Alternative Renewable Energy Research Articles

Energy Consumption Analysis, Efficiency Measures and Renewable Energy Investments Towards a Nearly Net-Zero Campus: The Case Study of Cyprus International University

According to the International Energy Agency, energy and process emissions from buildings are responsible for nearly 33 % of global CO2 emissions in 2021; with two other leading sectors; transportation and industry with emissions of 22 % and 30 %, respectively. As a result, parallel with global signs of progress, the topic of energy efficiency and energy management in buildings has come to be a rule of energy policy in Cyprus International University (CIU) buildings. In Cyprus, similar to the reference of IEA, nearly 30% of the energy consumption is from the buildings, which is the most open to energy-saving measures. Since 2017, Sustainable Energy Research Centre in CIU has been working on the energy measures of CIU on both supply and demand sides. To increase the university’s sustainability further in the Energy and Climate section of both UI GreenMetrics and contribution to UN Sustainable Development Goals, conscious energy steps are taken both in energy saving and alternative renewable energy sources in the whole campus which resulted in making CIU a leading example of a sustainable university campus in the Middle-East as it holds the 3rd place for the most sustainable university campus in the region according to UI GreenMetrics World Sustainable University Ranking in 2022. In this paper, an energy audit study will be presented which evaluates the total energy load and energy-saving potential on campus and propose measures that should be taken. In order to conduct this study, Education and Humanities (EH) Building is taken as the pilot study which considers a detailed audit and actions to minimize energy consumption. Then the findings obtained from this energy efficiency study are generalized to all existing buildings on the campus and the expected effect of energy efficiency attempts is projected. These results are joined with the future alternative energy projects planned on the campus and the roadmap to nearly net-zero campus is discussed at the end of the study.

Households’ Willingness to Pay for Renewable Energy Alternatives in Thailand

While the problems about the environmental effects of traditional energy use are growing, Thailand has a rapid response by increasing its renewable energy (RE) policy. Even though Thailand has seen rapid growth in RE, it has been focusing on supporting the producers and not considering the users. In addition, there were few studies on RE receivers in Thailand. To reach sustainable growth and increase the empirical study, this research aims to analyze the socio-economy, electric consumption behavior, attitude, opinions, and cognition of households in Bangkok Metropolitan to willingly pay for RE alternatives in Thailand. A questionnaire survey was carried out for 250 households covering six administrative districts, selected through multistage and stratified sampling techniques. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and conditional logit regression. It is found that the overall household in Bangkok still unchanged the status of electricity production based on the findings of socio-economy, behavior, and psychological factors. Considering to pay for RE alternatives, households are willing to pay (WTP) for solar energy at the highest level among other types, and biomass is the least willing to pay when the RE share is expected to reach 40%. These results are relevant for the planning of RE in the metropolitan region and the methodology applicable to other regions for extending RE opportunities to the national level.

Metal-TPP (5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin) complex compounds as dye sensitizer in dye sensitized solar cells

The excessive exploitation of fossil fuels requires humans to look for alternative renewable energy sources that are environmentally friendly such as DSSC. DSSC is a solar cell technology that can convert photon energy in sunlight into electrical energy. This research aims to study the performance of complex compounds synthesized from tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) ligands with metal ions Cr(III), Mn(II) and Fe(III) and applied as dye sensitizers in Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC). Metal-TPP complexes have been successfully synthesized using the Adler method. The formation of metal-TPP complex compound is indicated by the characterization result using UV–Vis spectrophotometer, FTIR, conductometer test and the observed MLCT phenomenon. In a dye sensitizer application, the performance of the Cr(III)-TPP complex compound shows a short circuit current density value (Jsc) of 8.0 mA/cm2 with an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.62 V and an efficiency value (ƞ) of 9.13 %. The Mn(II)-TPP complex compound shows that the short circuit current density value (Jsc) of 8.0 mA/cm2 with an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.64 V and an efficiency value (ƞ) of 9.16 %. The Fe(III)-TPP complex compound shows that the short circuit current density value (Jsc) of 8.0 mA/cm2 with an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.64 V and an efficiency value (ƞ) of 9.36 %.

Identification of Geothermal Distribution in The Banyu Biru Hot Water Source using The Magnetic Method

<p class="Abstract">The geothermal phenomenon in Banyu Biru hot springs in Gondangwetan Village, Jatikalen District, Nganjuk Regency, has the potential to be developed into a tourist spot and an alternative renewable energy source that is environmentally friendly; for example, a geothermal power plant. So it is necessary to know the distribution of geothermal reservoirs and how much potential energy is contained. This research aims to determine the distribution of geothermal energy in the research area and its geological structure. This study used the Magnetic Method for secondary data obtained from NOAA satellite data. Data acquisition with an area of 2000 meters x 2000 meters obtained 100 data with a spacing of 200 meters. Based on research results, geothermal bursts have a low anomaly value of -50 nT to 25 nT. The low anomaly distribution can be used to determine the geothermal distribution in the area, assuming that areas with the same anomaly value indicate the presence of geothermal energy. The geology of the study area has five layers, namely: Topsoil (soil) has a susceptibility value of 0.0000377 SI, Alluvium has a susceptibility value of 0.00144513 SI, Tufan Clay has a susceptibility value of 0.00692407 SI, Limestone Tuff has a susceptibility value of 0.125713399 SI and Breccia (Andesite and Basalt) has a susceptibility value 0.0126292 SI. The depth of the geothermal source in the study area is ± 250 meters below the surface.</p>

Technoeconomic analysis of hybrid energy system for health clinic in Salalah Oman

Diesel generators are being employed as a means of generating electrical power in various regions across the globe. Considering the imperative to foster environmental sustainability, it appears that conventional electric-producing systems may not be economically viable or environmentally sound, necessitating their replacement with renewable energy alternatives. This study examines the viability of utilizing hybrid electric systems powered by renewable energy sources in health clinics located in Salalah, Oman. The HOMER software, which is utilized for the analysis of system configurations, was employed to examine the application and functional constraints of each hybridized setup. The results indicated that the renewable energy system exhibited the lowest cost of energy in contrast to both the generator set and hybridized energy systems. Renewable energy has superior power generation capabilities in comparison to hybridized energy and standalone generator set systems, rendering it the most economically feasible option and a more favorable choice for meeting the electrification requirements of health clinics.

A review on Energy Storage Systems

The urgent need to address global warming and the energy crisis, caused by dependence on fossil fuels, has led to enhanced research for sustainable energy sources. The adoption of renewable energy alternatives has been swift, but the intermittent nature of these sources makes consistent power production challenging. To address this, various techniques are used to store energy from renewable sources, which can then be used in a controlled manner to meet rising energy demands while reducing global CO2 emissions. This article analyzes the state of the art of energy storage technologies, focusing on their characteristics, classifications, applications, comparisons, and limitations. The study also includes recent research on new energy storage types, as well as significant advances and developments.

Probabilistic Techno-Economic Design of Isolated Microgrid

Isolated microgrid (MG) proved its potential to electrify the remote community through the cheaper and greener renewable energy alternatives with higher reliability than the weak grid. The goal of universal electricity access and the climate change mitigation paves the way for many public/private owned microgrids in remote areas. Having in mind various uncertainties associated with the design parameters of the MG (e.g., temperature, irradiation, load), this paper presents a probabilistic approach for optimal sizing and techno-economic assessment of the PV-based MG. The potential environmental impact of the isolated MG is taken into account by considering both, the PV/Battery, and more conventional PV/Battery/Diesel Generator configuration. The effectiveness of multi-year data over the single year data in the probabilistic approach is demonstrated. The probabilistic techno-economic analysis of different configurations facilitates informed decision making regarding the configuration and size of MG components while meeting the reliability of supply and environmental constraints. The feasibility and affordability of the configurations are demonstrated through the distribution of net present cost, levelized cost of energy and the unmet load percentage.

Dye-Based Bifacial Silicon Solar Cell Fabrication

Abstract: Solar photovoltaic (PV) is a well-known energy harvesting technology or a semiconductor device that is used in generating electricity from the sunlight via the conversion process. Currently, solar photovoltaic is increasingly growing as an alternative renewable energy in conventional power generation. There are two types of solar photovoltaic cells which are monofacial and bifacial solar cells. The difference between these two solar cells is, monofacial, only generate electricity when the light touches the front side whereas the bifacial solar cell does generate electricity from both the front and rear side. In this research project, the bifacial solar cell is used to fulfil the purpose of increasing the power conversion efficiency as it can generate power from both surfaces. The bifacial is known to produce more energy up to 27 % than the monofacial according to the claims of some manufacturers. The base of this bifacial solar cell is silicon. Silicon purely contains an atomic structure that makes it suitable and more stable to be the raw material of a semiconductor due to its behaviour to block and conduct electricity. This is mainly due to silicon having the conductive properties of metal as well as an insulator. The silicon wafer will undergo the whole fabrication process to become the semiconductor devices. However, there is a problem encountered with the PV cell when it is consistently improving and when analysing the potential areas: on the power conversion efficiency. This is one of the challenges that can be solved with a strategy to increase the availability of the photon trapping of the solar cell which we called as the surface passivation of the bifacial solar cell. Surface passivation is a way that can minimise the recombination loss and efficiency loss while enhancing the optical path length of the solar cell on the photon absorption. It is the most significant step to increase the efficiency of the bifacial solar cell which is also known as an anti-reflection coating (ARC) using dye-based coating techniques. The development of the anti-reflection (ARC) lays on the fabrication techniques, optical performance and the light trapping structures as well as their impact on its efficiency

Potential of Biomass Briquettes from Tropical Fruit Waste (Study Case: Durian Skin)

The search for alternative and sustainable renewable energy sources has become necessary as the world faces growing concerns over climate change and depleting fossil fuel reserves. Biomass briquettes, derived from various organic materials, present a promising solution to this global energy crisis. This study explores the potential of utilizing tropical fruit, specifically durian (Durio zibethinus), as a renewable energy source by producing biomass briquettes. Durian is a widely cultivated tropical fruit, abundant in certain regions but often underutilized due to its strong aroma and perishability. By converting durian waste into biomass briquettes, we can address environmental challenges while creating a valuable energy resource that aligns with sustainability principles.

Genetic atom search-optimized in vivo bioelectricity harnessing from live dragon fruit plant based on intercellular two-electrode placement

Bioelectricity is a promising alternative renewable energy source that can be produced from live plants and trees. However, previous experimental studies mostly applied non-sustainable bioelectricity extraction techniques from cut-off stem or leaves and neglected the optimum placement of electrodes for maximizing energy extraction without impeding plant growth. Electrode placement and penetration are crucial in energy extraction since they greatly influence electrical generated output enhancement. Relatively, along with the common plants used for bioelectricity extraction, the dragon fruit tree has the potential to be explored as an alternative bioelectricity source since it is widely abundant in many regions. With that, this work introduced a novel integrated genetic-population metaheuristic-based optimization model that was developed centered on in vivo stem bioelectricity extraction from dragon fruit tree to determine the exact optimum distance of silver-coated copper pin-type anodes and cathodes for maximum bioelectricity extraction through intercellular across vascular bundle (icVB) and inter-parenchymal cells (iPC) electrode penetration techniques, and incorporated the cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment methodology to properly account the environmental impacts of the two intercellular penetration approaches. Multigene genetic programming was performed to formulate the fitness function followed by a comparative atom search (ASO), shuffle frog-leaping, and elephant herding-based bioelectricity harnessing optimization. Thus, ASO demonstrated the highest attainable fitness value and conformed well with both electrode placement treatments. This subsequently verified that ASO-based iPC penetration, yielding 58.923 J, surpasses icVB, which only yielded 13.909 J in terms of the total harnessed energy stored throughout the 30-day experiment. Overall, the genetic ASO-iPC with an electrode distance of 4.488 inches produced a higher yield of harnessed bioelectricity while incurring no significant damage and causing fewer environmental impacts compared to the ASO-icVB treatment. This developed technique can minimize greenhouse gas emissions while also expanding the application of evolutionary computing in agriculture and alternative energy domains.

In situ hydro-deoxygenation onto nickel-doped HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst for upgrading pyrolytic oil.

Global energy demand has drastically increased due to urbanization and industrialization; thus, developing alternative renewable energy sources is urgently required. In the present work, upgrading the pyrolytic oil (PO) derived from fresh palm fruit was performed by the catalytic in situ hydrodeoxygenation (in situ HDO) process. Preparation of nickel-doped HZSM-5 zeolite (SiO2/Al2O3 = 40) was achieved by incipient wetness impregnation techniques using different weight percents of nickel dopant into HZSM-5. Nickel-doped HZSM-5 zeolite (Ni-HZSM-5) was further subjected to chemical reduction for 5h in the oxygen-free environment (10% H2 and 90% N2) at 550°C. The structural properties showed a potential reduction of NiO-HZSM-5 to Ni-HZSM-5, enhancing the catalytic potential. The morphological characterizations showed spherical-shaped Ni agglomerated onto HZSM-5. Acidity and oxygen contents in the pyrolytic oil were achieved by catalyst-aided HDO process at 220°C for 6h using methanol as a hydrogen donor. The catalytically upgraded pyrolytic oil (UPO) was analyzed for density, HHV, CHNO, and TGA. The best upgrading oil was distilled following ASTM D86 to separate gasoline, kerosene, and diesel. The acidity, density, HHV, and viscosity were measured before and after the upgradation processes. The results showed the potential impact of Ni with 10% doped on HZSM-5 on HDO reaction and illustrated the lowest oxygen content in upgraded pyrolytic oil products. Considerable decrease in viscosity and density level indicated that in situ HDO not only reduced oxygen content but also cracked pyrolytic oil to small molecules. The distilled product of upgrading oil was higher than pyrolytic oil by approximately 15% in volume. The viscosity, density, and HHV were under standard specifications of kerosene and diesel, except for acidity. However, the acidity was reduced by over 60% compared with raw material.

Torrefaction for Upgrading the Quality of Merbau Wood Waste Pellets

Recently, biofuels are intensively studied regarding the need of alternative renewable energy sources. Woody biomass has been one of the raw materials which are used in various ways including biofuels. As for biofuels, woody biomass has yet to possess some disadvantages such as bulk dimension, low density, non-uniformity, and high moisture content. Pelletizing has been one of the ways to improve the quality of woody biomass to be a proper biofuel. However, wood pellets also still offer downside such as hygroscopicity. Torrefaction is one of the methods to upgrade pellets quality such as high calorific value, fixed carbon, and hydrophobicity. In this study, merbau wood waste pellets were dry torrefied at a temperature of 200°C and 250°C for 15 and 30 minutes. The data obtained showed that torrefaction applied on merbau wood waste pellets could produce high quality pellets.

Impact Investing in the Hospitality Industry: Social Responsibility and Economic Benefits

This research investigates the intricacies of impact investing in the hospitality industry and its potential implications for fostering corporate responsibility. The study highlights the pivotal role of impact investing policies in promoting regional economic development and environmental betterment. In the face of pressing global environmental challenges, such as climate change and energy resource scarcity, the study underscores the need for effective measures that positively shape state policy formation. The primary goal of such policy initiatives is to bolster human capital development and ensure the long-term realization of strategic objectives. This holds particular significance for nations with substantial potential in the tourism industry, where the hospitality sector acts as a linchpin for tourism recovery and presents compelling opportunities for impactful investments. As energy shortages and dependence took center stage in 2022, the research calls for the exploration of alternative renewable energy sources and the development of new commodity markets to invigorate energy sector growth. Against the backdrop of the hospitality industry’s post-pandemic resurgence, the integration of impact investing emerges as vital for both developing and developed nations. Given the prevailing global environmental crisis, the study underscores the imperative of effective international cooperation mechanisms to tackle environmental challenges, positioning impact investing as a catalyst for achieving sustainable economic development goals, advancing eco-friendly practices, and addressing global environmental imperatives.

Hydrothermal karst cavities in a Devonian carbonate reservoir analogue (Rhenish Massif, Germany): Implications for geothermal energy potential

Deep geothermal reservoirs can provide renewable energy for electricity and heat generation [1]. In the Rhine-Ruhr area of western Germany, where Europe's largest district heating network is located, up to 1,300 m thick carbonates of Devonian age are available in ≥ 4,000 m depth [2, 3]. Near the surface, these rocks contain karst cavities, which host some of Germany´s longest caves [4, 5]. At reservoir depth, abundant karstification may significantly increase the geothermal reservoir potential [6] (Figure 1).
 In the Munich area (southern Germany) deep-seated karstified Upper Jurassic rocks are widely used for the city´s district heating network [7]. Most deep-seated geothermal systems are located at a depth of 1,000 m or more at temperatures over 60 °C [8]. Therefore, it is important to assess deep-seated karstified structures elsewhere to assess their geothermal reservoir potential. In the Rhine-Ruhr area, these could have the potential to be used as an alternative renewable energy resource.
 This study aims at the geological characterization of deep-seated (hydrothermal) karst cavities in Steltenberg Quarry (western Germany) where Middle/Upper Devonian carbonates (Massenkalk limestone) are present in the vicinity of two regional fault zones [9, 10]. We applied state of the art petrographical, geochemical, palaeothermometrical methods, and U-Pb dating. Here we present the first U-Pb age data of deep-seated hydrothermal karst precipitates in Germany, which formed at the Permian-Triassic boundary (252.4 ± 8.6 My, Table 1). The U-Pb age data of calcite cement veins (LMC 8), which were cutting the near-surface karst cavities before they got dissolved, points to an Oligocene maximum age (30.0 ± 2.81 My) of the karst cavities.

State-of-the-art review of MPPT techniques for hybrid PV-TEG systems: Modeling, methodologies, and perspectives

The development of alternative renewable energy technologies is crucial for alleviating climate change and promoting energy transformation. Of the currently available technologies, solar energy has promising application prospects owing to its merits of being clean, safe, and sustainable. Solar energy is converted into electricity through photovoltaic (PV) cells; however, the overall conversion efficiency of PV modules is relatively low, and most of the captured solar energy is dissipated in the form of heat. This not only reduces the power generation efficiency of solar cells but may also have a negative impact on the electrical parameters of PV modules and the service life of PV cells. To overcome the shortcomings, an efficient approach involves combining a PV cell with a thermoelectric generator (TEG) to form hybrid PV-TEG systems, which simultaneously improve the energy conversion efficiency of the PV system by reducing the operating temperature of the PV modules and increasing the power output by utilizing the waste heat generated from the PV system to generate electricity via the TEGs. Based on a thorough examination of the literature, this study comprehensively reviews 14 maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms currently applied to hybrid PV-TEG systems and classifies them into five major categories for further discussion, namely conventional, mathematics-based, metaheuristic, artificial intelligence, and other algorithms. This review aims to inspire advanced ideas and research on MPPT algorithms for hybrid PV-TEG systems.

Compensation of Low Current by Photoelectric Methods

The cost of extracting conventional energy is increasing and conventional energy itself is becoming very scarce and research indicates an increase in pollution, and it also shows that the depletion of conventional energy sources is inevitable. All that means there is a dire need for an alternative type of energy, that is clean, easy to install and cost effective and that is Photovoltaic (PV) energy, which is available in abundance in the study area of research, in which unreliable conventional energy is used, is usually out of power for more than 12 hours a day and this shortage in power affects many sectors in the city, such as hospitals, schools, farms and basic facilities and even the refrigerators of the dead, whose bodies have been decomposed due to power shortage. This paper studies the power situation in the town area, on latitude (31.53) and longitude (23.54), and finds an alternative renewable energy source, namely PV, and designs a reliable PV system that would compensate for the usual conventional power shortage suffered by Tobruk City. Two load scenarios are considered, one is the required load in which only the essential electric devices are involved and the other is optional in which some extra electric households are added. It is believed that this power solution would not only guarantee the availability of power for the town area, but it also saves money in the long run and saves the environment since it is a clean that is easy to install and maintain.

Internal active cooling of a crystalline silicon photovoltaic module: Development of a modeling framework

Renewable energy sources are experiencing a resurgence in popularity due to growing environmental concerns. Solar technologies are the best renewable energy alternatives for meeting ever-increasing energy demand. The photovoltaic (PV) modules installed in a solar power plant get heated up quickly, resulting in significant reduction in their operating efficiency. This paper presents a mathematical model and its validation for a novel 'internal' active cooling mechanism, proposed elsewhere, for lowering the temperature of a crystalline silicon PV module. Specifically, a 3D mathematical model using COMSOL Multiphysics® software was developed to predict a silicon solar cell's temperature for conventional external and proposed internal cooling methods. The developed model was validated with the experimental data borrowed from the patent application (no. 202211050095). When compared to external air convection at a flow rate of 2 m/s, the proposed internal cooling method reduced the temperature of a Si solar cell by at least 5 °C. Finally, an economic analysis revealed that internal cooling could result in a 9.6 % net gain in the output of a solar power plant, compared to the 4.6 % net gain offered by external air cooling.

Process optimization for blended waste frying oil in biodiesel production using CaO derived from African periwinkle shell catalyst through response surface methodology

Biodiesel is one of the renewable energy alternatives for fossil fuel because of its biodegradability, no toxicity, and environmentally friendly nature. Investigations have been made on transesterifying blended waste frying oil (BWFO) into biodiesel using African periwinkle shells (APS) heterogeneous catalyst. The BWFO, a mixture of 60:40 groundnut oil and waste palm oil, usually causes serious environmental problems when indiscriminately disposed. After being calcined, the non-activated APS (RAPS) was further sulphonated to create an acid-activated APS (AAPSA) catalyst. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET), and other techniques were used to characterize the produced RAPS and AAPSA. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to evaluate the produced biodiesel. Besides, a series of physiochemical properties including acid value, density, kinetic viscosity, flash point, cloud point, pour point, and other fuel properties of produced BWFO, were evaluated using ASTM standard methods. The central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized for modeling and process optimization of biodiesel production from BWFO.The characterization results revealed that CaO (62.07 %) is the main constituent of AAPSA. The RPSA's pore volume and BET surface area were 0.34 cm3/g and 68.93 m2/g, respectively. BET surface area (30.9%) and pore volume (48.2 %) increased for the AAPSA. The significant increase in surface area and pore volume of AAPSA indicates an enhanced number of acid sites and catalytic activity of the acid-modified catalyst towards higher produced biodiesel yield. The optimal conditions for the reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst loading, and methanol to oil ratio (mtOH/oil) were 55 °C, 142.5 min, 2.5 wt%, and 14.25:1. This resulted in the maximum yield of biodiesel, which was 91.5 %. Moreover, the AAPSA catalyst performed excellently, and the resulting biodiesel fuel's properties are comparable with those of ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. Hence, AAPSA is a potential solid acid bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst to produce biodiesel from BWFO. Therefore, this study's novelty comprises the synthesis of solid acid bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst from giant African land snail shells and the optimization of the process variables involved in the production of biodiesel from BWFO.

Fish Waste: A Potential Source of Biodiesel

The continuously increasing energy requirement on one hand and the incessant depletion of non-renewable fossil fuels on the other urge us to focus on alternative renewable energy sources such as biofuels. Biofuels including biodiesel, bioethanol, biobutanol, biohydrogen, etc., are generated from different biological sources, and their waste which stands as the best alternative in the present scenario. Specifically, the utilization of biological wastes as raw materials for the production of biofuels is considered as best waste management practice. To date, most of the biodiesel production research has been carried out with plant, algal, and microbial samples, or their waste. It is a well-known fact that diesel can also be produced from specific oily fish and their waste using different methods. In addition, fish waste constitutes a major quantity compared to other food waste which is a serious concern. Furthermore, the disposal of fish waste shows an impact on both the environment and the economy. Hence, the development of protocols for the efficient production of biodiesel from fish waste is the ultimate goal. However, insufficient knowledge and less effort in the conversion of fish waste to biodiesel impede the achievement of this goal. Therefore, this review intends to summarize the mechanism of biodiesel production from fish waste. Also, various physico-chemical factors involved in biodiesel production from fish waste were discussed. In addition, research on biodiesel generation from various fish wastes or waste fish oil was also emphasized in detail, which will be helpful for commercial practice. Overall, this information will be useful for improvement in biodiesel production from fish waste.

An Evaluation of the Presence of Heavy Metals in the Poultry Feeds Marketed in Ijebu Jesa, Osun State

One of the most crucial areas of agriculture is poultry production, with commercial layers and broilers making a significant contribution to supplying the rising need for protein from the growing population through eggs and meats. It's crucial that hens have enough of certain necessary metals like copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) in their meals. We examined the levels of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and zinc (Zn) in four brands of two commercial feeds (Animal care and Top feeds) that are often used by chicken farmers in Osun state. The meals were bought at Ijebu-Jesa, Osun State, from several retail establishments. Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) analysis was done after the feeds had been ashed, digested, and examined for metal contamination. The concentration of the key components was consistently lowest in starting feed. The feed had relatively little of the necessary components (copper, zinc, iron, and manganese). Because of this, the projected nutritional values of the feed based on the concentrations of the necessary components were extremely low. This demonstrates that supplements were not provided to the diets as was reasonable to expect. The feed samples, however, had very high levels of lead. Anthropogenic sources of lead contamination in the environment, particularly fossil fuels, may be to blame for this. Adoption of alternative renewable energy sources like biodiesel and bioethanol is highly necessary.