Altruism Research Articles

Why Do Humble Individuals Act More Altruistically toward Foreigners: A Moderated Mediation Model

According to the humility-helping hypothesis, the question of whether humility affects altruistic behavior has received extensive attention. However, researchers have not established many links between humility and international altruism. The study explored humility as a stable personality trait and assessed whether it encouraged international altruism. It also examined the underlying mechanism between the foregoing relationship. We recruited 940 college students aged 18–23 to participate in an anonymous online survey and obtained 929 data points. The results showed that humility has a direct impact on international altruism. They largely supported the theoretical framework of the humility-helping hypothesis on the inter-group level. We also addressed the mediating effect that identification with all humanity had in the relationship between humility and international altruism. The findings showed that two forms of empathy (empathy and group empathy) have a moderating effect, indicating that different forms of empathy should be more emphasized in different social situations. Taken together, the results show that developing people’s humility and helping them to identify with all humanity are key to promoting inter-group altruism, especially for those who can empathize with other people or groups.

Establishing altruistic ethics to use technology for Social Welfare—How Japan manages Web3 and self-sovereign identity in local communities

Technologies of self-sovereign identity (SSI) and Web3 tools that strongly protect individual autonomy, combined with the ethics of Asian altruism, can effectively guide the governance of the emerging cyber civilization. In contrast, governance in Western industrial civilization stresses the pursuit of individual self-interest and struggles to balance the benefits of big tech with the protection of individual dignity and the preservation of the common good. We demonstrate, with reference to a local community in Japan, that SSI is successful in encouraging communal collaboration and well-being while providing individuals with greater control over their personal data. We also show that Web3 tools provide incentives for altruistic behaviors while safeguarding SSI. Integration of SSI and social protection demonstrates the potential for building an information society grounded in altruistic values, honoring individual dignity, and recognizing the government’s role in protecting social welfare. Ultimately, this research unveils how altruistic values can be fostered through SSI and Web3.

Parent-Child Discrepancies in Perceived Parental Control and Their Associations with Children's Prosocial Behaviors in Early Adolescence within Chinese Families.

How parent-child discrepancies in perceived parental control associate with children's prosocial behaviors remains unknown. This study examined this issue in 578 Chinese children (297 girls, Mage = 10.85, SDage = 0.72) and their mothers and fathers. Parents and children reported parental psychological and behavioral control, and children reported their prosocial behaviors. The latent difference scores modeling showed that compared to parents' perceptions, children's higher perceptions of guilt induction were related to more public prosocial behaviors; higher perceptions of love withdrawal were linked to fewer altruistic, compliant, emotional, and dire prosocial behaviors; and higher reporting of solicitation was associated with more general prosocial behaviors. The findings revealed the association between parent-child discrepancies and early adolescents' prosocial behaviors, supporting both the discrepancy-maladaptive hypotheses and the discrepancy-adaptive hypotheses within Chinese families.

Integrating moral norms and stewardship identity into the theory of planned behavior to understand altruistic conservation behavior among hunters in southwestern Utah (USA)

ABSTRACT We integrate moral norms and stewardship identity into the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to predict the use of non-lead ammunition in the California condor recovery zone of southwestern Utah. Data were collected from licensed hunters via an online survey. Structural equation models of the TPB without and with the moral norms and stewardship identity constructs were compared to evaluate the utility of integrating these constructs into the TPB. Moral norms did have a significant direct influence on hunters’ behavioral intentions. Both moral norms and stewardship identity had significant indirect influences on behavioral intentions via the core constructs of the TPB. The inclusion of moral norms and stewardship identity into the TPB marginally improved model fit and predictive power. Managers can emphasize a moral obligation to use non-lead ammunition and tap into hunters’ desire to steward the landscape and the hunting tradition in their communication and outreach efforts.

Watching eyes effect: the impact of imagined eyes on prosocial behavior and satisfactions in the dictator game.

The concept of the watching eyes effect suggests that the presence of eye or eye-like cues can influence individual altruistic behavior. However, few studies have investigated the effects of imagined eyes on altruistic behaviors and the psychological measures of dictators and recipients in the dictator game. This study used a 2 (Presentation Mode: Imagined/Visual) 2 (Cue Type: Eye/Flower) between-subject design and measured the effects of recipients' psychological variables and the communication texts between the dictator and the recipient. The results showed that there was a significant interaction between Presentation Mode and Cue Type. In the imagined condition, the dictator exhibited more altruistic behavior than in the visual condition. However, there was no significant difference in altruistic behavior between the Imagined Eye and Imagined Flower conditions. In addition, the study found that the Cue Type had a significant main effect on the recipients' satisfaction with the allocation outcome. Notably, in the Visual Flower condition, the dictator used more egoistic norm words when communicating with the recipient than other conditions. This study provides novel evidence on the effect of imagined social cues on individual behavior in the dictator game, and to some extent validates the robustness of the watching eyes effect under manipulation of higher-level verbal cognitive processes. At the same time, the study is the first to explore the impacts on recipients' psychological variables and the communication texts. These efforts offer new insights into the psychological and cognitive mechanisms underlying the watching eyes effect.

EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION AND ORGANISATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR: MEDIATING EFFECT OF JOB SATISFACTION AMONG TEACHERS OF PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS

This study examined the relationship between motivation and organisational citizenship behaviour using the mediating effect of job satisfaction among selected teachers of public primary schools in Ojo LGA of Lagos State. The quantitative approach was used in which data for this study were collected from 94 teachers from five (5) selected public primary schools in Ojo Local government using Yaro Yemane (1967) sample size determination formula. Three hypothesized statements were tested using the hierarchical regression analysis for data analysis. Results showed that the degree of relationship between the tested variables were strong and positive. Intrinsic factors influence altruism behaviour among employees and extrinsic factors on the hand also affect conscientiousness among the tested teachers. On the mediating effect of job satisfaction, the result showed the Correlations between motivation and OCB were positive as well and very significant (r = -0.609, p > 0.01). the mediating result of job satisfaction reveled that employee level of OCB will increase when they are satisfied with the motivational factors .It is therefore recommends that among others that management of public primary school should introduce an atmosphere where teachers feel satisfied on their jobs. Authorities should increase the other dimensions of job satisfaction through motivation to induce higher level of organisational citizenship behaviour. KEYWORDS: Employee Performance,Job Satisfaction, Motivation, Organisational Citizenship behaviour,, Primary School,

The effect of experiences of fairness on honest behavior: a behavioral and neural study.

Prior studies have investigated the relationship between fairness and honesty. However, the differences in the focus of these studies have rendered cross-comparisons between them challenging and of limited value. Thus, this study explored how fairness impacts honest decision-making, focusing specifically on the effect of individuals' experiences of fairness on their honest behavior. Experiment 1 explored the influence of different experiences of fairness on honest behavior in an altruistic context. In Experiment 2, we measured event-related potentials to further demonstrate the brain mechanisms of these experiences on altruistic dishonest behavior. In Experiment 1, we found that the reaction time for dishonest behavior was shorter for individuals who had positive unfairness experiences with high altruistic objects compared to low altruistic objects. Individuals who had negative unfairness experiences had shorter reaction times when engaging in dishonest behaviors for the sake of high altruistic objects compared to those with equitable experiences. In Experiment 2, in which there was an opportunity to lie for a highly altruistic object, those with fair experiences had greater N2 volatility and smaller P3 volatility than those with positive unfairness experiences. These findings highlight the value of integrating moral psychology and behavioral economics. Discriminant validity across fairness experiences can help illuminate the different motivations behind moral decisions.

Online sharing behaviors driven by need for approval: the choice of individuals with low social intelligence and high gratitude?

Knowledge sharing as an altruistic behavior has gained widespread attention. In the information age, online sharing is increasingly popular and has become an important way of exchanging and stimulating knowledge. Through a survey of 458 employees in China, this study examines the influence mechanism of need for approval on individual online sharing behavior and the moderating effect of gratitude and social intelligence. Study findings show that self-presentation has a mediating effect between need for approval and online sharing behavior, and individual need for approval can promote online sharing behavior by enhancing self-presentation. Gratitude and social intelligence both have positive moderating effects on the relations between self-presentation and online sharing behavior. Gratitude moderates the indirect influence of need for approval on online sharing behavior through self-presentation. Individuals with high gratitude and high social intelligence at the same time can strengthen the positive effect of self-presentation on online sharing behavior. Individuals can meet their approval need and obtain learning opportunities through online sharing behaviors. Organizations can select talents and obtain valuable information by establishing sharing platforms. Governments should also regulate online platforms for knowledge exchange as well as encourage individual online sharing behaviors.

Contractual Governance, Fairness, and Extra-Role Altruistic Behavior in Chinese Buyer–Seller Relationships

ABSTRACT Purpose This article aims to investigate how the control and coordination functions of the contract enforcement of a firm influence the extra-role altruistic behavior (ERAB) of its partner through distinct perceptions of fairness in buyer-seller relationships. It also examines how a critical institutional factor, marketization distance, moderates the influence of contractual governance on fairness. Methodology A survey was conducted on 627 distributors in China. Findings Our empirical analysis reveals that the seller’s contractual coordination encourages the buyer’s ERAB by increasing its perceptions of distributive, procedural, and interactional fairness, while contractual control inhibits the buyer’s ERAB by reducing its perceptions of distributive, and interactional fairness. Further, marketization distance weakens the positive effects of contractual coordination on all three types of fairness, but positively moderates the effect of contractual control on distributive fairness. Implications These findings make contributions to both research and practice in supply chain management.

The effect of conversation on altruism: A comparative study with different media and generations.

Despite the overwhelming evidence of climate change and its effects on future generations, most individuals are still hesitant to make environmental changes that would especially benefit future generations. In this study, we investigate whether dialogue can influence people's altruistic behavior toward future generations of humans, and how it may be affected by participant age and the appearance of the conversation partner. We used a human, an android robot called Telenoid, and a speaker as representatives of future generations. Participants were split among an old age group and a young age group and were randomly assigned to converse with one of the aforementioned representatives. We asked the participants to play a round of the Dictator Game with the representative they were assigned, followed by an interactive conversation and another round of the Dictator Game in order to gauge their level of altruism. The results show that, on average, participants gave more money after having an interactive conversation, and that older adults tend to give more money than young adults. There were no significant differences between the three representatives. The results show that empathy might have been the most important factor in the increase in altruistic behavior for all participants.

Investigating the effects of social information on spite in an online game.

While humans are highly cooperative, they can also behave spitefully. Yet spite remains understudied. Spite can be normatively driven and while previous experiments have found some evidence that cooperation and punishment may spread via social learning, no experiments have considered the social transmission of spiteful behaviour. Here we present an online experiment where, following an opportunity to earn wealth, we asked participants to choose an action towards an anonymous partner across a full spectrum of social behaviour, from spite to altruism. In accordance with cultural evolutionary theory, participants were presented with social information that varied in source and content. Across six conditions, we informed participants that either the majority or the highest earner had chosen to behave spitefully, neutrally or altruistically. We found an overall tendency towards altruism, but at lower levels among those exposed to spite compared with altruism. We found no difference between social information that came from the majority or the highest earner. Exploratory analysis revealed that participants' earnings negatively correlated with altruistic behaviour. Our results contrast with previous literature that report high rates of spite in experimental samples and a greater propensity for individuals to copy successful individuals over the majority.

Actively Promote the Thinking and Practice of Altruistic Behaviors among Teenagers Online

Actively Promote the Thinking and Practice of Altruistic Behaviors among Teenagers Online

Personality as a Predictor of Prosocial Behaviour in Male and Female Students

This research work investigates the relationship between personality traits and pro-social behaviour among male and female students, with a particular focus on examining the potential correlation between personality traits and pro-social behaviour. A sample of 100 data was collected to explore the predictive power of various personality traits on pro-social behaviour. The study found no significant gender differences in pro-social behaviour, suggesting that both males and females exhibit similar levels of altruistic tendencies. Furthermore, the analysis revealed a positive correlation between neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness with prosocial behaviour. Specifically, individuals scoring higher in neuroticism and extraversion tended to demonstrate greater pro-social behaviour. However, no significant correlation was found between openness, agreeableness, and pro-social behaviour. Moreover, through regression analysis, it was identified that neuroticism and extraversion emerged as significant predictors of pro-social behaviour. These findings highlight the importance of certain personality traits in predicting altruistic tendencies among students, regardless of gender. Overall, this research work contributes to the existing literature by shedding light on the role of personality in shaping pro-social behaviour among male and female students. The implications of these findings are discussed about understanding and promoting altruistic behaviour in educational settings.

The Relationship between College Students’ Online Altruistic Behavior and Subjective Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Cybersocial Support

The Relationship between College Students’ Online Altruistic Behavior and Subjective Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Cybersocial Support

Perceptions of Empathy Among Nursing Assistants in Long‐Term Care Facilities

Background:​ Empathy is a fundamental component of the therapeutic relationship between healthcare providers and patients and has the potential to yield significant benefits, including heightened care satisfaction, enhanced care quality, and improved mental well‐being for patients. As nursing assistants (NAs) are primary direct care providers in long‐term care facilities (LTCFs), it is necessary to understand NAs’ views on empathy in their care provision for residents, but a gap exists in the literature regarding NAs’ perspectives on empathy in this context.Aim: In this study, we aimed to explore perceptions of empathy among NAs in LTCFs.Research Design: A qualitative approach was applied in this study.Participants and Research Context: Through purposive and snowball sampling, 18 NAs who provided care for residents in six LTCFs in Taiwan were recruited. Face‐to‐face in‐depth interviews were conducted using a semistructured interview guide, and data were analyzed using a content analysis.Ethical Considerations: Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board. All participants signed a written informed consent form prior to the interview.Results: Four themes encompassing 11 categories were generated including “being fundamental to caregiving to establish trust and enhance quality care,” “practicing altruistic behavior in the pursuit of ethical caregiving,” “cycling empathic flow in care,” and “facing challenges in delivering empathetic care.”Conclusions: NAs in LTCFs viewed empathy as an essential element of the caregiving process. They saw empathy as selfless care, assistance to others, and alleviation of residents’ suffering. Understanding residents’ emotions, thoughts, and needs, active listening and compassionate engagement were vital to expressing empathy. However, NAs faced challenges in expressing empathy due to demanding tasks, time limitations, and insufficient knowledge and communication skills. In addition, emotional desensitization further complicated the provision of empathic care. The findings of this study can provide information for nurse managers and directors to understand NAs’ perspectives on empathy and difficulties when providing empathic care in the long‐term care context.

The Impact of Self-Efficacy on Organizational Commitment with the Mediation of Altruistic Behavior in Special School Teachers

The Impact of Self-Efficacy on Organizational Commitment with the Mediation of Altruistic Behavior in Special School Teachers

The Influence of Bhagavad Gita on the Literary Works of Sri Aurobindo Ghosh

This article examines the influence of the Bhagavad Gita on Sri Aurobindo Ghosh's literary and philosophical works. The Gita's teachings on karma, bhakti, and jnana shaped Aurobindo's philosophy of Integral Yoga, emphasizing spiritual growth through the integration of life’s physical, mental, and spiritual dimensions. His writings, especially Savitri and Essays on the Gita, reflect the Gita’s themes of selfless action, divine will, and spiritual struggle. By reinterpreting the Gita's message as a call for spiritual activism, Aurobindo created a modern path for seekers, extending the text’s relevance to contemporary spiritual and social transformation.

Lists of children’s traits for measuring parental values: from the perspective of Schwartz's typology

This article examines techniques for measuring parental values in key studies from the 1920s to the 2010s. Lists of prompts with desired qualities of children offered to respondents for selection or evaluation are analyzed in termsof Schwartz's value typology, which includes dimensions of conservation –openness to change and self-enhancement – self-transcendence. It is found that questionnaires tend to detail socially oriented values more than individualistic values, with a stronger emphasis on hierarchical sociality qualities such as obedience, neatness, good manners, and less emphasis on altruistic behaviors. Individualistic values of autonomy, self-enhancement and hedonism are not always adequately reflected in the questionnaires, which may be due to the restrictive nature of values for others compared to values for oneself.

ЕПІСТОЛЯРІЙ О. ГАЙ-ГОЛОВКА ЯК РЕКОНСТРУКЦІЯ БІОГРАФІЇ ПИСЬМЕННИКА

The article is dedicated to exploring the peculiarities of creating an epistolary portrait of O. Hai-Holovko against the background of the era. The epistolary heritage serves as an inexhaustible source that remains open and requires careful examination to this day. The article notes that over several decades, Hai-Holovkocorresponded with literary scholars, writers, and public fi gures of Ukraine and the Ukrainian diaspora, including P. Mykhailyshyn, V. Matsko, V. Chumachenko, P. Soroka, S. Fostun, V. Chaplenko. The analysis of preserved letters from the writer has allowed us to reconstruct, in chronological sequence, milestones in the artist’s life path: childhood and youth, during which the codes of personal behavior were established; the early period of life and creativity associated with turmoil abroad, the search for a better fate; the era of the Ukrainian Renaissance of the 1920s-30s and its suppression by the Bolshevik regime; Bolshevik imprisonment, Nazi Gestapo, and fi nally, emigration. All his life experiences urged Hai-Holovko to reassess his worldview positions, ideas, perspectives, and to embark on the path of struggle for Ukraine’s national lib-eration. Literary scholars affi rm that epistolary sources attest to the writer’s ceaseless service to Ukrainian culture under challenging circumstances. The article not only traces the creation of an epistolary portrait of O. Hai-Holovko against the background of the era but also focuses on the characteristics of Ukrainian diaspora fi gures with whom he communicated and collaborated, among them renowned Ukrainian poets and writers such as Olzhych, Teliha, Samchuk, Malanyuk, Barka, and others. The documentary testimonies of O. Hai-Holovko regarding his relationship with Ivan Ohienko are particularly valuable; they touch upon the latter years of the metropoli-tan’s life, illustrating his missionary activity and serving as testimony to his selfl essness. The study reveals the specifi cs of creating Hai-Holovko’sepistolary portrait against the background of the eras – the horrifi c mass killings of Ukrainians by mos-cow (the Holodomor of 1932-1933), World War II, and the period of his emigration.

Cultural Intelligence, Diversity Climate, and Employee Behavior: A Study of MNE Subsidiaries in China

This study draws from the literature on workplace diversity, cultural intelligence, and creativity to examine the relationship between diversity climate and employees’ behaviors. With data collected from three multinational enterprise subsidiaries that operated in China for over 25 years, this study reveals that employees’ metacognitive cultural intelligence is positively related to their perceived diversity climate, leading to creative behavior and citizenship altruism behavior. In addition, this study examines an important interpersonal factor that is sensitive to the Confucius culture, harmony, and finds it directly impact motivational cultural intelligence. The mediating effect of harmony on the relationship between motivational cultural intelligence and employees’ altruism behaviors is also tested. This study contributes to the literature by investigating the organizational mechanisms underlying the role of cultural intelligence on employee behaviors in culturally diverse workplaces. Practical implications are also discussed.