Alternative Sources Of Income Research Articles

Temporal changes in a small-scale artisanal reef fishery in Brazil: Coastal development and its impacts

Small-scale artisanal fisheries perform great economic, social, cultural, and ecological roles worldwide. For fishers in adverse scenarios, resorting to alternatives such sustainable tourism is widely proposed. In this study, we investigate the long-term sustainability (1998–2020) of a small-scale artisanal fishery in Northeast Brazil, where transformations including intense coastal development, the establishment of a marine protected area, and the expansion of tourism occurred in addition to the region’s economic growth and the global trend of technological advancements. This study aims to understand how this fishery has changed over the last two decades while investigating a range of possible threats for its survival. Results demonstrated the impacts of technological innovation on fishing practices, such as the use of spearguns and small outboard motors; an increase in opportunistic fishing associated with a growing coastal population; fading of certain traditional fishing practices that often require fishers with greater experience; a shift for a fishery made up of more opportunistic amateur fishers, as artisanal, small-scale fishers switched to other income sources such as tourism. Although there are benefits from those transformations, which include the possibility of an alternative source of income and the use of technology, fisheries traditions have been affected negatively in terms of social and cultural aspects, and traditional fishing communities are left vulnerable in the absence of national fishery monitoring programs, reliable fishing data, and institutional instability. Local initiatives and empowerment of traditional fishing communities to strengthen fisher identity and participation in fisheries policy decision-making should be strongly encouraged.

Melissopalynology in Brazilian seacoast mangrove areas, a mini review

Along the Brazilian coast, there are several types of mangroves with a variable predominance of trees of the genera Avicennia and Rizophora, as well as of the Laguncularia racemosa species. Mangrove beekeeping is a potential alternative source of income for many coastal communities in Brazil. Research activities on melissopalynology were initiated on Apis mellifera bees mainly by Barth and Luz in Rio de Janeiro, and with native bees by Kerr et al. in Maranhão States during the last century. Pollen analysis of honey, bee pollen and propolis were presented covering the Brazilian macroregions of the south, southeast, northeast and north. Bees showed preferential interest in Laguncularia racemosa in the southeast region. Studies with native bees are underway in an urban mangrove area of Rio de Janeiro. Laguncularia pollen occurred in reduced proportions in both honey and bee pollen. Avicennia predominated in the northeast region samples. Two samples of honey obtained from indigenous bees in the State of Espírito Santo, one sample from Maranhão and one sample of honey from Apis mellifera from Pernambuco, showed both Laguncularia and Avicennia pollen. All mangrove areas studied clearly showed the importance of Laguncularia racemosa. Studies of propolis highlighted the importance of vegetation along the inner edges of mangroves, such as Dalbergia ecastaphyllum, Schinus terebinthifolia and Symphonia globulifera.

The Impacts of Multiple Tropical Cyclone Events and Associated Precipitation on Household Income and Expenditures

Tropical cyclones (TCs) are one of the most destructive natural hazards. Damages arise from strong winds, compounded by associated flood-inducing hazards such as heavy rainfall and storm surge. Recent papers have shown that the modelled TC damage estimates fall short of the observed estimates due to the use of wind speed as a sole damage proxy. Damage estimates may be further confounded by inaccurate representations of vulnerability of people and economic sectors, for example, calling for adjusted damage thresholds in less developed regions. This paper evaluates the impacts of compounded TC hazards on household income and expenditure in the Philippines, with adjustments in vulnerability representation drawn from local information. Our results show that the omission of TC-associated precipitation leads to an underestimation of impacts, as well as the number of areas and economic sectors affected by TCs. We find that households cope through a reallocation of budgets and reliance on alternative income sources. Despite extensive public and private disaster risk reduction and management strategies, we still find significant losses in income and expenditures at any number of TC exposure.

Дороги Саян: теоретизируя удаленность в Восточной Сибири

This article is an authorized translation from English of the original article, first published in: Geoforum 2018, issue 88, pp. 36-44. The Sayan crossroads is a distinct cultural and economic region in the mountains of eastern Siberia. It spans three federal units in the Russian Federation: the national republics of Tyva (Todzha kozhuun) and Buryatia (Okinskii raion), as well as Irkutsk oblast (Tofalarskoe municipality). Attempts at integration by the state during the Soviet period and afterwards have privileged the construction of roads in a variety of forms to connect these areas economically with regional centers and, in turn, the rest of the country. Yet this process has been uneven and led to divergences in the economic regimes in each of the three regions that make up the crossroads. The evolution of subsistence economies, exploitation by extractive industries, and the development of tourism as an alternative source of income all differ across the three federal subunits. In turn, these divergences within the crossroads as a region point to variation in the condition of remoteness. Remoteness is an instance of relative immobility, determined by physical geography, environment, and ethnicity. And remoteness influences the function that roads play in integrating state spaces both economically and politically. In turn, this article argues for the foregrounding of the remote in the literature on mobilities in human geography, considering what the condition of remoteness allows for and forecloses in the articulation of state power and the integration of hard to-reach areas.

Non-Timber Forest Products: an alternative source of rural income

Dandapakhar, in Sindhu Palchok District of Nepal, was the focus area for the Nepal Australia Community Resource Management Project to undertake action research on the potential of NTFPs as a source of rural income. The area is located along the Jiri Road at an altitude between 2000 and 3000 meters, and is rich in natural broad-leaved forest harboring a large variety of indigenously occurring species having medicinal, aromatic and other values. The species occurring in Dandapakhar have both traditional and non-traditional uses and (the potential to) command, in some cases, significant market prices, not only locally, but also in Kathmandu andthe international market.

Utilization of non-timber forest products as alternative sources of food and income in the highland regions of the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

In developing countries, studies on sustainable preservation of forests (including non-timber forest products NTFPs) have been poorly carried out for promoting alternative income generating activities (IGA) to alleviate pressure on praised resources by local communities living close by protected areas. This study aimed at (1) inventorying NTFPs exploited by local communities around the Kahuzi Biega National Park (KBNP), (2) assessing their therapeutic values and nutritional contributions, and (3) analyzing their rural and urban market values to determine their potential as alternative income sources as well as the major constraints in their exploitation. Individual interviews were conducted with 790 rural and urban households in Kabare, Walungu, Kalehe, and Bukavu City, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) coupled with focus group discussions with key stakeholders around KBNP. Street vendors, restaurants, hotels, and market owners were also interviewed on uses, awareness of the nutritional and therapeutic values, and factors hindering NTFPs wide use in Bukavu urban environments. Physicochemical analyses were also conducted on main NTFPs to determine their nutritional values. Results showed that local populations around KBNP exploit at least 55 NTFPs, mainly for self-consumption as food, feed, and medicine. NTFPs represent the second most important income source around KBNP, accounting for 23.3 % of total households’ income after agriculture that generates 25.7 % of total households’ income. Income from NTFP trade was primarily used for food supply (29 %), investment in small businesses (19.6 %), children's education (17.7 %), and healthcare expenses (5.1 %). These NTFPs had varying nutritional values (in terms of proximate composition, essential minerals, and bioactive compounds). Solanum nigrum (24.9 %), Termitomyces robustus (18.0 %), Amaranthus viridis (17.6 %), and Piper nigrum (16.9 %) are valuable sources of proteins while Zingiber officinale (25.5 %), T. robustus (15.4 %) and P. nigrum (14.3 %) are rich in dietary fibres. Piper nigrum (37.0 and 128.3 mg/kg) and Basella alba (35.1 and 108.7 mg/kg) had the highest zinc and iron contents, respectively. Some of the most nutritious NTFPs, such as S. nigrum, Dioscorea spp., and P. nigrum had high contents in anti-nutritional elements and should be processed properly to maximize bioavailability. Besides, NTFPs created employment opportunities for collectors, vendors, supermarkets, hotels, and restaurants both in rural and urban areas. Though varying with rural communities, the main challenges in the NTFP value chain were low market values (48.6 %), short shelf life (22.5 %), and excessive taxation (19.1 %) while in urban areas, seasonality (36.9 %), scarcity (17.7 %), and prohibiting high prices (17.7 %) were the major limiting factors. This study highlights the significant role played by NTFPs in providing healthy and nutritious food and income for households surrounding the KBNP, and thus emphasizes the necessity for their promotion as alternative income sources and healthy diets to alleviate poverty and hidden hunger around the KBNP.

Resilience of The Sumberwuluh Village Community in Facing Semeru Disaster

Resilience of The Sumberwuluh Village Community in Facing Semeru Disaster

IMPACT OF PROVINCIAL LIVESTOCK PROGRAM ON MOUNTAIN PROVINCE LIVELIHOODS: REVIEW

This literature review examines the role of livelihood projects, particularly focusing on small-scale poultry production and livelihood diversification initiatives, in promoting poverty alleviation and enhancing food security in Sub-Saharan Africa and Mountain Province, Philippines. Various studies have highlighted the potential of small-scale poultry farming to uplift rural communities by providing alternative sources of income and nutrition. However, challenges such as disease control and market access must be addressed to maximize the impact of these projects. Similarly, livelihood diversification efforts in Uganda offer opportunities for income generation and poverty reduction but require supportive policies and resources. Additionally, the enactment of Provincial Ordinance No. 264, known as the Barangay Muna Program, by the Provincial Government of Mountain Province underscores a proactive approach to addressing socio-economic needs at the grassroots level. By leveraging local resources and governance structures, these initiatives aim to promote equitable development, social cohesion, and inclusive growth within their respective contexts. Overall, this review underscores the potential of livelihood projects to foster sustainable development and improve the well-being of communities in diverse geographical settings.

Factors Influencing Women Community Microfinance Members Decision in Consuming Forest Resources: a Case of Nsieni Forest in Hai District, Tanzania

Women community microfinance groups aimed to reduce extreme poverty among community group members and enable members to generate income which could be alternative sources of income rather than depend on overconsumption of natural resources including forest resources for domestic and economic uses. This study aim at exploring the determinants of forest resource consumption among women community microfinance group's members, the study used cross sectional design and was conducted at Ngira Village adjacent to Nsieni forest in Hai district whereby number of women community microfinance groups selected for the study was done by Probability Proportional to size and from selected groups number of 184 where derived to be involved in this study and data were collected by using questionnaire and the analysis of factors which influencing women community microfinance members decision in consuming forest resources were analyzed by using Binary Logistic model, study revealed that alternative sources of income, National conservation laws, Access to credit and Education level were significantly influencing women community microfinance groups members decision in consumption of forest resources at the coefficient of P < 0.05 probability level with the negative β = -2.603, β = -3.988, β = -0.040 and β = -2.020 respectively. While age, marital status, and gender of respondents were statistically insignificant. This paper recommends that women's community microfinance groups especially in villages adjacent to forest resources should be promoted to empower women's income to afford substitutes of forest products rather than relying too much on forest resource consumption hence forest sustainability.

Trend prediction of farmers’ spontaneous land transfer behavior: evidence from China

ABSTRACT Agricultural land transfer serves as a vital means to achieve economies of scale. This study endeavours to explore the trend of spontaneous arable land transfer and effective incentive strategies for land transfer. An agent-based model is constructed to simulate the dynamic process of land transfer decisions. The model focuses on predicting the proportion of the planting income, proportion of transferred land in total area and the involvement of farmers in land transfer activities within village. The prediction results illustrate a noticeable trend in land transfer, yet there are still opportunities for further advancement. The phenomenon of declining land transfer persists across the eastern, central, and western regions in the long term. The gap in farmer participation rate between central and western China is narrowing, although disparities persist in the proportion of land area transferred. Sensitivity analysis reveals that increasing wages and alternative sources of income, augmenting the likelihood of successful transfers, and reducing smaller farmers’ preference for land represent pivotal factors influencing the pace of land transfer processes.

Community Empowerment of PCM Kokap on Sustainable Municipal Waste Management through Black Soldier Fly Farming

Municipal waste management is one of complicated environmental problems found in many areas of Yogyakarta, including in Kokap, Kulon Progo. In addition, the awareness from local society towards the importance of waste management has not well built yet due to the lack of knowledge on this issue. Therefore, this program was aimed to promote better understanding and technical skill of Pimpinan Cabang Muhammadiyah (PCM) Kokap members regarding black soldier fly-mediated waste management. This community empowerment program involved 15 PCM members (aged ranging from 40-55 years old) and carried out using the experiential learning method through participatory approach. It started with focus group discussion and followed by the trial of BSF farming using municipal waste performed by the members for 40 days. Intensive supervision was provided through WhatsApp Group. Results showed that all PCM members were success in cultivating a complete cycle of BSF. Some of the BSF larvae had been used as feed for poultry and fish. The success of this trial was associated to the high enthusiasm from the members in following the technical guidelines provided virtually. Overall, this program has successfully educated the targeted community marked by the accomplishment of PCM Kokap members in executing the trial of municipal waste management. It also conferred the increased member’s understanding regarding the economic value of BSF products to be alternative source of secondary income. The success of this program could be a pilot project to generate society awareness and capacity for higher responsibility with the municipal wastes produced.

Exploring the Attitudes and Practices Regarding Alternative Revenue Streams among Indian Dental Professionals - A cross-sectional analysis

Background: This study aimed to explore the attitudes and practices of dental professionals regarding alternative sources of revenue through a descriptive cross-sectional design and to explore other demographic factors which influence them. Materials and Methods: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional study was conducted among 400 dental professionals selected using stratified random sampling and were approached either personally or through electronic medium to fill a pre-tested validated questionnaire assessing their attitudes and practices towards alternative sources of revenue. The data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 26.0. Cross tabulations were made and statistical significance was assessed using Pearson’s Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test. A Binary Logistic Regression model was developed to predict the practice of alternative sources of revenue based on gender, qualification, occupation, and experience. Results: The results showed that about 36% of the participants are currently pursuing alternative sources of income with a significantly higher percentage of females involved (p=0.005). Most of the participants (37.6%) reported investing in stocks and finance followed by real estate, food industry, career guidance, product development etc. Around two-thirds of females reported being unsatisfied with their current income from dentistry and they have 1.76 times the odds of pursuing alternative sources compared to males (p=0.022). Undergraduate dentists have 2.51 times the odds of practicing other means of revenue. Conclusions: The study concludes that a substantial percentage of respondents had pursued alternative sources of revenue. Policymakers and educators can use these findings to develop strategies to promote entrepreneurship and financial literacy among dental professionals. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.23 (Special Issue) 2024 p.S9-S19

ASSESSMENT OF TREE BIODIVERSITY AND CARBON STOCKS IN HAROWU SOCIAL FORESTRY AREA, GUNUNG MAS, INDONESIA

Harowu Village, located in the upper reaches of the Kahayan River within the Mirimanasa Subdistrict, officially oversees a state-granted area of 1,750 hectares. The conservation of the forest in this region is of utmost importance due to its significant influence on the Kahayan watershed. Instiper Yogyakarta, a forestry educational institution, has initiated programs to educate the local community about the importance of alternative income sources and environmental services. Utilizing the Forest Inventory methodology created by USAID LESTARI in 2018 and coordinated by Michigan State University, the study involved analyzing 10 plots with a sampling intensity of 0.221. The Harowu Forest is identified as a major carbon sink, sequestering 626.957,75 tons of carbon in the area. The forest is home to 25 tree species and features a Menhenick Index of 1.57, Margalef Index of 4.34, Shannon Index of 2.98, Simpson index of 0.974, and an evenness value of 0.93. These findings highlight potential opportunities for collaboration between Harowu and Instiper Yogyakarta to promote forest conservation and improve community welfare.

ASSESSMENT OF TREE BIODIVERSITY AND CARBON STOCKS IN RANGAN HIRAN SOCIAL FORESTRY AREA, GUNUNG MAS, INDONESIA

Rangan Hiran Village, located in the upper reaches of the Kahayan River within the Mirimanasa Subdistrict, encompasses an officially designated area of 875 hectares assigned by the state. The necessity of conserving the forest in this region arises from the significant effects of community initiatives on the Kahayan watershed. Instiper Yogyakarta, a forestry educational institution, has launched a program to educate the community about the inherent value of ecosystem services, potential alternative sources of income, and the benefits they offer. The research methodology employed utilizes the Forest Inventory and Analysis Plus (FIA+) method, which was developed by USAID LESTARI in 2018 and is overseen by Michigan State University, USA. An analysis of 10 plots with a sampling intensity of 0.221% indicates a healthy state of the current forest. The carbon stock contributed by Rangan Hiran Forest amounts to 243,998.57 tons and consists of 40 different tree species. Ecologically, the forest exhibits a Menhenick Index of 2.58, a Margalef Index of 7.11, a Shannon Index of 3.43, a Simpson Index of 0.96, and an evenness value of 0.93. These identified potentials create opportunities for collaborative efforts between Rangan Hiran and Instiper Yogyakarta, concentrating on initiatives for forest conservation and the improvement of community well-being.

Upaya Mengembangkan Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah (UMKM) Dengan Pembuatan Donat Kentang Di Lingkungan V Kelurahan Tanah Seribu, Kota Binjai

This study aims to analyze efforts to develop Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) by making potato donuts in Neighborhood V, Tanah Seribu village, Binjai City. This research focuses on developing and increasing sales of Potato Donut products made by local mothers. Efforts to develop and increase sales are an important aspect in the development of the Potato Donut business. An effective marketing strategy will play a role in influencing consumer interest in buying Potato Donut products. Therefore, a good marketing strategy analysis is needed to increase the number of donut product sales. This type of research is qualitative research. It is research that tries to describe and interpret something. The data sources used in this research are primary data, secondary data. The data analysis technique in this study uses an interactive analysis model. With the potato donut business, the community can have an alternative source of income that can help improve the family's economic condition.

Economic comparison of loblolly pine and solar power in South Georgia, United States

In the face of deforestation from urbanization and population growth, there is a potential for an additional loss of forests from solar power generation as forest landowners may look to alternative sources of income. We compare the profitability of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations and solar power generation in South Georgia. The analysis was completed at two different scales, one acre (0.405 ha) and five acres (2.02 ha), based on the large number of small acreage forest landowners in the state. The Land Expectation Values (LEVs over 25 years project cycle) for a 350 kW (occupying one acre or 0.405 ha) and a 1 MW (occupying five acres or 2.02 ha) solar power systems are -$30,183 and $29,607 at an 8 % interest rate, respectively. In comparison, LEVs for one acre (0.405 ha) and five acre (2.02 ha) loblolly pine stands (at the site index 80 ft/24.4 m) for the same rotation cycle are $1,380 and $6,900 at a 6 % interest rate and $611 and $3,055 at an 8 % interest rate, respectively. The potential profitability of solar power systems varies, depending on whether the solar generation and pricing are high enough to overcome the significant installation, upkeep, and recycling costs. Since the potential profitability of the larger-scale solar power systems is significantly higher than loblolly pine stands at around five acres, there is a chance that small family forest landowners could convert their forestlands into solar farms, especially if their forestlands are close to a high-capacity power transmission line. This information could feed into ongoing policy deliberations on promoting conservation and renewable energy generation at the state level and beyond.

Training in processing palm oil mushrooms into crackers in Delas Village, South Bangka

Oil palm not only yields fruit but also facilitates the growth of palm mushrooms, a fungus that thrives around palm tree trunks. In Delas village, South Bangka, the primary source of livelihood for the community revolves around oil palm plantations. However, the fluctuating price of palm oil necessitates the exploration of alternative sources of income. In response, a service team has introduced processed food in the form of crackers made from palm mushrooms. The objective of this initiative is to educate and support the community in the process of turning palm mushrooms into crackers. This endeavor involved training sessions with members of PKK and BUMDes. As a result, partners have witnessed an improvement in their knowledge and skills in making crackers from palm mushrooms. This not only prevents the wastage of abundant mushroom production but also mitigates any adverse effects on the quality of palm oil production.

The effects of environmental and non-environmental shocks on livelihoods and migration in Tanzania

Disruptive events and calamities can have major consequences for households in the predominantly agrarian communities of Eastern Africa. Here, we analyze the impacts of environmental and non-environmental shocks on migration in Tanzania using panel models and longitudinal data from the Tanzania National Panel Survey between 2008 and 2013. Shocks are defined as events that lead to losses in income, assets, or both. We find shocks resulting from changes in environmental conditions to be positively related to migration over time with more recent shocks exerting the strongest impact. According to our estimates, the probability of having a household member absent increases by 0.81% with each additional environmental shock encountered in the past 12 months. Different types of shocks have differential effects on migration with the strongest effects being observed for shocks with an immediate impact on household livelihoods, including through livestock losses and crop damage. Households in the sample are differently affected with rural, agriculturally dependent, and poor households without alternative income sources showing the strongest changes in their migration behavior in response to shocks. Our study adds important insights into the relationship between disruptive events and migration in Eastern Africa considering a broad time window and the compounding influence of different shock types. Our findings have a range of policy implications highlighting the need for a comprehensive perspective on household responses in times of distress that considers the interplay of different shock types as well as the role of context in shaping mobility patterns.

Willingness of Ibadan residents to plant trees to commemorate social events

Trees in cities contribute significantly to human health and environmental quality, thus, planting trees to Commemorate Social Events (CSEs) can be a unique green gift that celebrate people while also restoring urban environmental quality. This research examined respondents’ willingness to plant trees to CSEs in order to promote sustainable greening of Ibadan. A multistage random sampling procedure was used to obtain primary data from 450 respondents from five purposively selected local government areas. Data were subjected to descriptive statistics and logit regression analysis. Results showed that 57.8% respondents were male, 56.2% were married and 95.3% had formal education. Furthermore, 62.1% stated that trees were present in their environment; 78.4% agreed that trees are valuable and useful resources, and thus they are willing to plant trees to CSEs. The following factors were mentioned by respondents as motivating factors for tree planting: guaranteed investment after retirement (60.5%), knowledge of global environmental issues (67.9%), guaranteed alternative source of income (73.5%), and securing of land from land grabbers (63.5%). Age (-0.030) had a significant influence on willingness to plant trees to CSEs. Residents believe that tree planting is a good initiative; however, incentives should be provided to increase individual participation.

Review of ‘Kalpitiya Urban Development Plan 2021-2030’ using TIES Ecotourism Principles


 
 
 Rapid urbanization-driven economic growth creates opportunities and challenges for inclusive and sustainable urban planning. Kalpitiya, being the only city in Sri Lanka surrounded by both sea and lagoon, with its unique ecosystems, and historical and cultural structures, has become an attractive tourism destination. Kalpitiya, as an emerging tourism destination, contributes 10 percent to the local economy through tourism. It experienced 15,500 visitations in 2017, while the projection for 2030 is 29,770. In 2018, 18 % of residents engaged in ecotourism as an alternative income source while 69 percent expressed their willingness. The Kalpitiya Urban Development Plan 2021-2030 (the Plan) was formulated envisioning, ―Blue Peninsula Emerging from Nature Resort‖-the first goal to make Kalpitiya the most attractive tourism destination. In this context, adopting ecotourism principles in development planning seems prudent for Kalpitiya. The study aimed to assess the extent to which the Plan had incorporated 8 TIES (The International Ecotourism Society) ecotourism principles, which, according to UNEP, have been embraced by a growing constituency of NGOs, private sector businesses, governments, and local communities. Utilizing a qualitative approach, incorporation of 8 TIES principles [P1-minimize impacts, P2-increase awareness, P3- positive experiences, P4-financial benefits for conservation, P5-financial benefits for locals, P6- increase sensitivity to local conditions, P7-low-impact facilities, P8-recognize community rights] into the components of the plan [Introduction-C1, Preliminary studies-C2, Need of the Plan-C3, Framework-C4, Summary and SWOT-C5, the Plan-C6 and Zoning-C7] were assessed. Secondary data were obtained from official sources and reviewed journal articles. Within all components of the Plan, the importance of tourism development was mentioned while addressing P1, P3, and P5. P6 is recognized in C6, while P7 was not mentioned. P8 was recognized in C2, C6 and C7. Although it specifically identified an ecotourism zone, C6 only addressed P2, and P4-through the development of a mangrove garden. The respective project was prioritized as 19 of 25. Rehabilitating and conserving income-earning cultural assets were prioritized as 10 and 11 of 25-without any carrying capacity considerations, despite their importance for the industry. Considering P1, water effluent control measures for shrimp farming-a means of income for many-were not mentioned, despite the pollution of groundwater and estuarine system, on which the ecotourism industry depends. The review reveals that the Plan has not adequately considered or addressed the 8 ecotourism principles, therefore, it is recommended for Kalpitiya Local Government Authority to pass bylaws in line with ecotourism principles, while enforcing a guideline by the Urban Development Authority.
 
 
 
 
 Keywords: Urban development planning, Ecotourism principles, Kalpitiya urban development plan, Local economy, Environmental conservation