Alternative Tourism Types Research Articles

Rural Tourism As Promoter of Rural Development: A Conceptual Overview

Economic, social and technological developments in recent years have led to significantchangesand transformationsin the tourism sector.There has been a growing interest in alternative tourism types such as rural tourism.This form of tourism is becoming increasingly popular as it offers an escape from urban life and allows people to reconnect with nature. Furhermore itis accepted that rural tourism is an important tool for socio-economic development and regeneration in rural areas where the economic return of agricultural activities is decreasing. The aim of the study is to explore the role of rural tourism in rural development and to provide recommendations for its more effective use.Preservation of cultural heritage, maintaining the unique natural features of rural regions and keeping traditional handicrafts alive are important for the development of rural tourism.

Can Halal Tourism in Lombok be Sustainable? A Case Study of Stakeholder Perspective

This study explores the potential of Indonesia, particularly Lombok, as a leading halal tourism destination. Despite being ranked first in the Global Muslim Travel Index (GMTI) by 2023, Indonesia has yet to meet its target of attracting 25% of foreign tourists as Muslims by 2022. Lombok plays a key role in this vision, yet stakeholders hold divergent views on the sustainability of halal tourism there. Discussions on the business and environmental aspects of halal tourism, with respect to stakeholder synergy and innovation, are still limited. This research aims to examine how stakeholders perceive halal tourism in Lombok and the ways in which they collaborate and innovate to ensure its sustainability. A qualitative approach was employed, using a case study method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with five purposively selected stakeholders, chosen for their significant involvement in sustaining halal tourism. The data were analysed using Atlas.ti software to ensure accurate representation. Findings reveal contrasting stakeholder views on the future of halal tourism in Lombok. While some support it for its uniqueness, others express concerns about possible restrictions and favour alternative tourism types. For sustainability, stakeholder synergy and innovation are essential. Key measures include creating direct flight routes from Muslim-majority countries, fostering local partnerships, and promoting environmental and business sustainability. Additionally, government-driven initiatives like international events and halal certification could attract more tourists, while education and training would empower local communities.

A Study on Measuring Tourist Consumers' Intentions to Participate in Unusual Types of Tourism

Tourists who are bored with the traditional understanding of vacation have entered into new searches. As a result of these searches, new types of tourism have emerged over time. These tourism types are gathered together under the title of alternative tourism. Alternative tourism types are known as tourism types that are shaped according to the tourism understanding of individuals. For this reason, the main purpose of this study is to determine the intention of tourists participating in tourism mobility to participate in extraordinary tourism types. Within the scope of the study, ten types of tourism characterized as extraordinary are discussed. The 408 participants who constitute the sample of the study were asked questions about whether they knew these types of tourism before and their participation intentions. The data were analyzed by applying the survey technique, which is one of the quantitative research methods. In the questionnaire prepared for the participants, information was given about what these tourism types include and how they are realized. The data obtained were subjected to frequency analysis. It was determined whether the participants knew which type of tourism before and whether they would participate or not. The data obtained as a result of the research were evaluated. Considering that consumers are interested in what is new and different, some suggestions have been developed.

Touristic Value of Mostar Bridge: An Exploratory Research

The Mostar Bridge was built in 1557 by Mimar Hajruddin and continued its existence until 1993. It was destroyed by Croatian artillery fire during the Bosnian War and the stones used in its construction mixed with the Neretva River, which divides the Mostar region as a natural border. The stones of the bridge were removed from the river by Hungarian divers and reconstruction began in 1997 with the support of Turkey, France, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Hungary. The Mostar Bridge, which was opened in 2004, was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2005. This study aims to reveal the touristic value of the bridge by examining the studies on the Mostar Bridge using the literature review method. Before literature review field work was conducted by the author to see the destination. After the search conducted in the Web of Science database under the title of ‘Mostar Bridge’, 92 studies were reached, and those that were double-counted and articles that were not appropriate in terms of content were removed. In the literature review conducted, it was understood that there were not enough studies on the touristic value of the Mostar Bridge considering its history. It is particularly evident that the bridge's potential for melancholy and diaspora tourism has not been utilized. The atmosphere of trust, peace and tranquility that was disrupted by the Bosnia War and the collapse of the bridge has also changed the ethnic structure of the region. While the vast majority of the Serbian population migrated after the war, Bosnians and Croats began to live in two separate areas, east and west of Mostar. While the Mostar Bridge creates a diaspora tourism potential for those who migrated and have historical ties to the region, it should also be evaluated in the context of melancholy tourism as it is the most concrete example of war and destruction. Studies to be conducted in the following period should emphasize the alternative tourism types that the bridge can serve and the tourism potential it carries.

A Local Flavor: Karaman Stuffed İlisıra

Turkish culinary culture has a very rich variety of food and reflects the cultural heritage of the society. Although there are regional differences, meals are included in many rituals from the wedding meal to the circumcision dinner. Traditionally prepared local dishes are preferred because of the organic products used. Local dishes are effective on gastronomic tourism, which is one of the alternative tourism types. It is known that some traditionally prepared local dishes are being forgotten due to currents such as fast food. In this study, which is a culinary culture research, it is aimed to determine the preparation, presentation, consumption style, and distinctive features of stuffed ilisıra, which is among the traditional dishes of Karaman, to be recorded in order not to be forgotten and to bring it to the literature. In accordance with this purpose, in the study, qualitative research method was preferred, and face-to-face interview technique was used as data collection tool. With the consent of the interviewed participants, the interviews were recorded on a voice recorder. Participants were chosen among those who know how to make Karaman Stuffed Ilisira and have a taste for it. The data obtained were divided into themes using the descriptive analysis method and supported by the direct statements of the participants. The participants stated that the eggplant they grow in their own gardens, Karaman type bulgur and minced meat made from the meat of animals grazed in the region are used in the meal. At the end of the research, it was determined that the inner mortar was prepared by adding onion, pepper, tomato, parsley, tomato paste, red pepper, salt, egg, and minced meat and kneading thoroughly. It has been concluded that the eggplants are a local flavor prepared by cutting the eggplants in half horizontally and then vertically and placing the stuffing between the eggplants. The study was conducted with the approval of the Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Social and Humanities, Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee, dated 27.01.2023, meeting number 02, and decision number 02-2023/21. It is recommended to take part in the business menus of local dishes, to increase the recognition and to contribute to gastronomy tourism.

Evaluation of Social Media Tools in Health Tourism Marketing with Multi Criteria Decision Making Methods

Today, countries are turning to alternative tourism types due to the destructive and corrosive effect of mass tourism. Various factors in the global market affect consumer preferences and shape their demands. This situation leads countries to seek alternative tourism types. While developed countries tend to focus more on sports tourism, the rising value of health tourism stands out for developing countries. The high costs of healthcare services in developed countries, waiting times, and the lack of many health services offered by insurance companies lead consumers to outsource their helthcare needs. Relationship marketing plays a key role in health tourism services, and consumers seek first-hand answers to their questions. The health sector's sensitive and complex structure informs and raises consumers' awareness on the axis of relational marketing dimensions. This study aims to via multi criteria decision making to determine and rank the social media channels used in health tourism marketing. While the criteria weights are determined by the Best-Worst Method, the priority order of social media channels is determined by COmbinative Distance-based ASsessment. Expert opinions were consulted during the criteria determination and the ranking of the alternatives. As a result of the analyses, the importance of social media is emphasised once again. Social media tools, especially through mobile application applications, shape the age with the audience it reaches, the distribution between regions, the time spent and the information transmitted. The need for socialisation accelerates the development of technology with the rapid orientation of people towards this field. In this case, youtube, which has gained momentum with the number of users and the use of visual and auditory elements together, holds the leadership in the reflection of relational marketing on health tourism today, as it creates space for all segments, even though information pollution is experienced.

Mount Erciyes and sports tourism: A study to evaluate the current situation

In the changing and developing world, people's needs and requests have also begun to vary, and this situation has given the opportunity for the emergence of alternative tourism types on the basis of the tourism sector. Sports tourism, on the other hand, has emerged as an alternative tourism type that includes the active or passive participation of individual or group participants in different branches as a niche market. In this research, it is aimed to evaluate the potential of Mount Erciyes in terms of sports tourism and to present guiding knowledge for sector and public representatives. In this direction, prioritization was made with the SWOT analysis through interviews with fourteen stakeholders in the region, and then with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method in line with the findings obtained. Accordingly, it has been determined that Mount Erciyes has strengths and opportunities such as accessibility and being in the Cappadocia Region, as well as weaknesses and threats such as insufficient infrastructure and increased competition. In addition, it has been seen that global competition is a threat to destination, but accessibility is the most important criteria to gain a competitive advantage.

코로나 이후 시대 시간관의 사회적 의미와 관광 분야에서의 지방구술사 연구로의 적용을 위한 탐색적 연구

Purpose This study aims to analyze the time perspective of members of society in the post-COVID-19 era and how it changed their attitudes and behaviors and explore the meaning of tourism in the consumption of time resources with the function and role of local oral history study.
 Methods The contents of the literature on the social composition process of time and its meaning were reviewed and analyzed to explore the possibility of developing local tourism resources based on local oral history. The historical meaning of time-related research was examined as an exploratory research before conducting tourism research based on local oral history. Some implications were suggested on how this social philosophical discussion in terms of humanities and social science could be applied to developing local resources in tourism, an applied science.
 Results Local oral history study on local history and culture based on a new time perspective in postmodern society helps reflect on the forming and reconstructing of various cultural boundaries in the production and consumption of the local community. As the expansion of tourism based on various local oral histories helps tourists to combine one-dimensional regression to the past, reflection on the present, and imagination of the future, local oral history is given the broad sense of tourism resource development that mitigates cultural boundaries in the post-COVID-19 era.
 Conclusion The reflection on local history that helps newly remember the characteristics of a region through local oral history helps develop convergence tourism which newly emerges in the production and consumption of the local community culture. Also, local oral history has important theoretical and practical social meanings as it is considered as a new type of alternative tourism to people and promotes an active reconstruction of human behavior.

Tourist motivation for slow travel: A case study of the Vojvodina Region, Serbia

Slow tourism is a type of alternative tourism that promotes the tourist experience by slowing down the pace, protecting the environment and improving of the tourist experience quality by engaging tourists with the place. It is a new idea that is gaining acceptance worldwide. This study is a reflection on how this type of tourism might grow in Vojvodina. The first goal of this study was to examine the characteristics of tourists who visited Vojvodina and to examine which destinations in Vojvodina are the most visited. Finally, the primary objective of the article was to investigate the motives travelers choose to travel to Vojvodina. Based on the research data of 243 participants who visited destinations in Vojvodina, two factors that motivate tourists (research and leisure) were identified, using the Exploratory Factor Analysis. Future studies on this subject in the surrounding countries can take advantage of the research methodology.

The Importance of Rural Tourism in the Context of Sustainable Urban Development and Its Impact on Rural Development: The Case of Foça Kozbeyli

The strain and destruction of touristic activities on the city’s inherent values is quite strong in historical city centers. Alternative tourism types that focus on rural areas are important in terms of sectoral development in this context. Cooperation between agriculture and tourism contributes to the reduction of development gaps between rural and urban areas, the preservation and development of existing environmental assets and natural resources in rural areas, and long-term urban development. The aim of this study is to examine the tourism potential of the city of Foça and to reveal the importance and necessity of rural tourism in the context of the sectoral development of tourism. Kozbeyli village was chosen as a sample area. This study, in which rural tourism is discussed in the context of sustainable urban development and its impact on rural development, includes a study on spatial fiction as well as carrying out a planning study on tourism activities. In the study method, qualitative and quantitative research techniques are used together. Direct observation and spatial investigations constitute the qualitative part of the study method, while the evaluations made using the Likert scale technique constitute the quantitative part. The “Farm and Tourism Facility Design with Rural Tourism Concept” student project work progress in Kozbeyli village was discussed. The reflections of tourism on architecture and its effects on the city were evaluated. This research can also be viewed as a preliminary investigation on the architectural quality of small and medium-sized rural facilities.

The role of economic conditions and sustainable rural development on the sustainability of tourism development: evidence from China

At present, tourism is counted among those industries which have gained global attention due to rapid growth. Hence, a constant diversification in terms of destination is needed in tourism development. The recent trends of industry highlight the demand of alternative tourism types, among which nature-related tourism appears to be an emerging concept. In this regard, the present article investigates the impact of economic conditions and sustainable rural development on the sustainability of tourism development in China. The current research has gathered secondary data from the World Bank from 1981 to 2020. The quartile autoregressive distributed lag model has been applied to test the association between the variables. The results revealed that GDP, inflation, FDI, exchange rate, energy use, gross savings, and sustainable rural development have a significant and positive association with the sustainability of tourism development in China. Findings offer managerial implications recommending the local government to focus on the sustainability of rural development and economic conditions that may lead to the implementation of tourism-related development projects. This study also guides the policymakers in establishing policies related to tourism development using different economic conditions and sustainable rural development.

Proposta de Rota Cultural Inovadora na Gestão de Destino da Região da Capadócia

Cappadocia Region, which has a rich and authentic motif in its historical and cultural context, hosts thousands of visitors every year. This mystical destination, which allows tourism activities throughout the year with its values, is very attractive in terms of geomorphology, belief, culture, archaeology and other alternative tourism types. In terms of introducing the existing and/or unearthed cultural values ​​of this region, which currently hosts countless tourists, and at the same time gaining an innovative and different perspective to cultural tourism, a research has been carried out on the proposal of an integrated or new route covering the Gülağaç district of Aksaray, which is thought to be relatively overshadowed. In the light of the information obtained from the answers given to three open-ended questions directed to the participants about including Gülağaç in cultural tourism routes and/or developing an innovative route; it has been observed that there is a common opinion that the awareness and recognition levels of destinations with high cultural and heritage attractiveness can be increased through tourism. As well as being a remedial way for over tourism; this research, which serves the purposes of increasing destination loyalty by increasing factors of attractiveness, updating and developing innovative cultural routes and tourism activities, and keeping other heritage elements alive in the region, is considered to be a collective study focusing on many disciplines such as archeology, history, art and tourism.

Centers in Faith Tourism and the Interaction of Local People with These Centers: The Case of Kastamonu

Ulaşımın kolaylaşması, sanayileşme, boş zamanın artması, eğitim düzeyinin yükselmesi ve kişi başına düşen gelir düzeyinin artması gibi nedenlerle birey; turistik gezilere yönelebilmektedir. Bu yönelimi artırmak ve bireyi monoton yaşamından uzaklaştırabilmek için geleneksel kitle turizmi yanında ortaya çıkan alternatif turizm türleriyle ilgili farkındalık çalışmalarına önem verilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu alternatif turizm türleri arasında yer alan, yıl boyunca ve daha düşük maliyetle yerine getirilebilen inanç turizminin önemini artırmaktadır. Araştırmanın amacı; kültür ve inanç turizmi unsurlarından T.C. Kastamonu Belediyesi resmî Web sayfasında yayımlanan ve Merkez ilçede bulunan cami ve külliyeler hakkında farkındalık oluşturmak, Merkez ilçede yaşayanlar tarafından bu unsurların ziyaret oranlarını ölçmektir. Amaca ulaşmak için izinlerin alınması sonrasında Kastamonu ili Merkez ilçesinde en az üç yıl yaşamış 20 yaş üstü 518 katılımcıdan oluşan örneklem grubuna anket uygulaması yapılmıştır. Veriler Google Formlar aracılığıyla gönüllülük ölçütü temel alınarak kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle toplanmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen verilerin analizi SPSS İstatistik Analiz Programı kullanılarak yapılmış; verilerin analizi sırasında, betimleyici istatistiklerin yanı sıra Ki-Kare Testi uygulanmıştır. Sonuç olarak araştırmaya katılan katılımcıların inanç turizmi merkezleri hakkında yeterince farkındalığa sahip olmadıkları görülmüştür. Katılımcıların cinsiyet, medeni durum, eğitim, meslek ve aylık gelir durumlarına göre inanç turizmi merkezlerini ziyaret etme durumları arasında anlamlı farklılık vardır. Katılımcılara göre inanç turizmi merkezlerinin turizm bakımından ilgi odağı hâline getirilebilmesi için basın ve yayın organları ile sosyal medyanın etkinliğinden yararlanılması, çeşitli sosyal ve kültürel etkinliklerin düzenlenmesi, inanç turizmiyle ilgili girişimcilere imkânlar sağlanması, konu hakkında eğitimler verilmesi gerekmektedir.

ÖRNEK OLAYLARLA SAĞLIK TURİZMİ VE REKREASYON ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİYE DAİR BİR İNCELEME

Health tourism, which is among the alternative tourism types in tourism literature and evaluated as special interest tourism according to some sources, has come to the forefront as an important tourism type in recent years. Health tourism, in general, is a broad market that covers niche types such as thermal tourism, spa and wellness tourism, medical and dental tourism, senior tourism and accessible tourism. Although it is stated that the main purpose of health tourism is to protect and improve health, it is also aimed to meet the entertainment needs of tourists through accommodation, nutrition, rest and certain recreational activities. In particular, recreational activities do not only increase the quality of life of tourists for a short and temporary time, but also support their treatment by positively affecting their emotions. Therefore tourists who plan their travels within the scope of health tourism recently prefer facilities that will offer them different recreational experiences other than health services. Although it has been claimed in some studies that the recreational activities organized during the treatment, beyond the health services, make significant contributions to the wellbeing of the tourists, there are still a few remarkable studies in this area. The aim of this study, which was carried out in order to shed light on the gap in the field, is to evaluate the relationship between recreational activities and health tourism types, whose importance is increasing day by day within the scope of health tourism. For this purpose, first of all, health tourism and recreation are explained conceptually in the study and the relations between the two concepts are examined. In addition, by supporting the relations between health tourism and recreation with case studies, a contribution to the recreation literature has been made and new perspectives have been presented to business managers operating in the field of health tourism.

Reflections on visitors' experiences of the beekeeping museum: an analysis of the guestbook notes

The number of alternative tourism types that appeal to niche markets is increasing daily in response to the changing demands and expectations of tourists. Apitourism, which is a blend of nature and culture, has attracted attention and has become an important niche tourism market in recent years. In this study, the tourists’ experiences of visiting the beekeeping museum, which is an attraction within the scope of apitourism, were examined. The notes written in the museum’s visitor book, and the observations made to support the notes, enabled the visitors’ experiences to be classified into 32 codes and six themes. The resulting themes, such as shedding light on the past, experiencing intense emotions, information and awareness, being a recreational activity, features of the museum, and staff. As a result of the study, some suggestions have been put forward for researchers and apitourism stakeholders.

Train Tourism in the Context of Experiential Tourism: The Example of the Touristic Eastern Express Travel

Businesses focus on the concept of customer orientation in order to plan their activities correctly in the modern market. The concept of consumption experience has emerged in the modern marketing approach and the experiential tourism understanding has become widespread in the field of tourism. In this direction, the research focused on the concept of "train tourism", which is one of the alternative tourism types that the experiential tourism phenomenon is adopted as an approach. Moreover, the research aimed to develop a substantive theoretical model in order to determine the experiences of the individuals participating in the Eastern Express and Touristic Eastern Express travels. In the study using the grounded theory research design, the data obtained were analyzed using the constant comparative method, the three-step coding method and the coding manual. As a result of the analysis, a theoretical model named "Train Tourism Experience" and having a substantive nature was revealed. As a result of the research, eight components that generate the train tourism experience and named as "Emotional Experience, Gastronomic Experience, Hedonism, Innovative Experience, Authenticity, Popular Culture, Symbolism and Social Interaction" were revealed.

Kapadokya Bölge Turizminin Sorunlarına ve Çözüm Önerilerine Yönelik Bir Değerlendirme

The aim of this study is to put forth how much of the ongoing tourism problems in the Cappadocia Region could be solved by in-depth analysis or what steps can be taken to solve them. From this point of view, by using the qualitative research approach, the single-case embedded design was used in the study. In this context, the outputs of meetings such as conferences, seminars, and workshops held so far to identify the problems that prevent tourism development in the destination have been examined by document analysis. Regarding the tourism of the Cappadocia region, lack of promotion, vocational/in-service training, and qualified workforce, poor working conditions, insufficient incentives for the sector, failure to manage crises, unplanned construction in the region, security problems, not adopting the concept of sustainability, inability to activate alternative tourism types, standard service quality and inadequate supervision, lack of historical and cultural inventory, transportation problems and many problems regarding inter-institutional communication and cooperation have been revealed. Based on the research results, possible solutions for the problems experienced in the tourism sector in the region are presented. Since there has been limited research in terms of addressing the current problems of the tourism sector in the Cappadocia Region, It is expected that the findings of this study will contribute to the field and provide practical benefits by creating a resource for subsequent research and offering suggestions.

COVID-19 Salgını Sonrası Yükselen Trend Kırsal Turizm: Zile Örneği

The COVID-19 pandemic, which has a profound impact on the tourism industry globally, brought about major changes in tourist preferences. A transition has been made to a period when mass tourism is less preferred and individual tourism activities are more prominent in preferences. In this study, rural tourism, which is one of the most suitable species for individual tourism, has been examined the aim of this research is to examine the rise of rural tourism, which is one of the alternative tourism types, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, on the basis of Tokat-Zile example. In the study, the semi-structured interview form was applied to 21 people from different professions living and working in Zile district in June-July 2020, by using the focus group method and videoconference as it is a pandemic period. The data obtained are presented in tables and graphics. Also, in the light of the findings of the study, SWOT analysis was conducted by the researchers. Accordingly, after the COVID-19 pandemic, Zile was quite suitable for tourism activities in the countryside, bu

Can a Cultural Variant Dedicated to Arab-Muslim Tourists Save the Tunisian Tourism Sector?

Unanimously recognised as a growing sector in today’s world, cultural tourism continues to attract the attention of researchers seeking to exhume the mechanisms and dynamics that govern it. In terms of political and strategic choices, Tunisia is currently giving this sector an increasingly remarkable interest. It is in this perspective that we tried to carry out a survey that would highlight the opinions of Arab-Muslim visitors about cultural tourism in Tunisia. To this end, we relied on the principal component analysis and the probit models that we considered the most appropriate to deal with our problem. Using individual data from a sample of 300 Arab-Muslim tourists who visited Tunisia during the summer vacation of 2014, we tried to interpret the results that seemed very suggestive. Our analysis of the different results led us to deduce that it is difficult for the Tunisian destination to motivate the Arab-Muslim visitors by focusing on the cultural tourism (in its current state) and that it is not the best way to attract this category of tourists. In the light of the obtained results, we have proposed some solutions that could promote this destination and fructify this type of alternative tourism.

Relationships among Self-efficacy, Job Resourcefulness and Job Performance of Hotel Cooks in Cappadocia

One of the significant service sectors, tourism sector has a prominent effect on the economic, social and cultural development of countries. Cappadocia region is one of the most inportant tourist attractions located in Turkey. Many a tourist visits the region each year, due to which the quality of service being good is regarded invaluable in terms of the advirtisement of the region, making it known more widely, and its development economically. This conducted study has great importance with regard to gastronomic tourism, one of the alternative tourism types. The improvement of gastronomic tourism is closely related to the creation of quality products. Quality products are dependent upon the dedication of the cooks on their work, and their job performance (work performance) being high. Because of this fact, the study tends to define the relationship among the self-efficacy of the cooks working in the hotels in the Cappadocia region, their work-resourcefulness; in other words, job resourcefulness, and their performances at their workplaces; in other words, their job performance. The result of the study signifies a positive correlation among the pre-mentioned concepts.