Altruistic Motives Research Articles

Negotiation in Relation to Egoism and Altruism

The influence of the negotiators on the negotiation is significant. Negotiation motivation is an essential factor influencing negotiations' approach, process, and outcome. Much of the literature on negotiation refers to self-interest and altruism. However, few have specifically compared the differences and similarities between the two in terms of negotiation motivations, methods, and outcomes, hence the contribution of this study. This dissertation examines these aspects and finds that although the motivations of egoism and altruism are different in most cases, they have one thing in common: the desire to negotiate successfully. However, due to the interest issues, egoism and altruism can have some differences in how they negotiate during the negotiation process that can affect the negotiation outcome. Poor communication, inability to find a win-win solution, too much altruism and self-interest negotiation can make the negotiation unsuccessful or unsatisfactory. This thesis proposes to face these problems by communicating more, listening more, and understanding the other side.

“If only I had”, patients’ experiences during early oncology trials

PurposeUntil today, it is not clear why patients decide to continue with early clinical trial (ECT) participation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore to which extent the self-determination theory of Ryan and Deci, according to the ECT enrollment phase, corresponds to the motivations of participants during ECT’s.MethodsThis study has a qualitative design. Data were collected using semistructured interviews and were deductively analyzed in Nvivo12 using the thematic analysis approach of Braun and Clarke.ResultsAs a result of the deductive analysis performed, six themes and twenty subthemes emerged which matched the three personal needs: competence, relatedness, and autonomy (n = 11). “Competence” included the following themes: mixed future expectations, treatment expectations, and control of the outcome. “Relatedness” included the theme altruistic motivation. “Autonomy” included the themes; to live and act in harmony as well as mental and physical burden.ConclusionParticipants felt they tried everything and that they were treated to the limit. This not only gives the motivation to continue participating but also a sense of altruism. Despite different burdens, side-effects, and the feeling of being a test subject, the participants will not easily choose to stop participation in order to prevent saying afterwards: “If only I had”.

Evaluating the influence of nature connection and values on conservation attitudes at a tropical deforestation frontier.

Inner phenomena, such as personal motivations for pursuing sustainability, may be critical levers for improving conservation outcomes. Most conservation research and policies, however, focus on external phenomena (e.g., ecological change or economic processes). We explored the factors shaping 9 conservation attitudes toward forest and wildlife protection among colonist farmers around an Amazonian deforestation frontier. Our data comprised 241 face-to-face quantitative surveys, complemented with qualitative insights from open-ended questionnaire responses and opportunistic semistructured interviews. To account for the full spectrum of possible inner motivations, we employed measures of nature connection (indicating biospheric motivation) and personal values organized around the traditionalism (traditionalist through to high openness to change) and universalism dimensions (egoistic through to altruistic motivations). We used averaged beta-binomial generalized linear models to assess the role of external factors (socioeconomic, sociodemographic, and environmental) and personal (inner) motivations on the variation in attitudes. Each attitude was modeled separately. The relative importance of each predictor was judged by the proportion of models where it appeared as significant. Proconservation views were expressed by the majority (at least 65%) of the respondents in 7 out of the 9 attitude models. The most consistent predictors were emotional nature connection and personal values (significant in 4-6 out of 9 models), rather than external phenomena (significant in 0-5 models). However, the poorest farmers had lower scores on the agreement with prioritizing nature over development (𝛽=-0.52, 95% CI: -0.96 to -0.07). Qualitative data also indicated that economic barriers hinder forest conservation on farms. These results suggest that biospheric, traditionalistic, and altruistic motivations promote people's proconservation attitudes, but nurturing these latent motivations is unlikely to improve conservation outcomes if material poverty remains unaddressed. Integrating the inner-outer perspective into conservation thinking and practical interventions could foster environmental stewardship and increase human well-being.

Reality checked? Conceptualising the relationship between work experience, abroad experience and university students' work value preferences

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore the degree of variance in work value preferences espoused by university students based on whether the students are in possession of work experience and experience abroad. Vocational identity development (VID) was used as a theoretical lens to explore the extent to which being in possession of experience in these two areas shapes vocational identity.Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire (n = 1,188) was employed to measure the relative salience for 8 latent work values constructs and 25 individual-level work values. Respondents were classified into two groups based on work experience and abroad experience, and the differences in work value preferences between these groups were explored.FindingsThe authors' comparison of sample groups revealed that respondents without experience abroad attached significantly greater importance to specific work values (e.g. stability, extrinsic motivation and leisure) than those with sojourner experience. The relative salience of specific work values (e.g. altruistic and extrinsic motivation) was found to be significantly greater for respondents without work experience than those with such experience, however, not to the extent of abroad experience. VID as a theoretical framework was found to be valuable in conceptualising how work value preferences appear to be the outcome of a process of co-construction between an individual and his environment.Research limitations/implicationsThe reasons as to how and why changes in work value salience occur cannot be conclusively established due to the exploratory nature and conceptual design of the present study.Practical implicationsThe findings suggest work and abroad experience play a pivotal role in shaping respondents' work values and, more generally, the VID. This reinforces the need for cooperation between higher education and industry to provide experiential learning opportunities and career guidance to enhance graduate employability and contribute to long-term engagement of talent in tight labour markets.Originality/valueThe value of these findings is that the findings contribute to greater conceptual understanding of the relationship between work experience, abroad experience and work value preferences. This is particularly relevant to academic staff and curriculum developers at a tertiary level in preparing and guiding university students in their interactions with professional practice.

Motives for becoming a teacher, coping strategies and teacher efficacy among Swedish student teachers

ABSTRACT The current study examined whether different motives for entering teacher education and different coping strategies in distressful situations during teacher training were associated with teacher efficacy among student teachers. A sample of 517 Swedish student teachers completed a questionnaire. According to the findings from multivariate regression analysis, student teachers who scored higher in intrinsic and altruistic motives and cognitive restructuring, and lower in self-criticism, tended to show greater teacher efficacy.

Research on the influencing factors of public opinion information forwarding behavior of Generation Z group (Next): Mechanism of action

With the rapid development of social media, the ways of information dissemination become more and more abundant, the speed of information dissemination becomes faster and faster, and information can be disseminated on a large scale in a very short time. Among them, the public opinion information has the most significant impact. If the public opinion information is not managed and controlled in time, it will pose a great threat to the network environment and even social stability. In this study, by modeling the influencing factors of public opinion information forwarding behavior of Generation Z group, the structural equation model was established to clarify the horizontal correlation among the influencing factors, and then the FISM method was used to find out the hierarchical relationship among the influencing factors, so as to deepen the overall cognition of public opinion information forwarding behavior of Generation Z group. The research shows that information utility is the most important factor affecting public opinion information forwarding behavior of Generation Z. Conformity psychology, altruistic motivation, self-promotion motivation, audience knowledge and information emotion are the middle-level influencing factors; Audience experience, audience relationship, information narrative mode, information text characteristics and crisis situation are the most direct and superficial influencing factors of Z generation group public opinion information forwarding behavior.

Egoism and Altruism in Intergroup Conflict

Studies have shown that intergroup conflict may result from two distinct human motives: the desire to obtain personal retributions from conflict ( egoism), and the desire to sacrifice for the benefit of the ingroup ( parochial altruism). Yet, the relative strength of these motives is open to debate. In this study, we compare behaviors in two Intergroup Prisoner’s Dilemmas (IPD), which respectively capture altruistic and egoistic motives to generate conflict. Egoistic motives result in about 40% more conflict than altruistic motives. Yet, parochial altruism generates more conflict when three conditions are gathered: i) other ingroup members are parochial altruists, ii) the outgroup is aggressive and iii) the outgroup is rich. Implications regarding the diverging structural causes of terrorism and civil wars are discussed.

Give and gain: Black engineering students as near‐peer mentors

AbstractBackgroundEngineering‐oriented bridge programs and camps are popular strategies for broadening participation. The students who often serve as counselors and mentors in these programs are integral to their success.PurposePredicated on the belief that mentoring contributes to positive outcomes for the mentors themselves, we sought to understand how undergraduate student mentors approached and experienced their work with a 6‐day overnight, NSF‐sponsored youth engineering camp (YEC). This study was guided by the question: How did YEC camp counselors approach and experience their roles as mentors?Design/MethodsWe conducted an exploratory qualitative study of four Black undergraduate engineering students' experiences with and approaches to near‐peer mentorship in the YEC program. Data consisted of transcripts from two post‐program interviews and one written reflection from each participant. We analyzed data through abductive coding and the funds of knowledge framework.ResultsThrough subsequent interpretation of code categories, we found YEC mentors: (1) engaged in altruistic motivations as YEC mentors, (2) leveraged previous experiences to guide their approaches to mentorship, and (3) engaged in self‐directed learning and development.ConclusionsThis study highlights the knowledge and strategies that YEC mentors drew upon in their roles, and how they sought and achieved various personal, academic, and professional benefits. Insights from this study illustrate how near‐peer mentors can support their and others' engineering aspirations.

The Influence of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosures and Assurance on Jurors’ Judgments

SUMMARYThis study examines whether management’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) motives and CSR assurance influence jurors’ negligence and punitive damages assessments using a 2 × 2 experiment. CSR activities can provide insurance-like protection from negative reactions during a corporate crisis if stakeholders perceive altruistic motives. However, it is not known whether this insurance-like protection applies during litigation. Findings suggest that disclosure of altruistic CSR activities (i.e., without expectation of financial returns) improves jurors’ affective response to the defendant and perceptions of company behavior prior to a negative event compared to self-serving CSR activities (i.e., expectation of financial returns), which reduce negligence and punitive damages assessments. However, when disclosures are assured, the relationship changes. In this scenario, altruistic and self-serving CSR have similar influences on jurors’ judgments. Overall, results suggest that CSR disclosure and assurance may provide benefits during litigation by increasing jurors’ affective reaction to the defendant and perceptions of the company’s behavior.

Remuneration and Recruitment of Study Participants for AD Cohort Studies From the General Public and From Minority Communities.

Offering remuneration for participation in studies of aging and Alzheimer Disease (AD) may improve recruitment, particularly among minoritized and low-income groups. But remuneration may also raise ethical problems and reduce altruistic motivations for participation. A nationally representative sample of Americans (N=2030) with large (N=500) Black and Hispanic oversamples was asked about willingness to participate in a longitudinal AD cohort study after random assignment of remuneration ($0, $50/visit, $100/visit). Respondents were then asked about their perceived burden, risks, and societal contribution from participation. An offer of remuneration increased willingness to participate, with no difference between $50 and $100. The increase was similar across racial, ethnic, and income groups. Remuneration did not affect perceived risks or altruistic benefits. Compensation caused Whites and Hispanics, but not Blacks, to lower the perceived burden. Modest levels of remuneration are likely to improve recruitment to AD research studies without causing collateral ethical or motivation problems. Remuneration does not differentially enhance minority recruitment.

Unselfish traits and social decision-making patterns characterize six populations of real-world extraordinary altruists

Acts of extraordinary, costly altruism, in which significant risks or costs are assumed to benefit strangers, have long represented a motivational puzzle. But the features that consistently distinguish individuals who engage in such acts have not been identified. We assess six groups of real-world extraordinary altruists who had performed costly or risky and normatively rare (<0.00005% per capita) altruistic acts: heroic rescues, non-directed and directed kidney donations, liver donations, marrow or hematopoietic stem cell donations, and humanitarian aid work. Here, we show that the features that best distinguish altruists from controls are traits and decision-making patterns indicating unusually high valuation of others’ outcomes: high Honesty-Humility, reduced Social Discounting, and reduced Personal Distress. Two independent samples of adults who were asked what traits would characterize altruists failed to predict this pattern. These findings suggest that theories regarding self-focused motivations for altruism (e.g., self-enhancing reciprocity, reputation enhancement) alone are insufficient explanations for acts of real-world self-sacrifice.

A User-Centric Analysis of Social Media for Stock Market Prediction

Social media platforms such as Twitter or StockTwits are widely used for sharing stock market opinions between investors, traders, and entrepreneurs. Empirically, previous work has shown that the content posted on these social media platforms can be leveraged to predict various aspects of stock market performance. Nonetheless, actors on these social media platforms may not always have altruistic motivations and may instead seek to influence stock trading behavior through the (potentially misleading) information they post. While a lot of previous work has sought to analyze how social media can be used to predict the stock market, there remain many questions regarding the quality of the predictions and the behavior of active users on these platforms. To this end, this article seeks to address a number of open research questions: Which social media platform is more predictive of stock performance? What posted content is actually predictive, and over what time horizon? How does stock market posting behavior vary among different users? Are all users trustworthy or do some user’s predictions consistently mislead about the true stock movement? To answer these questions, we analyzed data from Twitter and StockTwits covering almost 5 years of posted messages spanning 2015 to 2019. The results of this large-scale study provide a number of important insights among which we present the following: (i) StockTwits is a more predictive source of information than Twitter, leading us to focus our analysis on StockTwits; (ii) on StockTwits, users’ self-labeled sentiments are correlated with the stock market but are only slightly predictive in aggregate over the short-term; (iii) there are at least three clear types of temporal predictive behavior for users over a 144 days horizon: short, medium, and long term; and (iv) consistently incorrect users who are reliably wrong tend to exhibit what we conjecture to be “botlike” post content and their removal from the data tends to improve stock market predictions from self-labeled content.

Using willingness to pay to measure the strength of altruistic motives

We introduce a novel experimental procedure to measure altruistic giving along a spectrum, from warm glow to pure altruism, by eliciting willingness to pay to increase the likelihood that a donation is received by a recipient. Whereas previous methods identify pure warm-glow motives, our approach directly measures altruistic preferences and is validated by a survey measure developed by Carpenter (2021). Participants who identify in the survey as altruistic givers are more likely to pay to increase the probability that the donation is implemented and pay more on average than those who identified as mainly motivated by warm glow.

Why people hesitate to help: Neural correlates of the counter-dynamics of altruistic helping and individual differences in daily helping tendencies.

Recent psychological and neuroimaging studies on altruism-egoism dilemmas have promoted our understanding of the processes underlying altruistic motivation; however, little attention has been paid to the egoistic counter-dynamics that prompt hesitancy to help. These counter-dynamics may involve the construction of reasons not to help based on contextual elaboration and explain individual differences in the tendency to help others in daily life. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we explored the neural correlates of altruism-egoism dilemmas during empathy-driven helping decisions, with particular attention to the counter-dynamics related to individual helping tendency traits. We used two context-rich helping decision scenarios. In the empathy dilemma (Emp) scenario, empathy-driven motivation to help a poor person was associated with a cost, whereas in the economic-dilemma (Eco) scenario, self-beneficial motivation to help a non-poor person was associated with a cost. Our results showed activation of the right anterior prefrontal cortices, supramarginal gyrus, and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) for the altruism-egoism dilemma (i.e., Emp > Eco). A significant negative effect of the helping tendency trait score was observed on PCC activation; interestingly, this effect was observed for both Emp and Eco dilemmas. The identified neural correlates of altruism-egoism dilemmas appear to be related to the construction of decision reasons based on contextual elaboration in naturalistic situations. In contrast to the classical view, our results suggest a two-stage model that includes an altruistic helping decision followed by counter-dynamics to determine the individual helping tendency.

Examining ethical leadership’s effectiveness by a dual-path approach

&lt;p&gt;Drawing on value activation, we propose that experiencing ethical leadership will encourage an employee&amp;rsquo;s altruistic motivation and inhibit their egoistic motivation for performing OCB. We further draw on the interactionist perspective to contend that psychological capital and dark triad personality will moderate the effects of experienced ethical leadership towards altruistic and egoistic motivation. A total of 339 participants took part in this study. The results confirm that ethical leadership affects altruistic and egoistic motivation in performing OCB and that psychological capital and dark triad personality were found to moderate the relationship between ethical leadership and motivations. Moreover, altruistic motivation was found to mediate the moderating effect of psychological capital on the relationship between experienced ethical leadership and employee OCB as well as egoistic motivation was also found to mediate the moderating effect of dark triad personality on the relationship between experienced ethical leadership and employee&amp;rsquo;s OCB. This study complements the literature by showing how experienced EL work with psychological capital and dark triad personality to jointly influence altruistic and egoistic motivation that leads to employee OCB. This study explains the process of ethical leadership influencing subordinates&amp;rsquo; OCB through the perspective of value activation. It also points out the limitations of ethical leadership. If managers want to adopt ethical leadership, they must pay special attention to the working attitude of dark triad subordinates and appropriately remind them to improve their organizational citizenship behavior.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

How to Prevent the Drop-Out: Understanding Why Adults Participate in Summative eHealth Evaluations

The aim of this study was to investigate why adults participate in summative eHealth evaluations, and whether their reasons for participating affect their (non-)use of eHealth. A questionnaire was distributed among adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who participated in a summative eHealth evaluation. This questionnaire focused on participants’ reason to enroll, their expectations, and on whether the study met their expectations. Answers to open-ended questions were coded by two researchers independently. With the generalized estimating equations method we tested whether there is a difference between the type of reasons in use of the eHealth service. One hundred and thirty-one adults participated (64.9% female; mean age 62.5 years (SD = 10.5)). Their reasons for participating were mainly health-related (e.g., being more active). Between two types of motivations there was a difference in the use of the eHealth service: Participants with an intellectual motivation were more likely to drop out, compared to participants with an altruistic motivation. The most prevalent expectations when joining a summative eHealth evaluation were health-related (like expecting to improve one’s health). 38.6% of the participants said their expectation was fulfilled by the study. In conclusion, We encourage eHealth evaluators to learn about adults’ motivation to participate in their summative evaluation, as this motivation is very likely to affect their results. Including altruistically motivated participants biases the results by their tendency to continue participating in a study.

Undoing Maradona: Subalterns of Sport for Development

Even before Abongile was born, his father named him Maradona. Such prophetic naming holds within the lingering desire of an oppressed man to rid himself of his subalternity. While the charm of professional soccer stirs such emotions, the traction of sport among the poor is used as a ‘hook’ to attract them to development programmes. Branded as sports-for-development-and-peace, SDP projects are widespread across South African townships. Ethnography of an SDP project-in-the-making involving Abongile/Maradona is presented to examine how individual aspirations find expression in projects of collective development. The history of the agrarian labour economy of the Western Cape provides the scaffolding for the social relations and altruistic motivations over which this project unfolds. Despite explicit claims to attract at-risk youth, SDP practices entice those convinced of sport’s moralizing potential. SDP discourse represents the visions and ideologies of those wanting to develop the inferior (sub) others (alterns), while obscuring the predicaments of those being developed. As fate would have it, Abongile could not become as ‘good’ at soccer as Diego and SDP’s moral politics would not have him be as ‘bad’ as aspects of the real Maradona’s personal life. As a subaltern of SDP, Maradona is undone.

God, Human, Animal, Machine: Technology, Metaphor, and the Search for Meaning

God, Human, Animal, Machine: Technology, Metaphor, and the Search for Meaning

50 Shades of Green—Angel Investing in Green Businesses

Entrepreneurs will play a critical role in developing the technological solutions to achieve a successful transition to net carbon zero. Their ability to develop these innovations into market ready products requires access to finance. Angels play a critical role in financing the start of the entrepreneurial pipeline. However, their actual and potential role investing in green/clean businesses is not considered in either the business angel or socially responsible investment literatures. This article addresses this omission. It asks what motivates business angels to invest in green/clean tech businesses and how the weight of green/clean tech in their portfolios impacts the motivations to invest in this sector. Based on interviews with 65 investors, we show that the motivation of business angels for investing in green/clean tech opportunities differs according to the proportion of their investment portfolio that comprises green/clean tech investments. Those angels who invested solely in green/clean tech gave a higher weighting to economic motivations and lower weightings to Altruistic and Hedonistic motivations. Angels with less exposure to green/clean tech in their portfolios gave a higher weighting to Altruistic motivations and had lower weightings for economic and hedonistic motivations. Our findings have implications for policy-makers and to green entrepreneurs.

Pre-service English teachers’ motivation to pursue a career in teaching viewed from speaking self-efficacy

&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Previous research on pre-service teachers’ motivation to pursue a career in teaching found different results. Some research found altruistic motivation dominant in determining career decisions, while others suggest extrinsic or intrinsic motivation. The current study extended the topic by relating pre-service English teachers’ motivation to teach to English-speaking self-efficacy. There were 94 pre-service English teachers of different semesters participated in this study. Data were collected with a Likert-type questionnaire. Pre-service English teachers have a high motivation to pursue a career in teaching, and extrinsic motivation was the most dominant motive. The nobility of the profession, sustainability of job demand, inspiration from the teachers, and flexible working hours are among the extrinsic motives. The pre-service teachers also have a high level of English-speaking self-efficacy. However, they still have problems with anxiety, the use of idioms, the use of accurate grammar and vocabulary, and fluency. Between motivation to teach and their speaking self-efficacy lies a significant positive correlation at a moderate level. This moderate level of the relationship suggests that English-speaking self-efficacy is not a determining factor in motivating pre-service English teachers to have a career in teaching. Consequently, some English teachers may have inadequate proficiency in the language they teach.&lt;/span&gt;