Alternative Sources Of Information Research Articles

Perceptions of government guidance and citizen responses during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-country analysis

The public perception of government approaches to pandemic management has played an important role in citizen responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the state and associated health institutions should feasibly be sources of epistemic authority, the pandemic has undermined their legitimacy as anti-science rhetoric proliferated and ‘fake news’ spread rapidly. In this paper, we present a comparative analysis of interviews with citizens across four different countries and explore how a lack of consistency and clarity in public health guidance from government and other trusted institutions led to a polarisation in public perceptions and mixed understandings of the pandemic. Using interview data collected across Brazil, Japan, Spain and the United Kingdom, we explored whether there were differences in the extent to which both state governments and scientific institutions were perceived as epistemic authorities through managing the pandemic. Participants grappled with a distrust of government guidelines, finding alternative sources of information to manage perceived infection risk, and make decisions around self-medication. Our analysis suggests several components were key to maintaining trust – and therefore epistemic authority – during the pandemic: reliability of the information delivered by different government bodies, including clarity of messaging; reliability of the government bodies themselves, including whether officials conducted themselves appropriately; and honesty about claims to expertise, including communicating when the scientific evidence was unclear or inconclusive. Our data suggests that honest communication about the limits of their knowledge would assist governments in engendering trust among citizens, and theoretically, compliance with public health guidelines.

ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES OF THE AUDIT OF INTEGRATED REPORTING OF CORPORATE ENTERPRISES

The purpose of the article is to develop a system of analytical indicators that characterize the efficiency of capital use of corporate enterprises to assess the implementation of their development strategy, which can be used by independent auditors when verifying integrated reporting.The methodological basis of the analytical procedures of the audit of integrated reporting is a comparative analysis of the actually achieved performance indicators, which best present the results of the activities of corporate enterprises in the context of the prospects of using capital components to increase value with previously established indicators or previously achieved indicators. When substantiating the system of analytical indicators that are used in the audit of integrated reporting of corporate enterprises, we proceeded from the components of capital that form the value of a corporate enterprise.For the first time, a system of analytical indicators was developed to assess the efficiency of the components of various types of capital that form the value of corporate enterprise during an independent audit of integrated reporting. To ensure the transparency of the results of the evaluation of the efficiency of the use of capital, this system should not simply act as a collection of the main evaluation coefficients but embody a vision of the strategy of increasing the value of the enterprise, confirmed by cause-and-effect relationships.The practical value of the scientific research lies in the fact that the results obtained by the authors will contribute to the assessment of the effectiveness of the use of various types of capital during the audit of the integrated reporting of corporate enterprises. The use of analytical assessment in the implementation of independent assessment of integrated reporting of corporate enterprises expands the goals and tasks of auditors, and therefore, the need to improve their competencies both directly in conducting analytical assessment and in establishing signs of reliability of data for the application of analytical procedures increases. This will be useful when applying professional judgment when deciding on the selection of alternative sources of information and identifying signs of data manipulation in the integrated reporting of a corporate enterprise.

Performance of heat spots obtained from satellite datasets to represent burned areas in Andean ecosystems of Cusco, Peru

The combustion of biomass is a prevalent practice in the Andes. Often, these burns escape control and escalate into wildfires. However, the investigation of unreported fire incidents has not received the same level of attention as reported wildfires. Satellite provide an alternative information source for studying wildfires. Given the scarcity of wildfire response tools, it is imperative to develop strategies to prevent burns in regions where human activity typically triggers wildfires. This study aims to assess the efficacy of heat spot data obtained from satellite datasets in identifying fire activity in the Peruvian Andes. The study utilized MODIS (MCD14DL product) and VIIRS (SUOMI and JPSS-1 products) satellite datasets to characterize fire activity through heat spot detection. Additionally, the study employed the normalized burned area index (NBR), a valuable indicator for mapping burned areas. Our findings indicate that MODIS and VIIRS heat spots demonstrate a high level of reliability in detecting active fires (commission errors of ∼1%). However, the detection of burned areas not captured by MODIS or VIIRS heat spots was significantly high (omission errors of ∼90%). Nevertheless, this detection deficiency decreased for larger burn areas (errors of omission between 10 and 30% for burned areas between 50 and 100 ha, using JPSS-1 VIIRS). These results suggest that satellite heat spots are inadequate for identifying burn practices, which encompass small-scale and short-duration fire activities (lasting only hours). The outcomes of this study enhance our understanding of the suitability of heat spot detection for wildfire prevention in the Peruvian Andes.

VII—Can Arguments Change Minds?

Abstract Can arguments change minds? Philosophers like to think that they can. However, a wealth of empirical evidence suggests that arguments are not very efficient tools to change minds. What to make of the different assessments of the mind-changing potential of arguments? To address this issue, we must take into account the broader contexts in which arguments occur, in particular the propagation of messages across networks of attention, and the choices that epistemic agents must make between alternative potential sources of content and information, which are very much influenced by perceptions of reliability and trustworthiness. Arguments can change minds, but only under conducive, favourable socio-epistemic conditions.

Online Videos Regarding Relevant Postoperative Patient Information and Postoperative Rehabilitation After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair Provide Poor Information Quality, Accuracy, and Reliability

To evaluate the information quality, accuracy, and reliability of YouTube videos regarding relevant postoperative patient information and postoperative rehabilitation after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. By use of The Onion Router (TOR) software and predefined search terms, 102 videos were assessed. Four scoring systems were used to evaluate included videos: (1) Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria score; (2) Global Quality Score (GQS); (3) DISCERN score; and (4) a newly developed score, the Rotator Cuff Score (RCS). The RCS (0-30 points) was built based on the latest published evidence and guidelines from the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Videos that scored up to 9 points were regarded as poor-quality videos. Most of the included videos provided poor information quality, accuracy, and reliability. Videos that were uploaded by medically trained professionals showed significantly better results for all scores compared with commercial or personal-testimony videos (JAMA benchmark criteria score, P < .001; GQS, P < .001; DISCERN score, P= .001; and RCS, P= .001). Multivariate linear regression showed that the involvement of medically trained professionals was a significant predictor of better results for all scores (JAMA benchmark criteria score, β= 1.496 [P < .001]; GQS, β= 1.105 [P < .001]; DISCERN score, β= 11.234 [P < .001]; and RCS, β= 5.017 [P < .001]). Surprisingly, the like ratio was significantly higher for videos that were uploaded by non-medically trained individuals (P= .041). The average information quality, accuracy, and reliability of YouTube videos regarding relevant postoperative patient information and postoperative rehabilitation after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair are poor. Videos from medically trained professionals provide significantly higher information quality; however, even these videos lack important information for a better understanding of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Because of the lack of a peer-review process, available videos on YouTube regarding relevant postoperative patient information and postoperative rehabilitation after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair are of low quality, accuracy, and reliability. However, patients increasingly visit YouTube to gather medical knowledge. Physicians should enlighten patients about these findings and should be able to provide alternative sources of high-quality information.

Measuring the Impact and Influence of Scientific Activity in the Humanities and Social Sciences

Scientific activity in the Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS) presents special characteristics that require the use of various sources and methodologies to adequately assess its impact and influence on both academic and non-academic audiences. This study aims to explore the validity of traditional and alternative information sources for the analysis of the characteristics of HSS research and its academic impact and influence (considering social, media, informative and political influence). It is also intended to highlight the differences between Humanities (H) and Social Sciences (SS) and analyse the variables that determine the different types of impact and influence of research in each of them. The following sources of information are used: Web of Science, conCIENCIA (institutional database), Google Scholar, Unpaywall, Altmetric.com and Overton, focused on the study of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). The results obtained show that institutional sources make local research visible, which has high percentages of open access. The usefulness of alternative sources to measure social, media, informative and political influence is verified, since HSS publications have an important number of mentions. Significant differences are observed between H and SS in terms of publication coverage (higher in H in the institutional database), language (more Spanish in H), open access (higher percentages in SS) and impact measured through conCIENCIA (the greatest number of documents with a high impact is found in H). In addition, the influence on non-academic audiences is increased by the international orientation of research, the greater academic impact, the participation of SS centres and the immediacy of publications. This study is a starting point for future research, as it explores several tools and data sources to analyse the influence of HSS research on different audiences. A comprehensive analysis will also facilitate the proposal of new metrics applied to the HSS assessment, highlighting its importance for society as a whole.

Google Trends Analysis Reflecting Internet Users’ Interest in Selected Terms of Sexual and Reproductive Health in Ukraine

Introduction: The war in Ukraine has had adverse impacts on all areas of life, including health-related issues. Limited access to medical care increases the need to look for alternative sources of medical information. Aim: To analyze trends of Internet users’ interest in sexual and reproductive health in Ukraine based on Google Trends. Materials and Methods: The retrospective study was based on the analysis of terms related to sexual and reproductive health searched by Ukrainian Internet users. The tool used was Google Trends. The period from 1 January 2021 to 1 January 2023 was analyzed. The time variability in search growths and peaks was assessed from the perspective of two time intervals (before the war and during the war) using the chi-square test. Results: Significant changes have been demonstrated in the interests of Internet users from Ukraine regarding selected issues of sexual and reproductive health during the ongoing war. Compared to the pre-war period, a marked increase was observed in active searches for terms such as “condoms” (p = 0.0081), “rape” (p = 0.0008), “syphilis” (p = 0.0136), “ovulation” (p = 0.0002) and “pregnancy test” (p = 0.0008). Conclusions: The conducted analysis clearly indicates an increased need for information regarding sexual and reproductive health among Ukrainian citizens during the ongoing armed conflict. The analysis of trends among Internet users interests can be a valuable source of knowledge for decision makers, including human rights organizations, regarding the scope and coordination of activities aimed at protecting the sexual and reproductive health of the inhabitants of Ukraine.

Christ, Country, and Conspiracies? Christian Nationalism, Biblical Literalism, and Belief in Conspiracy Theories

AbstractWhen misinformation is rampant, “fake news” is rising, and conspiracy theories are widespread, social scientists have a vested interest in understanding who is most susceptible to these false narratives and why. Recent research suggests Christians are especially susceptible to belief in conspiracy theories in the United States, but scholars have yet to ascertain the role of religiopolitical identities and epistomological approaches, specifically Christian nationalism and biblical literalism, in generalized conspiracy thinking. Because Christian nationalists sense that the nation is under cultural threat and biblical literalism provides an alternative (often anti‐elite) source of information, we predict that both will amplify conspiracy thinking. We find that Christian nationalism and biblical literalism independently predict conspiracy thinking, but that the effect of Christian nationalism increases with literalism. Our results point to the contingent effects of Christian nationalism and the need for the religious variables in understanding conspiracy thinking.

An innovation systems approach to understanding forage adoption intensity in the dairy systems of Kenya and Ethiopia

The adoption of cultivated forages in smallholder dairy systems offers a cost-effective way to increase the productivity of livestock. The Kenyan and Ethiopian governments have both stated an ambition to increase the use of forages in their dairy sectors; however, policies have failed to produce widespread results. Existing research tends to focus on local barriers to forage adoption and not the wider innovation environment. To fill this literature gap, this study uses a Tobit model to analyse village-level data from Kenya and Ethiopia in 2015. A potentially important relationship between milk buyers and forage intensity in Ethiopia, which has not previously been addressed in the literature, is identified. As the Ethiopian government dominates the forage sector, the results of this study indicate that private milk buyers may offer an alternative source of information. In the Kenyan context, this paper finds that informal institutions and farmer-to-farmer information transmission are important in adoption decisions and should be considered when designing extension strategies.

Information Inequality: How Race and Financial Access Reflect the Information Needs of Lower-Income Individuals

The media landscape is more expansive than ever and offers increasingly fast and cheap ways to consume information. However, many racially and economically marginalized communities live in information environments that fail to provide in-depth coverage of critical topics, such as day-to-day finance. I offer an overview of financial access and news deficits to argue that financial institutions and news providers have historically underserved racially and economically marginalized communities, contributing to information gaps in financial news and the need for alternate sources of information. I investigate how the placement of brick-and-mortar fringe economy financial providers, such as payday lenders, affects how people learn about and make sense of their financial options. I show that these sorts of concrete neighborhood characteristics influence how people participate in today’s economy and share information. Because economic participation is an essential element of citizenship, I propose that these kinds of disparities in neighborhood characteristics and financial access should influence the ways in which we conceive of and deliver information to marginalized groups.

Disruptions in the Cystic Fibrosis Community's Experiences and Concerns During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Topic Modeling and Time Series Analysis of Reddit Comments.

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the needs and concerns of the cystic fibrosis community. Patients with cystic fibrosis were particularly vulnerable during the pandemic due to overlapping symptoms in addition to the challenges patients with rare diseases face, such as the need for constant medical aid and limited information regarding their disease or treatments. Even before the pandemic, patients vocalized these concerns on social media platforms like Reddit and formed communities and networks to share insight and information. This data can be used as a quick and efficient source of information about the experiences and concerns of patients with cystic fibrosis in contrast to traditional survey- or clinical-based methods. This study applies topic modeling and time series analysis to identify the disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the cystic fibrosis community's experiences and concerns. This study illustrates the utility of social media data in gaining insight into the experiences and concerns of patients with rare diseases. We collected comments from the subreddit r/CysticFibrosis to represent the experiences and concerns of the cystic fibrosis community. The comments were preprocessed before being used to train the BERTopic model to assign each comment to a topic. The number of comments and active users for each data set was aggregated monthly per topic and then fitted with an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model to study the trends in activity. To verify the disruption in trends during the COVID-19 pandemic, we assigned a dummy variable in the model where a value of "1" was assigned to months in 2020 and "0" otherwise and tested for its statistical significance. A total of 120,738 comments from 5827 users were collected from March 24, 2011, until August 31, 2022. We found 22 topics representing the cystic fibrosis community's experiences and concerns. Our time series analysis showed that for 9 topics, the COVID-19 pandemic was a statistically significant event that disrupted the trends in user activity. Of the 9 topics, only 1 showed significantly increased activity during this period, while the other 8 showed decreased activity. This mixture of increased and decreased activity for these topics indicates a shift in attention or focus on discussion topics during this period. There was a disruption in the experiences and concerns the cystic fibrosis community faced during the COVID-19 pandemic. By studying social media data, we were able to quickly and efficiently study the impact on the lived experiences and daily struggles of patients with cystic fibrosis. This study shows how social media data can be used as an alternative source of information to gain insight into the needs of patients with rare diseases and how external factors disrupt them.

Local Voices for Cocoa Production: Experiences of Ghanaian Cocoa Farmers on Community Radio

Local radio has played a significant role in keeping local cocoa farmers informed about their farming activities. However, the experiences of these local farmers who should be the real owners of community radio have not been captured. It would be possible to increase cocoa production if the experiences of local cocoa farmers were given the attention needed. Using a quantitative research approach, the multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 385 respondents. Data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations and Kendall’s coefficient of concordance. Results show that farmers were undecided about their reliance on community radio and the role it plays in disseminating agricultural information. However, they understood the agricultural-related information disseminated on community radio. They agreed that the content and presentation of community radio programs were suitable for them but were undecided on the transmission quality and community involvement. Interference from local leaders was the most severe challenge facing farmers’ use of community radio. In order to improve extension delivery there is a need for policymakers and agricultural extension stakeholders to implement programs that will encourage farmers to set up and rely on community radio as a great alternative source of information for their farming activities. This is also necessary to improve the currently low contact of extension agents with farmers, thus, reducing the extension farmer ratio.

Implementing Smart Statistics Toolkit in the Official Statistics

Important issues of Smart statistics are addressed. The Smart statistics toolkit is analyzed: big data, data of artificial intellect and Internet of things, social media, and administrative data. &#x0D; The study involves conceptualization of the Smart statistics and identification of advantages and threats for the official statistics in using Smart statistics data. A set of principles for operating big data are proposed, with categorizing the sources of big data generation (in conformity with the economic activities), presently demanded by the official statistics and the society (agriculture, health protection, mining industry, mechanical engineering, education, power industry). A smart data system in smart cities is developed, containing the following components: smart house, smart environment, smart control, smart traffic, smart health, and smart citizen. It is determined that the system’s objective is to create the smart environment and simplify the way of life through saving time, energy and money. The components of personalized collection and dissemination of data are determined. &#x0D; The artificial intelligence (AI) is considered as a component of the Smart statistics conception. In this article’s context, the authors observe that using AI causes ethical discourses on issues such as property right for data, transparence and accountability of data. These discourses need to accounted for, in order to assure that AI technologies are used by the official statistics in a responsible and ethical manner. &#x0D; Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that now it is necessary to create logical and adequate approaches to elaborating a methodology for collection, processing, grouping and analysis of statistical data from alternative information sources. It is argued that in spite of the advantages of the smart statistics toolkit and potentially positive results of its implementation in the official statistics, present-day Ukraine is not ready to face the threats involved in it given the war conditions and lack of a regulatory framework for its use.&#x0D; Further studies on this theme have to focus on in-depth analysis of Smart statistics and search for optimal ways for implementing its toolkit in the official statistics of Ukraine.

Internet platforms as alternative sources of information during the Russian-Ukrainian war

The deployment of Russian military aggression in Ukraine actualized the search for additional sources of information about hostilities. The war has shown that the official pro-Kremlin media is spreading outright propaganda. So, the demand for independent and operational information about the situation at the front has led to the emergence of individual observers who use available platforms for their activities. The purpose of the article is to analyze Internet platforms as alternative sources of information about the Russian-Ukrainian war. The research used methods of analysis and synthesis, prognostic method, content analysis. The results trace the peculiarities of the use of digital platforms as sources of information about Russian aggression. The main attention is paid to the peculiarities of work in social networks Facebook and Twitter (we are talking about the channels Hromadske.ua, InformNapalm), messengers (Telegram pages of the Center for countering disinformation at the NSDC, InformNapalm, DeepState). Attention is also drawn to independent OSINT researchers, whose reports made it possible to detect war crimes committed by the Russian army during the occupation of certain areas of Ukrainian territory. The conclusions emphasize the importance of further research into this vector, as independent groups of analysts actively use Internet platforms for work.

ICTs, smallholder agriculture and farmers’ livelihood improvement in developing countries: Evidence from Tanzania

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are among the profound tools to help the poor and marginalized rural smallholder farmers make a difference in their lives. This paper seeks to understand how the recent development of ICTs helps increase agricultural productivity and improve smallholder farmers’ livelihoods in Tanzania. We employed a fuzzy sets Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) technique to select the most relevant 24 literature from 2163 literature and analyze the drivers ( conditions) that influence ICT use among the smallholder farmers, which in turn leads to increased agricultural productivity and improved farmers’ livelihoods ( outcomes). In addition, the authors conducted in-depth interviews with some local smallholder farmers in Tanzania's same regions, as shown in the reviewed literature, to understand how ICTs worked in the field. Findings revealed that ICTs had been increasingly used for and directly linked with agricultural transformation, increased agricultural productivity and improved rural livelihoods in Tanzania in the past two decades. Smallholder farmers rely on ICT tools, particularly mobile phones and radios, to access agricultural-related information, which helps them increase agricultural productivity. The limited number of public extension service agents forces most smallholder farmers to opt for ICTs as an alternative source of agricultural information. In this case, the agricultural extension department from the ministry of agriculture should work closely with telecom, broadcasting companies and other stakeholders to strengthen and initiate more appropriate ICT infrastructure and services targeting the smallholder farmers.

On citizens' right to information: Justification and analysis of the democratic right to be well informed

On citizens' right to information: Justification and analysis of the democratic right to be well informed

Mapping the use of Google Scholar in evaluative bibliometric or scientometric studies: A bibliometric review

Abstract Google Scholar (GS) has aroused a good deal of interest among the bibliometric and scientometric community, owing to its capacity for gathering publication data, tracking citations, and creating metrics. This has led to reflections on its potential value as a means of enhancing evaluative procedures. However, despite being a useful tool because of its wide coverage, it has been monitored by specialists. For this reason, we aimed to map out the publications in the areas of Information Science &amp; Library Science and/or Computer Science that make use of GS through a bibliometric review. Comprising data retrieved from the WoS and Dimensions, the results drew the attention of the bibliometric and scientometric community to the range of research problems in studies using GS. They also made it possible to identify the most prolific countries and authors and their preferred sources for publication. The presence of non-Anglophone countries and those from Latin America highlights the importance of alternative information sources to bibliometric and scientometric studies.

Outside the library: Early career researchers and use of alternative information sources in pandemic times

AbstractPresents findings from a study into the attitudes and practices of pandemic‐era early career researchers (ECRs) in regard to obtaining access to the formally published scholarly literature, which focused on alternative providers, notably ResearchGate and Sci‐Hub. The study is a part of the Harbingers project that has been exploring the work lives and scholarly communication practices of ECRs in pre‐pandemic times and during the pandemic, and utilizes data from two rounds of interviews with around 170 ECRs from the sciences and social sciences in eight countries. Findings show that alternative providers, as represented by ResearchGate and Sci‐Hub, have become established and appear to be gaining ground. However, there are considerable country‐ and discipline‐associated differences. ECRs' country‐specific level of usage of the alternative providers is partly traceable to the adequacy of library provisions, although there are other factors at play in shaping ECRs' attitudes and practices, most notably convenience and time saving, as well as the fact that these platforms have become embedded in the scholarly dashboard. There is a dearth of evidence of the impact of the pandemic on ECRs' ways of obtaining scholarly papers.

Violeta Miqueli's Direct Action against State Violence

Violeta Miqueli Mayoz de González (Key West 1891- New Jersey 1972) was an educator and an executive member of ethnic and anarchist groups. She actively participated in their direct action and wrote for their periodicals in Key West, Tampa, New York, Mexico D.F., Buenos Aires, and Barcelona. Miqueli identified the systemic violence that the state exercised against workers like her: difficult access to education and healthcare, prosecution of dissenters, and disadvantaged defense of the poor. Miqueli, like other anarcha-feminists of her time, developed strategies of care and political participation with direct action to protect the people when the state did not. Through the alternative press, Miqueli provided alternative sources of information that denounced the systematic state oppression. Her organization participation provided workers with education and distributed solidarity among state prisoners, while mutual aid dignified their health care. This essay and accompanying digital exhibit explore Miqueli's direct action to show how anarcha-feminists disseminated alternative visions of society while utilizing the freedom of association and the press to organize under the state's structural top-down violence.

FORMATION OF STUDENTS' CREATIVE PERSONALITY IN ENGLISH CLASSES BY INTRODUCING INNOVATIVE METHODS

The article deals with the innovation of the educational process. Interactive methods of working in English classes as a means of forming a creative personality are described. The article presents the formation of communicative competence through the introduction of innovative methods.&#x0D; Innovative methods of teaching English are analyzed and the expediency of their use in higher educational institutions is justified. The process of teaching English in higher educational institutions has certain features associated with different initial levels of language training of students.&#x0D; The main goal of a foreign language teaching in higher educational institutions is to form students' communicative competence, which is based on communicative approaches formed on the basis of language knowledge and skills. Moreover, without the introduction of innovative teaching methods, the proper result cannot be achieved. It is necessary to reorient the educational process to partnership, that is, to the cooperation of all participants in the educational process. Learning English should be more active, not informative, because students learn languages more successfully through actions – speech and non-speech and their integration. For students, training in the form of practical activities forms the basis of their true knowledge.&#x0D; High-quality foreign language training of students is possible subject to the introduction of modern educational methods, such as: professionally oriented training, project method, intensive and distance learning methods, information and telecommunications technologies, working with computer programs in foreign languages, creating presentations, training systems of education. It is possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the lesson if the content of the discipline "foreign language" in higher educational institutions is professionally oriented. The use of interactive teaching methods involves turning to communicative and constructivist approaches to teaching English. The use of innovative methods for teaching English and multimedia teaching tools allows students to increase motivation to learn English, provide access to new, alternative sources of information, develop independent mental activity, form communication skills, intercultural and professional competence.&#x0D; The communicative approach is largely aimed at the student. Its purpose is to interest them in learning the language by accumulating and expanding their knowledge and experience. It is necessary to develop knowledge and skills on the methodology of teaching foreign languages, reveal the essence of the methods, principles and practice of the communicative approach of teaching English, and improve the practice of foreign language proficiency.&#x0D; To achieve these goals, it is important to use active forms of work and innovative methods. The use of interactive methods in English classes will increase students' motivation to learn English.