Absorbed dose rate dependence for PEO-Fricke dosimeter using sodium thiocyanate as indicator.

Dynamic hofmeister effect-engineered thermosensitive ionic conductive hydrogel with 3D plasticity and environmental adaptability for wearable strain sensor.

A sensitive, sustainable, and effortless turn off-on fluorescent sensor was constructed for rapid determination of the non hromophoric drug, enoxaparin sodium (ENX). Enoxaparin is an anticoagulant utilized as a blood thinner for the treatment and prophylaxis of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis. The developed sensing platform depends on the quenching of salicylate fluorescence at 410 nm after excitation at 299 nm upon addition of ferric ammonium sulfate. The ability of ENX to displace salicylate from ferric salicylate chelate leads to restoration of salicylate fluorescence. Implementation of Box-Behnken Design (BBD) helps in optimization of different experimental parameters. A linear response was attained over a range of concentrations of ENX 0.4-2.0 μg/mL (equivalent to 0.09-0.43 μM) with detection and quantitation limits of 0.1 and 0.3 μg/mL, respectively. The developed platform was successfully employed for estimation of ENX in injection dosage form with mean recovery of 100.11 ± 1.24. The environmental sustainability of this sensor was assessed using various tools for greenness, blueness, violetness, and whiteness. Furthermore, the adherence to different sustainability development goals (SDGs) was proved.

Groundwater arsenic (As) contamination remains a major global public health concern, driving the need for sustainable and effective remediation materials. In this work, an iron-impregnated biocomposite (MSMK) was developed by valorizing poultry-derived keratin and modifying it with Mohr's salt ((NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O), which provides a stable ferrous iron source and limits the rapid oxidation typical of conventional iron salts. Under optimized conditions (pH 6.0, dosage 0.2g, 25°C, 1mg/L), MSMK achieved a superior As(V) removal efficiency of 98.5%. Mechanistic interpretation, supported by a point of zero charge (pHPZC) of 7.6, reveals that peak performance is governed by the robust electrostatic attraction of H2AsO4- to a densely protonated surface. Textural analysis showed a specific surface area of 2.357 m2g-1 and a total pore volume of 1.053 × 10-3cm3g-1, while BJH pore size distribution identified a dominant pore diameter of 1.809nm, indicating a predominantly microporous structure favorable for solute diffusion. Adsorption kinetics followed the non-linear pseudo-first-order model (Radj2 = 0.9646), and the negligible intercept obtained from the intra-particle diffusion model (C = - 0.0039) suggested pore diffusion as the main rate-controlling step. Analysis of the equilibrium adsorption results indicated that the Freundlich isotherm provided the best fit (Radj2 = 0.9654), indicating adsorption on a heterogeneous surface iron-based sites (1/n = 0.285). Thermodynamic analysis confirmed that the adsorption process was spontaneous (ΔG0 = - 6.41kJ mol-1) and exothermic (ΔH0 = - 6.20kJ mol-1). Notably, the stable chelation between iron-oxyhydroxide species and keratinous ligands resulted in iron leaching levels below detection limits (BDL), far surpassing WHO safety standards. These findings establish MSMK as a stable, selective, and environmentally benign platform for advanced aqueous As remediation.

BackgroundBacteriophage carry-over, the continued lytic activity of residual phages after experimental sampling, poses a significant challenge in bacteriophage research, potentially skewing experimental results, particularly in the context of preclinical studies where perceived laboratory success may not translate clinically. These inaccuracies, relevant across various bacterial species, underscore the necessity for robust mitigation strategies. This study provides an overview of strategies to mitigate phage carry-over, evaluating their performance on a combination of three mycobacteriophages with lytic activity against M. tuberculosis.ResultsWe investigated three inactivation methods, including ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS) and citrate for in vitro applications and N-acetyl-L-cysteine-sodium hydroxide (NALC-NaOH) for sputum decontamination. The citrate buffer offered limited and specific phage inactivation, but FAS was effective in inactivating all three mycobacteriophages (FionnbharthΔ45Δ47, Muddy HRMN0157-2, and Fred313cpm-1Δ33). With pH adapted to 5.0, FAS did not significantly reduce M. tuberculosis H37Rv viability after five minutes exposure. Phage carry-over was determined to be phage-dependent; FionnbharthΔ45Δ47 exhibited the most significant reduction in M. smegmatis colony forming units without phage inactivation measures. Furthermore, we showed that NALC-NaOH methods, commonly used for sputum decontamination, are highly effective in reducing phage titers in aqueous solutions and human sputum samples.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the heterogenous and phage-dependent efficacy of available inactivation buffers, underscoring the critical necessity for researchers to empirically screen their specific phage isolates against chosen inactivation methods. This is crucial to ensure that observed antibacterial effects are correctly attributed to phage activity during the experimental period, rather than to uncontrolled phage carry-over, thereby enhancing the reliability and interpretability of results.

The superphosphate thin film of Fe 3 (NH 4 )H 8 (PO 4 ) 6 .6H 2 O is electrodeposited using a concentrated solution of 2 M phosphoric acid and a Mohr's salt precursor (Fe(NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O). The electrochemical oxidation of the Fe(H 2 PO 4 ) + complex present in the medium is monitored by cyclic voltammetry and shows that the deposition results from a combination of different phenomena such as diffusion and adsorption. The electrodeposition is carried out using the chronoamperometric method at a potential of 0.6 V/saturated calomel electrode. The resulting material is studied by X‐ray diffraction and has a hexagonal structure corresponding to the P31c space group, with lattice parameters of a = 9.15 Å and c = 16.86 Å; its morphology is studied by scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, which shows a rod structure and confirms the presence of its constituent elements. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy reveals lattice vibration bands, associated with (PO 4 ) 3 − ions and water molecules. Meanwhile, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry indicate water loss at around 187 °C.

Synthesis and comprehensive characterization of L-methionine ammonium ferrous sulfate (LMAFS) single crystals for nonlinear optical applications

Purpose: This study investigates the effects of ammonium ferric sulphate exposure on the growth performance and digestive enzyme activity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Method: The experiment was conducted over a 45-day period using three treatments groups (5, 10 and 15mg/L respectively) along with parallel control groups (C1, C2, C3). Growth performance was evaluated by measuring weight gain, total length, standard length, body width, and condition factor (K), while digestive efficiency was assessed by determining amylase enzyme concentration in the serum. Results: The results revealed that increasing concentrations of ammonium ferric sulphate led to significant reductions in growth performance across all measured parameters. The control group exhibited the highest growth, while the 15mg/L (p≤0.05) treatment group showed the lowest values. Similarly, amylase enzyme activity decreased progressively with higher exposure levels, indicating reduced digestive efficiency and potential stress-induced impairment of nutrient assimilation. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that ammonium ferric sulphate, even at low concentrations, can negatively impact both growth and digestive enzyme function in Cyprinus carpio. The study emphasizes the importance of monitoring water quality in aquaculture systems and minimizing chemical contamination to safeguard fish health and optimize production outcomes.

The article investigates the conditions for improving the technology of table salt by isolating sulfate ions from concentrated halite solutions using natural minerals - gypsum and anhydrite. It is confirmed by calculations that the interaction of a saline solution enriched in SO₄²⁻ after filtering table salt with anhydrite is thermodynamically favorable and is accompanied by the release of heat, while the reaction with gypsum occurs with the absorption of heat and with a lower thermodynamic probability. Experimental studies have shown that, depending on the temperature and amount of calcium-containing reagent (gypsum or anhydrite), the concentration of sulfate ions in the liquid phase can be reduced to 0.6–0.8 wt. %, which allows returning the purified solution to the cycle of evaporation and crystallization of salt. The influence of the duration of the conversion process, temperature (323–368 K) and the reagent rate on the kinetics of the formation of glauberite (CaSO₄·Na₂SO₄) is analyzed. It is shown that increasing the temperature intensifies the reaction due to the phase transition of gypsum into a hemihydrate with increased reactivity. X-ray phase analysis confirmed that the main product is glauberite, and with an excess of anhydrite, hemihydrate gypsum partially remains. A basic technological scheme for purifying the salt solution is proposed, which does not require the introduction of additional ions, allows avoiding supersaturation of the solution and the formation of incrustations on the equipment. In industrial conditions, the method ensures almost complete conversion of NaCl into commercial salt of the “Extra” grade. The resulting precipitate of double sulfate salt can be used as a chemical soil improver. The proposed method allows to increase the efficiency and environmental friendliness of salt production, which is especially relevant for the transformation of the salt mining industry of Ukraine

Separation of Chrome Alum from Iron Alum by Fractional Crystallization: Experimental Investigation and Predictive Modeling

Double sulfates with 1-methylpiperazinediium and divalent cations: Synthesis, structures, spectroscopic characterization, thermal stability, and topological features of (C5H14N2)[M(H2O)6](SO4)2∙H2O (M = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, and Cd) and (C5H14N2)(SO4)∙H2O

Seonamhaeicola marinus, a marine bacterium from the family Flavobacteriaceae, was genomically analyzed. Approximately 23% of its predicted CDSs were linked to subsystems, with amino acid and protein metabolism being the most abundant. Four biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) were identified, including those for flexirubin and carotenoid. CAZyme analysis via dbCAN3 revealed 178 CAZymes, representing 3.87% of the genome, with glycosyl hydrolases, particularly GH2, being the most prevalent group. Polysaccharide-producing organisms, such as those yielding carrageenan from red algae, find applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmacology. ι-Carrageenan, characterized by its double sulfate groups, holds significant potential in pharmaceutical systems. ι-Carrageenase A2 from S. marinus has desirable properties for carrageenan processing, supporting the investigation of such novel enzymes for biotechnological uses. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze S. marinus ι-carrageenase A2 through various computational modeling methods. A comparative analysis of the enzyme’s physicochemical properties, binding site locations, and structural features was conducted with other enzymes from the same family. Multiple computer modeling software programs were employed for three-dimensional structure prediction and modeling. Molecular docking identified potential ligands, with neo-ι-carratetraose demonstrating strong binding affinity. Molecular dynamics simulations assessed the stability and flexibility of the ligand-enzyme complex, offering insights into key residues involved in substrate interactions.

Abstract BACKGROUND ‐Oily Nd–Fe–B machining sludge contains oil–metal capsules that hinder conventional washing and acid leaching. Calcination is often used to remove the oil component but causes secondary pollution, lowers rare‐earth recovery, and requires costly equipment. To address these challenges, we developed a noncalcination HCl–CCl 4 coleaching route that simultaneously separates oil and valorizes metals from real oily Nd–Fe–B sludge. RESULTS The sludge contained 11.7% water, 10.44% oil, 55.82% Fe, 8.28% Nd, and 4.48% Pr. Pure HCl or conventional cleaners achieved <80% rare‐earth leaching and left viscous residues. In contrast, HCl–CCl 4 fully dissolved the sludge and produced clear phase separation: an organic phase yielding base oil after CCl 4 evaporation (91.6% solvent recovery) and an acidic aqueous phase enriched in metals (74 g L −1 Fe, 11 g L −1 Nd, 5 g L −1 Pr, 1.9 g L −1 Al). Adding Na 2 SO 4 (60 g L −1 ) rapidly precipitated rare‐earths as double sulfates with 98.3% Nd and 98.9% Pr recovery, outperforming K 2 SO 4 and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . After that, the resulting supernatant contained ~96.5% Fe 2+ of total Fe and, after nitrite‐oxygen oxidation, yielded a ferric‐rich flocculant suitable for wastewater treatment. CONCLUSION The HCl–CCl 4 ‐ coleaching route induces synergistic delayering of oil and oxyhydroxide shells, enabling clean base oil recovery, near‐quantitative rare‐earth precipitation, and effective utilization of the residual solution as a flocculant without generating secondary wastes. The demonstrated high recoveries and solvent recirculation underscore strong industrial potential for the valorization of oily metallic sludge. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

This study investigated and analysed the presence and antibiotic resistance profiles of Enterobacter strains from municipal water supply and groundwater sources (open wells and handpumps) in a low-income neighbourhood of urban Visakhapatnam, India. Low-income neighbourhoods within the industrialised area of Gajuwaka were found to show high levels of groundwater contamination with multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. Two of these isolates were identified to be multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, Enterobacter cloacae DSM 30054 (V1) and Enterobacter quasihormaechei WCHEs120003 (V2). The two isolates showed a similar profile with resistance towards penicillins, carbapenems, early and third-generation cephalosporins (such as cephalothin and ceftazidime, respectively), aztreonam, nitrofurantoin, and chloramphenicol. Susceptibility was noticed against cefepime (4th-generation cephalosporin), fluoroquinolones, and piperacillin-tazobactam. This profile suggests a combination of various intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms involving chromosomal AmpC β-lactamases and acquired resistance genes, including ESBLs and carbapenemases, potentially facilitated by porin loss. The isolates showcased high MAR index values above 0.5, indicating an environment with high resistance-inducing factors. Since higher levels of contamination were observed in the groundwater than in the municipality’s tap water samples, a type of advanced oxidation process (AOP) called Fenton’s reaction was evaluated for its efficacy in clearing the contamination from the groundwater samples of Visakhapatnam. Reduction in bacterial coverage levels on agar plates with different ratios of Fenton’s reaction regents was noticed during this experiment, going as high as 89.50% reduction (0.2 mM Fe 2+ from ferrous ammonium sulphate, 0.5 mM H 2 O 2 , and pH 3). The findings of this study observed contamination of drinking water sources in vulnerable communities and highlighted the role of environmental water sources as reservoirs for resistance in Enterobacter spp. This investigation also provided an evaluation of the Fenton-based AOP as a viable technology for the remediation of contaminated groundwater in resource-limited settings of low-income neighbourhoods. There is a need for stringent monitoring of all water sources to maintain universal access to safe drinking water for every individual.

Pineapple (Ananas comosus) peel, an abundant agro-industrial by-product, offers significant potential as a sustainable natural dye for textile applications. This study optimized colourant extraction using an alkaline–water system and evaluated dyeing performance on cotton fabrics. Statistical optimization through four-factor linear regression identified optimal conditions: mass-to-liquid ratio of 1 : 10, 12% NaOH, 80°C and 2 h extraction time, yielding 35–40% colourant, significantly outperforming organic solvents (<1%). High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed distinctive polyphenolic profiles between alkaline and water extraction methods, demonstrating altered compound distribution and enhanced extraction efficiency under alkaline conditions. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed dye stability up to 160°C, while particle size analysis showed a mean size of 266 nm, enabling effective fibre penetration. Quantitative dyeing evaluation demonstrated 43.05% exhaustion, 27.76% total fixation efficiency and 0.64 fixation ratio. Colorimetric analysis revealed significant mordant-dependent variations, with tannic acid achieving superior colour strength (K/S = 21.4) compared to metallic mordants: zinc sulfate, alum and ammonium ferrous sulfate. CIELab coordinates confirmed successful dye uptake (L* = −6.92 to −12.83). Post-mordanting with zinc sulfate achieved excellent fastness properties: wash (4–5), light (4) and rubbing (4) fastness. Cationization minimized electrostatic repulsion between cotton and anionic dye molecules, enhancing dye absorption. The findings demonstrate pineapple peel waste viability as a cost-effective natural dye with quantified performance metrics supporting commercial feasibility and circular economy principles in sustainable textile manufacturing.

Introduction: Biofilms are complex microbial communities, exhibiting antibiotic resistance that makes their inhibition difficult. Iron availability is known to affect biofilm formation. Biofilm inhibition can be achieved by altering iron concentrations. One aspect of this study involved the evaluation of the effects of iron salts such as ferric ammonium citrate (FAC), ferrous sulfate (FeSO4), and chelating agents like ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on biofilm formation. In addition, the study explored the effect of bioactive compounds from natural sources, including plant extracts and food waste derivatives, for biofilm inhibition and control. Methods: This study investigated the effect of iron salts on biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Additionally, methanolic extracts of food wastes of onion, potato, sweet lime, and banana peels were screened for their antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity. Biofilm quantification was performed using crystal violet (CV) staining assays. Results: 50 μM of Ferrous sulphate and EDTA was used, which significantly inhibited biofilm formation in both S. aureus ATCC 25923 and E. coli. DH5α FAC increased E. coli DH5α biofilm formation by 27%, while decreasing S. aureus ATCC 25923 biofilms by 48%. In contrast, the addition of Ferrous Sulphate led to a 61.12% reduction in E. coli DH5α biofilm. EDTA, an iron chelator, significantly reduced biofilm formation in both S. aureus ATCC 25923 and E. coli DH5α by 64% and 63%, respectively. Food waste extracts exhibited varying degrees of biofilm inhibition: hot onion extract showed a 63% reduction in E. coli DH5α biofilm, while its cold counterpart reduced E. coli DH5α and S. aureus ATCC 25923 biofilms by 36% and 27%, respectively. Cold banana extracts inhibited E. coli DH5α biofilm by 72%, and potato extracts (hot and cold) reduced E. coli DH5α biofilm by 76.30% and 77.70%, and S. aureus ATCC 25923 by 59% and 32.04%, respectively. Sweet lime hot extract reduced S. aureus ATCC 25923 biofilms by 42.30%, whereas its cold extract led to enhanced biofilm formation. Discussion: The findings demonstrate that both iron modulation and natural bioactive compounds derived from food wastes affect the dynamics of biofilms differently in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Iron limitation and chelation effectively disrupted biofilm establishment, while metabolites from food wastes exerted additional inhibitory effects, highlighting an eco-friendly approach to biofilm control. The variations in the effects of different extracts suggest that the stability of bioactive compounds and temperature play crucial roles in biofilm inhibition. Conclusion: In this study, it was observed that iron modulation and the use of bioactive compounds derived from food waste can effectively inhibit biofilm formation. These findings suggest sustainable strategies for biofilm control and could aid in developing alternative antimicrobial approaches.

Understanding particle acceleration in supersonic jet flows is critical in applications including propulsion systems, particle impact modeling, and gas dynamic cold spray deposition. We present velocity measurements of micrometer-sized particles in the 1.18–7.88 μm diameter range accelerated through a converging/diverging (CD) nozzle and impinging onto a substrate at speeds approaching 0.9 km⋅s−1 with downstream (preshock) pressures in the 102–103 Pa range. Using laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV), we characterize particle velocity distributions across multiple gas compositions (nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, and argon) and particle chemistries (ferrous sulfate and ammonium sulfate). We introduce a dimensionless velocity lag to parameterize inertial effects and find that the degree of velocity lag increases monotonically with a modified definition of the particle Stokes number, which accounts for high-speed conditions. Measurement results are compared to particle velocity predictions based upon a three-dimensional simulation of the nozzle flow, with particle trajectories modeled using a recently developed drag model applicable to particles at variable Mach number and Knudsen number. Simulations largely capture the experimentally observed manner in which velocity lag varies with Stokes number.

Abstract The superphosphate thin film of Fe 3 (NH 4 )H 8 (PO 4 ) 6 .6H 2 O was electrodeposited using a concentrated solution of 2 M phosphoric acid and a Mohr's salt precursor (Fe(NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O). The electrochemical oxidation of the Fe(H 2 PO 4 ) + complex present in the medium was monitored by cyclic voltammetry and showed that the deposition resulted from a combination of different phenomena, such as diffusion and adsorption. The electrodeposition was carried out using the chronoamperometric method at a potential of 0.6 V/SCE. The resulting material was studied by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and has a hexagonal structure corresponding to the P31c space group, with lattice parameters of a = 9.15 Å and c = 16.86 Å; its morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), which showed a rod structure and confirmed the presence of its constituent elements. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed lattice vibration bands associated with (PO 4 ) 3 – ions and water molecules. Meanwhile, thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated water loss at around 187 °C.

Red mud is waste from the alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) production process of bauxite ore processing through the bayer process.The production of one ton of alumina produces between 1-1.5 tons of red mud.The high amount of waste has a negative impact on the environment, resulting in infertile soil and posing long-term human health risk.The content of ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) as the main mineral in red mud is promising to be reused as a first step in waste handling.This study aims to isolate and identify Fe-reducing bacteria from red sludge waste and find out what genes and compounds are likely to be involved in the process.A 5 g sample of red mud was put into physiological solution for dilution and then cultured in MHA media containing 50 mg/L ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS).There were 16 isolates that grew and was then analyzed using repetitive PCR.Different isolates were then screened for reduction tests using ferrozine reagent on MHA+Fe 2 O 3 50 mg/L media and obtained 7 potential Fe-reducing isolates.Further tests were carried out on liquid media to determine the OD of Fe 2+ and cells measured at 562 and 600 nm wavelengths at 0, 12 and 24 hours.Identification of Fe metal reducing bacteria using 16S rRNA gene and nucleotide sequence alignment using BioEdit software while WGS analysis was annotated using BV-BRC with RASTtk pipeline, BlastKoala, genome mining of secondary metabolites using AntiSMASH and type (strain) genome server (TYGS) to show the results of phylogenetic analysis.The results of this study found the presence of 7 bacterial isolates with different species capable of reducing Fe metal from red mud including Kytococcus sedentarius (As 1), Order of Staphylococcus arlettae (As 3), Halalkalibacterium halodurans strain (As 6), Halalkalibacterium halodurans strain (As 8), Bacillus paranthracis (Ai 3), Stutzerimonas stutzeri (Ai 7) and Cytobacillus firmus (Ai 8).Bacillus paranthracis (Ai 3) confirmed the possibility that its compounds and genes can be involved in the metal reduction process.

Iron is an essential nutrient for many bacterial pathogens and normal cellular function and homeostasis of their hosts. Studies suggest that iron deficiency or overload may contribute to the pathogenesis of several chronic conditions and modify host-microbial interactions. In this study, we assessed the impact of varying dietary iron intakes on the microbiota of the intestinal tract and lungs of wild-type mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a standard pellet chow (high iron diet), a ferrous ammonium sulfate (FeAS)-supplemented diet or an iron-deficient diet for four weeks. Tissue from the lung, duodenum and colon was collected, and 16S rRNA gene fragments were pyrosequenced. Total serum iron levels were negatively associated with richness of the lung microbiome (p = 0.035). In the murine lungs, there was no association between the iron diet and the overall lung microbiota community composition, but Bacteroides spp. were significantly enriched in the lungs of mice fed the FeAS diet (LDA score > 4, p < 0.05). The community composition of the intestinal microbiota changed significantly depending on the iron diet, with increased richness in the low-iron compared to the iron-supplemented groups (p = 0.053). In the duodenum, Prevotella spp. were reduced (Mean = 7.869, SEM = 3.464, p < 0.05), and Desulfovibrio species increased (Mean = 5.343, SEM = 1.362, p < 0.001) in iron-supplemented groups compared to the low-iron-diet group. In the colon, Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides species were reduced (Mean = 7.175, SEM = 2.246, p < 0.01 and Mean = 6.967, SEM = 1.834, p < 0.01 respectively), and Pseudomonas increased (Mean = 24.03, SEM = 8.919, p < 0.05) in mice on higher-iron diets compared to the low-iron diet. This study demonstrates that dietary iron intake significantly impacts the intestinal microbiota and has a small, yet significant, effect on the lung microbiome in C57BL/6J mice. Whilst dietary iron content per se did not significantly modulate the composition of the lung microbiota, serum iron levels had subtle impacts on the community composition of the lung microbiota.