Alternative Reinforcement Research Articles

A preliminary evaluation of treatment duration on the resurgence of destructive behavior.

Quantitative models of resurgence (e.g., Behavioral Momentum Theory, Resurgence as Choice) suggest that resurgence is partly a function of the duration of extinction exposure, with longer histories of extinction producing less resurgence. This prediction is supported by some laboratory research and has been partially supported by clinical translations that did not isolate the effects of extinction exposure prior to testing for resurgence. The degree to which different histories of extinction impact the likelihood of treatment relapse in therapeutic applications of differential reinforcement is of great interest to the clinical community, including insurance carriers and other financial providers. In the present study, we isolated the effects of extinction history for severe destructive behavior across 6 participants referred for treatment services and examined resurgence of destructive behavior when alternative reinforcement terminated. Our within-subject evaluation showed no difference in the level of resurgence or persistence of destructive behavior following short and long exposures to differential reinforcement with extinction. We discuss our failure to replicate in relation to experimental-design considerations for investigating this and other relapse phenomena in future research with clinical populations.

Resurgence as Choice in Context: Treatment duration and on/off alternative reinforcement.

Resurgence as Choice (RaC) is a quantitative theory suggesting that an increase in an extinguished target behavior with subsequent extinction of an alternative behavior (i.e., resurgence) is governed by the same processes as choice more generally. We present data from an experiment with rats examining a range of treatment durations with alternative reinforcement plus extinction and demonstrate that increases in treatment duration produce small but reliable decreases in resurgence. Although RaC predicted the relation between target responding and treatment duration, the model failed in other respects. First, contrary to predictions, the present experiment also replicated previous findings that exposure to cycling on/off alternative reinforcement reduces resurgence. Second, RaC did a poor job simultaneously accounting for target and alternative behaviors across conditions. We present a revised model incorporating a role for more local signaling effects of reinforcer deliveries or their absence on response allocation. Such signaling effects are suggested to impact response allocation above and beyond the values of the target and alternative behaviors as longer-term repositories of experience. The new model provides an excellent account of the data and can be viewed as an integration of RaC and a quantitative approximation of some aspects of Context Theory.

Single- and cross-commodity delay discounting of money and e-cigarette liquid in experienced e-cigarette users

BackgroundDelay discounting (DD) research has improved our understanding of important behavioral processes associated with tobacco use. Little research has explored DD among e-cigarette users, and these studies have exclusively examined money as the only available commodity. This secondary analysis of a laboratory study explored discounting for money and e-liquid among e-cigarette users using two single-commodity discounting (SCD) tasks and one cross-commodity discounting (CCD) task. A secondary goal was to explore the extent to which results from the SCD and CCD tasks were correlated to each other and with measures of e-cigarette use. MethodsE-cigarette users (N = 27) completed two SCD tasks and one CCD task. The SCD tasks assessed choices between various amounts of either money now versus money later (M-M) or e-liquid now versus e-liquid later (mL-mL). The CCD task assessed choices between e-liquid now versus money later (mL-M). Discounting results were compared using logk and AUClog. ResultsDiscounting was greatest in the mL-mL task, followed by the M-M task, and then the mL-M task. AUClog and logk were significantly correlated across all discounting tasks. Attempts to quit vaping was positively associated with logk and negatively associated with AUClog and in both SCD tasks. ConclusionsE-cigarette users discount e-liquid more than money in a SCD task. However, when the two commodities, money and e-liquid (CCD), are compared the substance of abuse is discounted to a lesser extent. Interventions that provide alternative reinforcers to compete with the reinforcing effects of nicotine intake may be especially indicated for treating e-cigarette dependence.

Deformation analysis of fibre-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete beams by tension-stiffening approach

Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) is free from corrosion problem and is a viable alternative reinforcement material for concrete structures in lieu of steel reinforcing bars. Since FRP has lower elastic modulus compared to steel, the serviceability aspect of FRP reinforced concrete (FRP-RC) members should be particularly considered in the structural analysis and design. This study addresses the deformation analysis of FRP-RC flexural members with thorough consideration of the tension-stiffening phenomenon in post-cracking state. The approaches for analyzing the tension-stiffening flexural response of FRP-RC beams are presented. These include the use of empirical or theoretical models to compute effective flexural stiffness, the use of finite element method in conjunction with nonlinear constitutive material models, and the use of tensile stress block in combination with member analysis. Among them, the latter is a relatively simple analysis approach. Aiming for serviceability assessment of FRP-RC beams in structural engineering practice to circumvent sophisticated theoretical approaches and constitutive models, parametrized tensile stress block is derived based on tension stress fields computed from finite element analysis, and is proposed for use in member analysis for prediction of deflections. Four FRP-RC beam specimens tested in the literature are analyzed to verify the proposed tensile stress block. Close agreement between the experimental and analytical results is achieved, thereby endorsing the applicability and reliability of the proposed method.

Flexural Strength Test For Concrete Beam With Mild Steel and Reinforcing Iron

Mild steel in buildings tends to only be used as a roof frame. The phenomenon in the field that lightweight steel roof truss can be combined with mortar mixture. In general this union is found on the walls of the construction of the red stone horses. This phenomenon is captured and applied dynamically, creatively, and innovatively with new idioms. Mild steel can be used as a beam reinforcement. This research is important in order to find alternative reinforcement of beams other than iron and strong beam reinforcement. This study aims to determine the ratio of flexural strength between concrete from mild steel reinforcement and concrete from steel reinforcement. This study uses a concrete flexural strength test and simple test beam method. The test beam is loaded and centered directly. Press testing machine is used as a flexural test device. The machine is equipped with two support beams and one load beam, load construction, and support blocks. Six beams are used as specimens. Test objects are made of different reinforcement. Concrete beams are made from a cross section of 600 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm, used reinforcing iron diameter of 6 mm, and amounting to three (first test object). Concrete beams are made from a cross section of 600 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm, mild steel is used with the profile shape C73.35.10 mm, and there are three pieces (second test object). This study concluded that the test beam was made from a cross section of 600 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm. and mild steel (profile C73.35.10 mm) has twice the maximum flexural strength compared to 600 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm cross section beam and reinforcing iron (6 mm diameter).

Cost effectiveness of reinforcement alternatives for a concrete water chlorination tank

Reinforced concrete tanks in water/wastewater treatment plants are susceptible to severe corrosion due to aggressive exposure conditions resulting from the application of certain treatment chemicals and methods. Non-corrosive materials, such as stainless steel or fiber reinforced polymer (FRP), may be attractive alternative reinforcement options for such concrete structures. However, the high initial cost of such materials imposes constraints on their use, although such thinking ignores improvements in long-term concrete durability. The current paper addresses the use of non-corrosive reinforcement in a concrete water chlorination tank using life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) that aims to evaluate the cost effectiveness of different reinforcement alternatives. A comparison was established between four concrete reinforcing materials, namely, black steel, epoxy coated steel, stainless steel, and glass-FRP (GFRP) through a 100-year analysis period.The results of this study suggest that the use of non-corrosive reinforcement helps achieve a considerable long-term cost saving. LCCA showed that GFRP becomes more economical than black steel in 35 years following construction. The net present cost (NPC) obtained for the GFRP-reinforced concrete was approximately 43% lower than that of the black steel reinforced concrete. The use of stainless steel also had a potential advantage but was less cost-effective than GFRP, with a 50-year payback period and an NPC 25% lower than that of the conventional design. Epoxy coated steel also showed a long-term cost benefit when compared to black steel, with approximately 11% reduction in NPC and 15-year extension in the service life. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the effects of the analysis period, discount rate, construction costs, concrete strength, and the use of supplementary cementitious materials on the LCCA outcomes.

Mechanical Behaviour of Composite Material Based on Mortar/Natural Fibers (Fique <i>"Furcraea andina"</i>) Meshes as External Reinforcement of Concrete Beams

This work shows the effect of an external reinforcement of concrete beams using a composite material based on woven meshes obtained from natural fibers of fique "furcraea andina" embedded in a Portland cement mortar. Fique is an endemic plant of the Colombian Andean region. The woven meshes tensile resistance was obtained according to the ASTM D-5034 standard. Flat orthogonal woven meshes were characterized, made with 714.3 tex linear density yarns, separated 3, 5 and 8 mm in warp and weft directions, likewise, the concrete beams rupture module was evaluated according to the ASTM C78 standard. Beams were tested, both without mesh reinforcement and with external reinforcement. Beams were reinforced on one, three and four of their faces. A commercial epoxy adhesive was used to glue the composite material to the concrete beams and their behaviour were tested with and without the application of the epoxy. The four faces reinforced composite beam showed an increase of 80% of its bending resistance compared to the beam without any additional reinforcement, showing a greater ductility and better mechanical behaviour. The results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of the use of fique meshes as alternative reinforcement agents for cementitious compounds in structural elements, opening the way for future investigations into the use of natural fibers in construction alternative materials.

Cost and environmental analyses of reinforcement alternatives for a concrete bridge

Reinforced Concrete (RC) and Prestressed Concrete (PC) structures using conventional materials in aggressive exposure conditions are susceptible to corrosion. Non-corrosive reinforcement materials such as: Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) rebars; Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) strands; Stainless-Steel (SS); and Epoxy-coated steel (ECS) reinforcing bars, are attracting attention as more appropriate options in concrete structures. This paper addresses a Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis that verifies the cost performance of four different alternative reinforcement bars for the design of a demonstration FRP-RC/PC bridge in Florida, namely Halls River Bridge (HRB). The four different alternatives to be compared are namely Carbon Steel (CS), SS, FRP, and ECS, and the analysis is performed over 100-years. Additionally, a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) is included in the analysis to investigate the environmental credentials of the four design alternatives. Cost sensitivity analyses over specific parameters are included. The parameters analyzed are: reinforcement cost, changes in chloride concentration levels over the bridge service life, and discount rate values. Conclusions and recommendations for standard practices and design of future alternative solutions are then presented.

Initial validation of the Multiple-Choice procedure for measuring video game playing

The inclusion of pathological gaming behavior in the most recent editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual and the International Classification of Diseases highlights the need for increased research on this emerging topic of public health concern. Behavioral economic theories have informed conceptual and treatment models of addictive behaviors and may have a similar impact on our understanding of video gaming. The current study used an online version of the Multiple-Choice Procedure (MCP) to measure the relative reinforcing value of hypothetical video game playing for different temporal magnitudes (i.e., 10, 30, and 90 min during which to play a video game) relative to alternative monetary reinforcers available immediately or after a 1-week delay. Participants completed the MCP and the Video Game Dependency Scale (VGDS) to assess problems associated with internet gaming disorder. Similar to other addictive behaviors measured with the MCP, mean crossover points increased as temporal magnitudes increased and as delay was introduced to the alternative monetary reinforcer. MCP crossover points also added to the variance accounted for in VGDS scores. Being male was a significant predictor of VGDS scores, even after accounting for their higher frequency of video game playing. The current study is the first to investigate a behavioral economics model of video game playing. The findings strengthen the notion that similar behavioral mechanisms account for a wide range of addictive behavior. Future research is needed to assess the treatment utility of the MCP and other behavioral economic measures.

Reduced ethanol self-administration in rats produced by the introduction of a high value non-drug alternative reinforcer

Previous studies have shown that providing rats with a non-drug alternative in a choice situation can reduce ethanol taking in rats. There is also evidence that brief experience with non-drug reinforcers can reduce the reinforcing effects of drugs like cocaine, even when those non-drug alternatives are not pitted against the drug in a choice procedure. The goal of the present experiment was to determine whether experience with sucrose – a high value non-drug reinforcer in rats – in a non-choice situation would reduce ethanol's reinforcing effects, as measured within a behavioral economic framework. In a first phase, separate groups of rats worked on fixed-ratio schedules for ethanol, sucrose, or ethanol plus sucrose (during separate components within a session). In a second phase, all rats worked for ethanol and sucrose during alternating components. The introduction of sucrose components in the second phase to the group that previously only had experience with ethanol caused a significant decrease in ethanol self-administration. There was also a significant interaction whereby the effect of phase on the elasticity of demand for ethanol differed between the group that only had ethanol and the group that had ethanol plus sucrose in the first phase. These results indicate that a high value non-drug alternative reinforcer can reduce ethanol's reinforcing effects even when that alternative is not available at the time when ethanol is available. These findings suggest that treatments aiming to increase exposure to non-alcohol sources of reinforcement might be beneficial in reducing alcohol drinking.

Experimental investigation of strut-and-tie layouts in deep RC beams designed with hybrid bi-linear topology optimization

This paper presents the experimental study of deep reinforced concrete beams designed with strut-and-tie models. Three different reinforcement layouts are designed with the same material quantities and for the same loading and boundary conditions. Two of the layouts are automatically generated using a topology optimization framework in which obtaining increasingly complex steel layouts is allowed. The experimental performance of these are compared to a beam designed with a conventional strut-and-tie model. Two samples are constructed and experimentally tested of each of the three designs. To limit post-processing of the reinforcement layouts, the topology-optimized designs are obtained using a hybrid bi-linear approach and an alternative reinforcement method has been used; the layouts have been waterjet cut from steel plates. The experimental study reveals that the topology-optimized reinforcement layouts have an increase in stiffness and strength compared to the conventional design. Interestingly, all specimens with topology-optimized reinforcement exhibit a similar behavior regardless of the topological complexity. This suggests that significant performance improvements are obtained when using topology optimization to generate strut-and-tie models without necessarily requiring the resulting layout to be highly complex and costly to construct.

Natural Rubber Composites Filled with Crop Residues as an Alternative to Vulcanizates with Common Fillers.

This present study is focused on exploring the possibility of using agricultural waste in the form of cereal straw as an active filler of biocomposites. The effect of lignocellulosic filler addition on the multifunctional properties of natural rubber composites was investigated. The results were compared with the properties of vulcanizates containing commonly used reinforcements in elastomer technology (carbon black, silica, chalk, talc). Rubber mixtures filled with straw showed the highest torque increase during rheometric measurements, which indirectly indicated a high degree of crosslinking and hardness of composites. It was found that the effect of straw addition on vulcanization time of elastomer blends was comparable with the results obtained for other conventional fillers. Moreover, the results confirmed that novel composites based on natural rubber filled with crop residues were attractive materials owing to their capacity for the formation of “structure” in combination with a good impact on reinforcement. Vulcanizates with the addition of straw showed the best barrier properties and resistance to thermo-oxidative aging from all tested samples. Furthermore, straw-based composites demonstrated that cereal straw waste could be used as an alternative, biodegradable and eco-friendly reinforcement of natural rubber composites.

An Experimental Study on Geogrid with Geotextile Effects Aimed to Improve Clayey Soil

The increase of shear strength in soil, reinforced with the geogrid (alternate reinforcer), is resulted from an increase of modulus of soil hardness, and also from the tensile strength of reinnforcer. The shear strength of contact surface in soil appears due to both the friction strength against the contact surface, and the passive strength formed in front of the elements of the geogrid system. In the clay reinforced with a geogrid, the resistance of the contact surface is low; therefore, contact surface rupture occurs before the tensile strength reaches the ultimate limit. Also, the geogrid is almost ineffective in limiting particles movement and creating passive resistance in clay, due to a big difference in the sizes of geogrid opening (a perture) comparing to clay grains. In this research, we tried to examine the effect of geotextile layers around the geogrid aimed to improve the soil-geogrid interaction in different drainage conditions by means of triaxle (UU) and (CD) trials on a large scale. Experiments were carried out, based on non-reinforced samples, geogrid-reinforced samples and geocomposite reinforced samples. The results of the experiments showed that the geotextile layers around the geogrid in the clay reinforcements not only effectively improved the interaction of contact surface, where the stresses are concentrated on the geogrid, but enhanced the shear strength parameters, the consolidation and drainage processes, as well. Radiographic results taken from fractal samples indicated that the rupture plate gets a reflection state in the reinforcing elements at the location of geocomposite configurations only, relative to the reinforcing elements. Meanwhile, the geogrid layers did not have any impact on the changes of rupture surface situation.

Behaviors of New RC Bridge Columns Made of Highly Flowable Strain-Hardening Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (HF-SHFRC) under Cyclic Loads

Abstract Remarkable development of high-strength concrete and reinforcement has been achieved nowadays. The purpose of the New Reinforced Concrete (New RC) project is aimed to reduce member section size by using high-strength concrete (f′c > 70 MPa) and high-strength rebars (fy > 685 MPa). Material consumption can be further reduced owing to the upgrade of strength. However, the brittle nature of high-strength concrete may also cause early cover spalling and other ductility issues. The addition of steel fibers is an alternative transverse reinforcement in New RC infrastructure systems. Highly flowable strain-hardening fiber-reinforced concrete (HF-SHFRC) has excellent workability in the fresh state and exhibits the strain-hardening and multiple-cracking characteristics of high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (HPFRCC) in their hardened state. This study aims to investigate the cyclic behavior of New RC bridge columns made of HF-SHFRC. Five large-scale bridge columns are subjected to cyclic lateral loading to verify their responses and deformation capacity. The test results show that by adding 1.5 % of high-strength hooked steel fibers, great deformation capacity is developed, in which either the stirrups spacing is increased to two times that of the control specimen or all tires are eliminated in New RC bridge columns. In addition, the accuracy of the proposed concept of equivalent lateral reinforcement is verified by the test results. Implementation of HF-SHFRC in New RC infrastructure offers opportunities to significantly simplify the design and construction of members for sustainable urbanization while ensuring adequate ductility and damage tolerance.

Opposing roles of Sigma‐1 and Sigma‐2 receptors in heavy alcohol drinking and associated mechanical allodynia in mice

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a serious and complex neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by excessive alcohol intake, inability to control consumption, and the emergence of a negative emotional state in the absence of alcohol. While the role of the Sigma‐1 receptor (Sig‐1R) in animal models of AUD has been demonstrated, the role of Sigma‐2 receptor/Transmembrane Protein 97 (Sig‐2R/TMEM97), which has recently been cloned, is still unclear. Using an intermittent access, 2‐bottle choice paradigm, the effects of the Sig‐2R/TMEM97 modulator JVW‐1034 (0–30 mg/kg, i.p.) on ethanol drinking in male C57Bl/6J mice were assessed. Sucrose intake was used to control for non‐specific effects of the drug on an alternate reinforcer in a separate study, and locomotor intake was also assessed. In addition, using an automated von Frey filament test, the effects of JVW‐1034 on mechanical sensitivity in alcohol drinking mice was tested during withdrawal. The effects of the Sig‐2R modulator were compared to those of BD‐1063 (0–30 mg/kg, i.p.), a preferential Sig‐1R antagonist. Results showed that JVW‐1034 reduced alcohol intake and preference in this model, without affecting water intake. Sucrose intake was not affected by the drug, suggesting selectivity of the effect for alcohol. JVW‐1034 also blocked the mechanical allodynia induced by chronic alcohol drinking without affecting sensitivity in control mice. Lastly, JVW‐1034 did not affect locomotor activity in either group. BD‐1063 had a very similar profile. These data suggest that Sig‐1R and Sig‐2R play opposite roles in the regulation of alcohol drinking and associated allodynia and hyperalgesia, and lay the foundation for more extensive studies examining the involvement of the Sig‐2R/TMEM97 system in AUD.Support or Funding InformationR01‐AA024439This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Fiber-reinforced polymers bars for compression reinforcement: A promising alternative to steel bars

Abstract Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) have been introduced as alternative reinforcement for concrete members since decades. Nevertheless, current design codes prohibit the use of FRP bars as main reinforcement in compression members such as columns. Recently, several studies came into sight focusing on evaluating the compressive response of FRP-reinforced concrete (RC) columns. While many of these studies have praised the performance of FRP bars in RC columns, others conservatively neglected their contribution to the columns’ capacities. The objective of this study is to present a comprehensive literature review on FRP-reinforced columns in order to better understand their performance under various loading conditions. To do so, the authors collected and analyzed the results of more than 300 tests published in 43 different experimental and analytical studies in the scientific literature. The collected columns were classified according to their slenderness, loading regime, cross sections, concrete type, and reinforcement. The design equations proposed by several authors to predict the load-carrying capacities of the tested columns were collected and assessed. The work presents a critical review of the existing research on FRP-reinforced columns, identifies gaps in knowledge, and outlines directions for future research. The analysis of the collected data and the accuracy of several design approaches in predicting the behavior of FRP-reinforced columns suggests that it is time for code authorities to recognize the use of FRP in compression members.

Resurgence of a target behavior suppressed by a combination of punishment and alternative reinforcement

Differential-reinforcement-based treatments involving extinction of target problem behavior and reinforcement of an alternative behavior are highly effective. However, extinction of problem behavior is sometimes difficult or contraindicated in clinical settings. In such cases, punishment instead of extinction may be used in combination with alternative reinforcement. Although it is well documented that omitting alternative reinforcement can produce recurrence (i.e., resurgence) of behavior previously suppressed by extinction plus alternative reinforcement, it remains unclear if resurgence similarly occurs for behavior previously suppressed by punishment plus alternative reinforcement. The present experiment examined this question with rats. In Phase 1, a target behavior (lever pressing) was reinforced with food pellets. In Phase 2, the target behavior continued to be reinforced, but it also produced mild foot shock and an alternative behavior (nose poking) also produced food. Finally, all consequences were removed and resurgence of target behavior occurred. Resurgence did not occur for another group that similarly received punishment of target behavior in Phase 2 but not alternative reinforcement. These results indicate that resurgence was a product of the history of exposure to and then removal of alternative reinforcement and that the removal of punishment alone did not produce resurgence of target behavior.

One-year outcome after repair of giant incisional hernia using synthetic mesh or full-thickness skin graft: a randomised controlled trial

PurposeRepair of giant incisional hernia often requires complex surgery and the results of conventional methods using synthetic mesh as reinforcement are unsatisfactory, with high recurrence and complication rates. Our hypothesis was that full-thickness skin graft (FTSG) provides an alternative reinforcement material for giant incisional hernia repair and that outcome is improved. The aim of this study was to compare FTSG with conventional materials currently used as reinforcement in the repair of giant incisional hernia.MethodsA prospective randomised controlled trial was conducted, comparing FTSG with synthetic mesh as reinforcement in the repair of giant (> 10 cm minimum width) incisional hernia. One-year follow-up included a blinded clinical examination by a surgeon and objective measurements of abdominal muscle strength using the Biodex-4 system.Results52 patients were enrolled in the study: 24 received FTSG and 28 synthetic mesh. Four recurrences (7.7%) were found at 1-year follow-up, two in each group. There were no significant differences regarding pain, patient satisfaction or aesthetic outcome between the groups. Strength in the abdominal wall was not generally improved in the study population and there was no significant difference between the groups.ConclusionThe outcome of repair of giant incisional hernia using FTSG as reinforcement is comparable with repair using synthetic mesh. This suggests that FTSG may have a future place in giant incisional hernia repair.

A review on mechanical behavior of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites and its applications

In the last decade, natural plant fibers (jute, sisal, coir, banana, hemp, kenaf, flax, etc.) are getting attention from many researchers and academicians to utilize it as an alternate reinforcement of synthetic fiber reinforced polymer composites. These fibers are becoming a great replacement of conventional fibers (such as glass, carbon, and aramid) due to their light weight, low cost, carbon neutrality, fairly good mechanical properties, high specific strength, and biodegradability characteristics. Some chemical treatments are required to enhance the fiber matrix interfacial strength and to minimize the moisture absorption by these fibers which would ultimately improve physico-mechanical properties of these fiber reinforced composites. This paper is a review on mechanical properties of the natural plant fiber reinforced polymer composites and various factors affecting the mechanical performance of it. The tribological behavior of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites and scanning electron microscope analysis are also discussed. Some mathematical models are mentioned which are useful to predict mechanical behavior of the composites. It is found that Halpin–Tsai equation is the most effective equation amongst others in predicting Young’s modulus for short-fiber reinforced composites with minimum error. The applications of natural plant fiber reinforced polymer composites in various engineering fields are discussed.

Resurgence is greater following a return to the training context than remaining in the extinction context.

The present study examined whether resurgence of a previously reinforced target response upon removing alternative reinforcement would be greater when (1) returning to the original training context (ABA context changes) versus (2) remaining in the analogue treatment context in which the alternative response was differentially reinforced (ABB context changes). Experiment 1 arranged reinforcement of button pressing with points exchangeable for money in university students. Experiment 2 arranged reinforcement of lever pressing with food for rats. Experiment 3 arranged reinforcement of responses to a touchscreen with small bites of food with children diagnosed with ASD. Overall, resurgence of target responding tended to be greater when returning to the original training context (A) than when remaining in the analogue treatment context (B). These findings suggest context changes with differential reinforcement treatments could exacerbate the recurrence of problem behavior resulting from reductions in treatment integrity through failure to reinforce appropriate behavior.