. ACP could also be reused and the acid-washing regeneration could enable used ACP to restore its reactive sites for bromate elimination. This study successfully demonstrates the valorization of aluminum beverage cans for mitigating the toxic bromate and the findings here provide useful information and insights to develop aluminum beverage cans for controlling pollutants in water.