Alternative Sources Of Income Research Articles

Pemberdayaan Kelompok Wanita Tani Melalui Budidaya Perikanan Teknik Bioflok Di Kecamatan Adiluwih Kabupaten Pringsewu

Community empowerment activities aimed at increasing the capacity of Human Resources (HR) KWT Bunda Jaya Bunda Jaya Pekon Enggalrejo, Adiluwih District Pringsewu Regency in optimizing freshwater fisheries as an alternative source of income. Through community service activities, training and mentoring for catfish farming will be carried out using biofloc techniques. The target of empowerment to be carried out is to increase the knowledge and skills of Bunda Jaya KWT members about the cultivation of freshwater fisheries through biofloc techniques, enhancing the capacity of Bunda Jaya KWT HR in entrepreneurship and the creation of alternative sources of income for Bunda Jaya KWT members and administrators in the long run. The community empowerment program through catfish aquaculture with biofloc technology in Punda KWT Bunda Jaya, Pekon Enggalrejo, Adiluwih Pringsewu District is done through the provision of 1 tarpaulin pond with 2 meters in diameter, catfish seeds, feed, medicines, prebiotics and other needs for catfish farming. with a biofloc system during one cultivation cycle. An increase in knowledge and skills of Bunda Jaya KWT members after service / counseling related to knowledge about catfish with biofloc technology increased from 18.79% to 90.30%. The level of knowledge of KWT members regarding aquaculture water quality with biofloc technology increased significantly from 21.43% to 92.00%. The level of knowledge of KWT members regarding feeding, alternative feed, and disease increased from 16.30% to 87.69%. Currently, fish farming through biofloc ponds continues to run and the age of catfish is 1 (one) month after stocking of catfish seeds.

Can Workfare Programs Moderate Conflict? Evidence from India

Abstract Can public interventions persistently reduce conflict? Adverse weather shocks, through their impact on incomes, have been identified as robust drivers of conflict in many contexts. An effective social insurance system moderates the impact of adverse shocks on household incomes, and hence, could attenuate the link between these shocks and conflict. This paper shows that a public employment program in India, by providing an alternative source of income through a guarantee of 100 days of employment at minimum wages, effectively provides insurance. This has an indirect pacifying effect. By weakening the link between productivity shocks and incomes, the program uncouples productivity shocks from conflict, leading persistently lower conflict levels.

Balneotherapy: Investigation of Malatya İspendere Healing Water Use in Complementary Therapy in the Context of Tourism Industry

Teknolojik gelişmeler, stresli iş ortamları, gıdalardaki bozulmalar ve artan kentleşme beraberinde insanlarda çeşitli ruhsal ve fiziksel hastalıkların ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Bazı durumlarda modern tıp tedavisinin yanı sıra tamamlayıcı tedaviye de ihtiyaç duyulmaya başlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda ülkemizde de son yıllarda sağlık turizm adı altında kullanılabilecek tamamlayıcı tedavi merkezleri Afyonkarahisar, Kahramanmaraş, Malatya, Denizli gibi destinasyonlarda belirlenmiş ve projeler ile sağlık turizmine kazandırılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu merkezlerden biri termal alan olarak balneoterapi amaçlı kullanılan Malatya İspendere şifalı su merkezidir. Çalışmanın amacı, İspendere şifalı suyunun kullanım potansiyelini inceleyerek hem hastaların tamamlayıcı tedavi amaçlı kullanmasını hem de bölge için alternatif bir gelir kaynağı olmasını sağlamaktır. Bu amaçla İspendere şifalı suyunun SWOT analizi gerçekleştirilmiş. Sonuçlara göre en önemli zayıf yönün tanıtım ve altyapı eksikliğinin olduğu, güçlü yönün ise şifalı suyun çok çeşitli hastalıklar için tamamlayıcı tedavide kullanılabilir olması söylenebilir. Son olarak bulgular temelinde uygulamaya yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Öncelikle şifalı suyun çevresi düzenlenmelidir, tanıtım yapılmalıdır ve uzun süreli tedaviler için konaklama imkanları arttırılmalıdır.

Socio-Economic Determinants of Land Use/Cover Change in Wetlands in East Africa: A Case Study Analysis of the Anyiko Wetland, Kenya

In East Africa, wetlands are steadily converted to agriculture for food security reasons. This study analyzed high spatial resolution panchromatic and color photographs in the Anyiko wetland in Kenya to reveal wetland conversions between 1966 and 2018. In addition, socio-economic determinants of land use/cover change are assessed in the Anyiko wetland. Socio-economic data was collected through a questionnaire survey of 226 households. A CHi- squared Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID) decision tree approach is utilized to assess determinants of wetlands conversion. The results showed that between 1966 and 2018, the wetland area reduced by 55%, mostly attributed to agricultural development. Households were more likely to cultivate the wetland if they did not harvest papyrus for artisanal products, were male-headed and lacked alternative sources of income. The perceptions that wetland is “wasteland” and conversion to agriculture provides higher net monetary benefit did not influence wetland cultivation. Hence, the conversion of the wetland was determined by the socio-economic status of the households rather than perceptions on its value.

Navigating between Tea and Rubber in Xishuangbanna, China: When New Crops Fail and Old Ones Work

Following the massive expansion of rubber plantations in China, considerable research has been conducted on the impact of these landscape changes. The general consensus is that there have been negative impacts on the environment and positive impacts on local economies. However, since rubber prices dropped after 2011, the economic benefit to the local people is challenged and the impact on the local people and communities remains unclear. Using a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods, this longitudinal study investigates how the drop in rubber prices has affected a local community and the local people in Manlin, Xishuangbanna, China. It investigates local coping strategies and the importance of alternative income sources and shows how differentiated access to alternative lands creates increased economic inequality within the village when prices fluctuate. Three general coping strategies were identified amongst local rubber farmers: doing business as usual, changing rubber management practices, and stopping- or decreasing tapping frequency. Differences in coping strategies are linked to factors including access to alternative income sources and rubber perceptions. Moreover, households with access to tea land were found to have experienced negligible impacts of decreasing rubber prices as income from tea has increased more than income from rubber has decreased, leading to increasing intra-village economic inequality. We conclude that while this is a clear case of how income diversification is important for reducing livelihood vulnerability, it also shows that the large focus on rubber farming has created benefits in terms of improved infrastructure and connectivity that has helped expand the market for tea as well.

Ran VulhtuteThian: The Smart Extension Services through Smart Phone in Picturesque Hills of Mizoram

Agriculture is the prime source of livelihood for the majority (85%) of rural population in North-Eastern Region (NER). Apart from agriculture, livestock plays a crucial role in the lives of NER-citizens and are an important component of integrated farming system. Livestock are alternative source of income. Livestock especially pigs and poultry are important in rural economy as crops cultivation is difficult in steep hilly terrain of the state of Mizoram. They need information about farming practices, policy initiatives, best practices of other farmers, and information on market intelligence. There is a need for specific extension strategy at village level to improve the economy and living standards of farming community. The Project entitled Mobile Based Agro-Advisory System in Mizoram was taken up with the help of Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (Meit-Y),Government of India, and implemented in collaboration with Digital India Corporation (DIC) , New Delhi and College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram for a period of three years (2019-22) to empower the farmers by providing ‘right information at right time. The project was given a local name “Ran VulhtuteThian” The paper reports the process and achievements of the initiative.

Economic impact of Coronavirus disease of 2019 pandemic on vascular surgeons in India

Introduction: Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected virtually everyone in every walk of life globally including all health-care services. The economic impact of such disruptions in vascular surgery services on vascular surgeons in India is unclear. This study aims to understand the economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic on vascular surgeons practicing in India. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire consisting of 15 questions was created using Google Forms and circulated through E-mail and WhatsApp groups dedicated to vascular surgeons in practice and/or training in India and was available for 2 weeks. Only vascular surgeons who are currently practicing in India were eligible to participate in the study. Results: One hundred and eighty-four out of 400 (46%) members that are thought to be currently practicing or in training in India participated in the study. 98.91% completed all the questions. 90.2% (n = 166) of the respondents were aged below the retirement age of 60. Thirty-four worked in government job, 89 in private sector on salary basis, and 58 in private sector as fee for service. Seventy-one percent of the respondents (including trainees) reported a negative impact on their monthly income due to COVID-19 pandemic ranging from 10% to 90%. Seventy-six percent of the respondents believed that there will be a further negative impact in the coming few months. Sixty-nine percent claimed that they did not have alternative sources of income. 82.6% were not aware of measures to overcome such adverse economic impact and have not taken any preventive steps or measures. Conclusion: The results of the study show that COVID-19 pandemic had a significant negative economic impact on majority of the vascular surgeons practicing in India resulting in a 50% or more reduction in their income. Skills and knowledge about financial resources, financial resilience, and risk management are needed to prevent or overcome future crisis.

Retirement Tontines: Using a Classical Finance Mechanism as an Alternative Source of Retirement Income

We explore how a classical finance mechanism — the tontine — could help retirees manage their assets. Tontines are investment pools where members commit funds irrevocably and where the interests of members who die are given to those who survive. Tontines were popular in the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, until they were effectively prohibited in response to insurance company mismanagement. Tontine-inspired products are receiving renewed attention around the world as efficient, transparent ways to finance retirement. Unlike fixed income annuities, tontine pooling does not guarantee future payments, but should pay more on average per dollar invested, with less costly regulation.

INFLUENCE OF SHADOWING OF ECONOMY ON INDICATORS OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY

One of the biggest threats to the sustainable functioning of the economy, which negatively affects the indicators of its economic and social development is the shadowing of the economy. The growth of shadow financial transactions causes changes in household incomes, increasing inequality in the levels of their material well-being, deteriorating living standards, and so on. With the annual decline in the welfare of the population, increasing requirements for the quality of social services provided by the state, it is becoming increasingly important to identify the factors that have the greatest impact on the indicators of social development of the country. The purpose of this paper is to substantiate the causal links between the level of shadowing of the economy and indicators of social development of the country, to determine the most sensitive to the growth of shadow financial transactions indicators. The article analyzes the impact of the shadow economy and indicators of social development of the country, proves the negative impact of shadow financial transactions on the level of material well-being of the population. Based on a comparative analysis of the dynamics of changes in the level of shadowing and the Human Development Index of individual countries, the Gini coefficient, the share of the population in a difficult financial situation, the share of the population in poverty in some countries, the causal relationship between these indicators is proved. The paper concludes that a prerequisite for the development of the shadow sector of the economy is the low level of average wages in the country, which encourages the population to seek alternative (often shadow) sources of income. The expediency of reducing the level of shadowing of the economy as a driver of increasing the level of social development of the country is substantiated. It is proved that at the present stage of economic development of most countries the shadowing of the economy on the one hand causes a decrease in poverty (by improving the material well-being of the population), deteriorating living conditions, easier access to knowledge, and on the other - contributes to the gap in income of the richest and poorest group of the population.

Turismo comunitario en el Caribe hondureño. El caso de las comunidades de East End y Chachahuate

Community-based tourism in Honduras is incipient; however, some Garifuna localities on the Caribbean coast have seen this new model as an alternative source of income to artisanal fisheries, which has significantly diminished in recent years. The main goal was to analyze the community-based tourism ventures, focusing on their origin, functioning, main challenges and current situation in the East End and Chachahuate communities. Key actors interviews and non-participant observation were conducted between November and December 2018 and in August 2019. It was determined that the tourist initiatives in both destinations have obtained positive results, besides generating income for the families involved, part of the benefits have been oriented especially to support the education of the youngest; however, limited government support, poor articulation with tour operators and lack of training were identified

Is Global Deforestation under Lockdown?

The COVID-19 pandemic and associated government responses halted economic activity across the world. The environment benefited from the reduced pollution in urban areas. However, there is no evidence on the pandemic's environmental effect away from cities, specifically on deforestation. \textit{A priori}, the effect is unclear: deforestation might decrease with the restrictions on economic activity. But it might increase, given the drying up of alternative income sources. I combine bi-weekly data from 70 countries covering the entire world's tropical forest with the dates each country introduced lockdown restrictions. Using difference-in-differences strategies, I find that the average effect of lockdowns in deforestation is not distinguishable from zero. However, the effect on deforestation does vary by the share of lockdown vulnerable GDP and the level of government effectiveness. These results highlight the importance of alternative income sources and state capacity for policies that could reduce deforestation.

Assessment of present environmental status of the Ratargul Swamp forest Sylhet

This study aims to find out the present environmental status and issues that have emerged in the recent time due to change in human activities, resource extraction and human dependency on the forest. This study is based on both qualitative and quantitative approach with Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools and random sampling of 260 respondents, six focus group discussions (FGDs), six key informants interviews (KIIs). The result suggests that about 90% of poor and middle-classhouseholds are depended on the income from tourism, agriculture or boat riding activities. Both the local people and tourists’activities are responsible for decreasing environmental condition by plastic pollution, land cover and land use change, water follows control, road and building construction and violence of rules and regulation. The south and east boundaries, and the center of the forest are mainly facing land use and land cover changes between the years of 2005 to 2018. For sustainable management, local communities should be aware of the importance of swamp forest and have to find out alternative income sources to reduce pressure on swamp forest in terms of resources extraction and forest degradation.
 J. bio-sci. 28: 51-57, 2020

A rapid assessment of hunting and bushmeat trade along the roadside between five Angolan major towns

Hunting and related bushmeat trade are activities which negatively impact wildlife worldwide, with serious implications for biodiversity conservation. Angola’s fauna was severely decimated during the long-lasting civil war following the country’s independence. During a round trip from Lubango (Huíla province), passing through the provinces of Benguela, Cuanza sul, Luanda, Bengo and finally to Uíge, we documented a variety of bushmeat trade, mainly along the roadside. This included snakes, rodents, duikers, antelopes, bush pigs, small carnivores and bird species. Despite being considered a subsistence activity for inhabitants in rural areas, it is concerning due to the increasing number of people becoming dependent on bushmeat trade for income generation and demand for bushmeat in the main cities. There is an urgent need to assess the impact of this activity on wildlife populations, in order to create alternative sources of income in rural areas and more effective policies focused on effective conservation of the rich biodiversity of Angola.

Fisherman's friends

Fisheries The decline of fisheries is a story not just about fish, aquatic ecosystems, and sustainable food supplies but also about the people who base their livelihoods on fishing. Severe limitations imposed in recent years to maintain a sustainable cod fishery in the Northeastern United States have brought the catch to historic lows. Recognizing that fisheries management does not include any measure of the social impact of policy changes, Scyphers et al. surveyed the effect of the fisheries decline on people and communities. The results unveil severe psychological stress among fishing boat captains, exacerbated by ongoing lawsuits. Although trust for other fishers and the fishing business remains, low trust prevails for government bodies, fisheries management, and environmental nongovernmental organizations. The most distressed individuals were those without alternative income sources and with dependents at home. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 116 , 22912 (2019).

Understanding Livelihood Diversification Patterns among Smallholder Farm Households in Southern Ethiopia

Smallholder farm households face an increasing need of looking for alternative income sources to supplement their small scale on-farm incomes. However, livelihood diversification is a complex phenomenon and it involves different forms. This study, therefore, delves to realize the patterns of livelihood diversification strategies adopted by the smallholder farmers at Kembata-Tembaro zone, Southern Ethiopia. The study was based on cross-sectional survey data from 384 farm households that were selected through a combination of three-stages: cluster, simple random, and proportional to the size of population sampling techniques. A mix of instruments including interview- schedule, focus group discussions, key informant interviews and field observations were used to acquire primary data. Descriptive statistics in combination with multidimensional approaches involving cluster analysis were used to analyze the quantitative data. The qualitative data were analyzed using word descriptions and verbatim discussions. It was found that the diversification patterns of the smallholder farm households in the study area took different forms involving alteration of land use patterns, intensification of crops and livestock productions, and non/off-farm activities. Superiority order of livelihood strategies in terms of the average annual cash income obtained by the households was set. Accordingly, commercial crop stands first followed by livestock rearing and subsistence crop production as second and third, respectively. It was suggested that livelihood diversification can only be a viable strategy to achieve sustainable rural livelihoods if the farmers are capacitated so that they can choose the right remunerative livelihood strategy among the existing options.

Boundaries Versus Borders: Transforming Ethnic Cultural Representation into Place Identity Through Tourism

This article addresses the complexity and dynamics of maintaining, representing, and differentiating identities in border territories, which are subject to multiple and heterogeneous mobility flows. Although there have been many studies of host–guest relationships in tourism, the field of intergroup relations within a heterogeneous host community remain hardly investigated. The Jing ethnic group is involved in the tourism industry of Dongxing, a border city between Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regions of China and Vietnam, a multiethnic area where Han people have intermarried extensively with other ethnic groups and migrants from surrounding regions. Barth's ethnic boundary theory is employed in this research to unravel how tourism plays a significant role in maintaining Jing cultural boundaries, based on broader social interactions. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and participant observations. Observation notes and interview transcripts are analyzed using content analysis. The main findings indicate that: 1) tourism provides an important channel for Jing people to interact within the social structure; 2) tourism amplifies ethnic identities and reinforces the boundaries of ethnic culture; 3) tourism creates a "time–space compression" for ethnic groups to reflect on their own culture; 4) as a minor alternative source of income, tourism facilitates the negotiation of identity. It is found that when the representative community has intrinsic strength in terms of economic condition and cultural confidence, the challenge for tourist destinations is how to construct a collective identity (or even brand) to maximize the benefits created by the common activities that all host communities engaged in.

Who Buffers Income Losses after Job Displacement? The Role of Alternative Income Sources, the Family, and the State

AbstractUsing survey data from the German Socio‐Economic Panel (SOEP), this paper analyses the extent to which alternative income sources, reactions within the household context, and redistribution by the state attenuate earnings losses after job displacement. Applying propensity score matching and fixed effects estimations, we find that income from self‐employment reduces the earnings gap only slightly and severance payments buffer losses in the short run. On the household level, we find little evidence for an added worker effect whereas redistribution by the state within the tax and transfer system mitigates income losses substantially.

Socio-Economic Impacts of Cyclone Aila on Migrant and Non-Migrant Households in the Southwestern Coastal Areas of Bangladesh

In 2009, the tropical cyclonic storm Aila hit 11 southwestern coastal districts in Bangladesh, which triggered migration. Many studies were conducted on the impact of Aila on southwestern coastal communities; however, no comparative study was done on migrant and non-migrant households. Therefore, this article set out to assess the impact of cyclone Aila on the socio-economic conditions of migrant and non-migrant households. The households that could not cope with the impact, resulting in at least one household member having to migrate to seek an alternative source of income, were considered migrant households. On the other hand, non-migrant households were considered as those where no one migrated. The unit of analysis was the households. The research was conducted in the Koyra and Shymnagar sub-districts of Khulna and Satkhira, respectively. Mixed-method analysis was carried out using quantitative data collected from 270 households through a survey and qualitative data through 2 focus group discussions, 12 key informant interviews, and informal discussions. Data were analyzed through a comparative analysis of the migrant and non-migrant households. The findings showed that migrant households were better equipped to recover from losses in terms of income, housing, food consumption, and loan repayments than non-migrant households. It can be argued that the options of migration or shifting livelihood are better strategies for households when dealing with climatic events. Furthermore, the outcome of this research could contribute to the growing body of knowledge in an area where there are evident gaps. The findings could support policymakers and researchers to understand the impacts of similar climatic events, as well as the necessary policy interventions to deal with similar kinds of climatic events in the future. The study could be useful for developing and refining policies to recover from losses as a result of the same types of climatic events.

Population genetic structure and diversity analysis in economically important Pandanus odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntze accessions employing ISSR and SSR markers

Pandanus odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntze commonly known as Kewda is an economically important essential oil bearing plant belonging to the family Pandanaceae. Kewda flower distillation industry in Ganjam district (Odisha) accounts for nearly 90 % of the production of commercially important Kewda perfumes in the country and 50 % of that of the world. Economically, it is an important natural bioresource for the perfumery industry due to the exquisite fragrance it possesses. Besides the extensive use of Kewda male flowers for perfume production, other parts of the plant are also used in fibre, food, pharmaceuticals and handcraft industries. Hence, the plant contributes to be the livelihood of the local people of Ganjam district by providing an alternative source of income for the poor coastal villagers. Reports on the molecular characterization of Kewda germplasm using molecular markers are scanty. Molecular marker based assessment of genetic diversity in Kewda is very important for germplasm characterization, conservation and future improvement of the taxon. Hence, in the present study, 43 highly polymorphic molecular markers i.e. 13 ISSRs (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) and 30 SSRs (Simple Sequence Repeats) were screened on 84 Kewda accessions collected from different zones of Ganjam district, Odisha. Both ISSR and SSR markers showed moderate level of polymorphism i.e. 68.63 % and 74.36 % respectively. Dendrogram was constructed by UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) cluster analysis for both the ISSR and SSR markers and the result was confirmed by Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and population genetic study (POPGENE) was also done. SSR system was found to be more effective than ISSR system in evaluating the genetic diversity in Kewda accessions. The information obtained from genetic diversity analysis could be used for future breeding programmes for Kewda improvement to meet its ever increasing demand in the perfumery industry.

Livelihoods and Food Security Among Rural Households in the North-Western Mount Kenya Region

Food insecurity remains a major concern for numerous rural households in Sub-Saharan Africa who rely on agriculture as their main source of livelihood. The assessment of the links between food security and livelihoods is central for overcoming widespread food insecurity. However, assessments remain challenging due to food security’s multi-dimensionality and the challenge of finding indicators that are comparable and applicable to various contexts. This study addresses this challenge by adapting a food security index (FSI) and uses it to assess the livelihood drivers of food security. The index captures the multi-dimensionality of food security using conventional food security indicators. The assessed indicators include measures of “food consumption score”, “household dietary diversity score”, “coping strategies index”, the “household food insecurity access scale” and “months of adequate household food provisioning”. The study covered 600 randomly selected households representative of three agro-ecological zones located close to large-scale agricultural investment in Mount Kenya region in Kenya. We used linear regression to identify livelihood factors significantly influencing food security. Spearman’s rank-order correlation and student’s T-test demonstrated a strong and significant correlation between the composite FSI index and each classical indicators of food security. Overall, 32% of the households were food secure and 68% were food insecure. Households’ ownership of productive hand tools, followed by off-farm income, consumption of own produced food, type of agro-ecological zone, farm income and number of main crops infested by pests had a significant effect on household food security. All these factors, except the number of main crops infested by pests, positively influenced household food security. Households in humid agro-ecological zone were less food secure than households in semi-humid and semi-arid zones. Household size, the size of accessible land and households’ members’ participation to large agricultural investments (as wage workers or sub-contract farmer) were not significantly influencing food security. Households of the Mount Kenya region need alternative off-farm income sources combined with further support to improve sustainable agriculture management with appropriate hand tools for increased production, and improve value chains to increase farm income.