Alternative Method For Preparation Research Articles

An Alternative Method for Sample Preparation of Coal for Examination by Infrared Spectroscopy

The limitations inherent in the traditional method of preparation of coal for examination by infrared spectroscopy, i.e. the alkali halide disc method, are well documented. Friedel et al. clearly showed the need for fine and, therefore, prolonged grinding to produce acceptable spectra and demonstrated how this produces the KBr/H2O interaction bands that mask the —OH stretching bands. Painter et al. avoided these problems by grinding the coal in fluorolube following the method described by Brady. This, however, left a strongly sloping base line that could be partially overcome by standard base line correction procedures available on computerized instruments. The difficulties experienced in measuring the hydroxyl functional groups in coal were also discussed by Painter et al. in a later paper and it was concluded that a combination of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and chemical procedures was required.

An alternative method of bowel preparation for barium enemas

A double blind trial is described comparing two methods of bowel preparation prior to barium enema. In 40 randomly selected patients a significant improvement was obtained by the use of an intestinal perfusion method.

On-line beam data acquisition for a dedicated radiotherapy planning computer

Digital computers are now widely used for calculating absorbed dose distributions in radiotherapy and a number of commercial systems such as the RAD 8 (Digital Equipment Co., and SHM Nuclear Inc.), PC12 (Artronix Inc.) and Philips TPS (Philips Medical Systems) have been developed for this purpose. The greatest single problem encountered when implementing such systems is that of preparing beam data in a computer compatible form. In many cases, isodose curves are the only data available at the time a computer system is installed and the conversion of these to tabular form is both laborious and error prone. An alternative method of data preparation is therefore desirable and the two most viable solutions are: (1) calculation of beam-data tables using a computer program based upon a mathematical or physical model, (2) direct measurement of dose distributions in tabular form. Calculation methods, for example Cunningham (1972) can yield very good results, particularly when applied to 60Co dose distributions; ho...

Preparation and testing of standard soils containing known quantities of radionuclides

A general procedure for preparation of standard soils containing a known quantity of any given radionuclide is described. Four separate standards have been prepared from three different soils using plutonium-239 to demonstrate the reproducibility and reliability of the procedure. Extensive analyses using plutonium236 tracer show that the standards contain the exact concentration calculated to have been added, that they are not detectably inhomogeneous on samples as small as 1 g, and that homogeneous standards of lower concentrations can be prepared exactly by weight dilutions with the unspiked soils. Of a total of 58 determinations made on 1- and 10-g aliquots of the four individually spiked standards and two others made by dilution, only four determinations showed distinct signs of inhomogeneity with the particular method of preparation and sample size employed. Of the remaining 52 measurements, all agreed with the calculated value within three standard deviations of the determination, and 42 were within two standard deviations. -The dramatic effect of heat treatment on the leachability of the plutonium is demonstrated. Also, an alternative method for preparation of solid standards for members of the natural uranium and thorium series is suggested. (auth)

A Freeze-Fracture Technique for Examining Human Stratum Corneum

Human stratum corneum is a difficult tissue to process for electron microscopic examination. Most of the difficulty is due to the inability of the chemical fixative to adequately preserve all of the constituents of this tissue. As a result, during sectioning, breaks occur between cells creating voids which preclude any studies of these areas. Also, because the fixative is usually in an aqueous medium, studies of hydrated or dehydrated states are impossible. However, these problems can be overcome by using an alternative method of sample preparation, freeze-fracture electron microscopy.Samples of human skin both untreated and soaked for 20 minutes in 20% glycerin were cut into strips 1 mm wide by 2 mm long and placed in specially made copper discs with a 1 mm deep central cup. Freezing was accomplished by immersion in liquid Freon 22.

The Reaction of Acrylyl Chloride with Thiourea

The reaction of acrylyl chloride with thiourea in acetic acid afforded a new heterocyclic compound, 4-oxo-2-iminotetrahydro-1, 3-thiazine hydrochloride (3), in high yield (77%).4-Oxo-2-acetiminotetrahydro-1, 3-thiazine (5) was also synthesized by neutralization of (3) followed by acetylation.An alternative method of preparation of (5) was described.

Localization of I131-Labeled Antirat Lymph Node and Kidney Rabbit Antibodies in the Rat

Summary and Conclusions A homogenate of rat lymph node was injected into rabbits to stimulate production of antirat lymph node antibodies. The rabbit globulin was radioiodinated and adsorbed on and eluted from rat lymph node homogenate. The product was tested in vitro by precipitation tests against various organ homogenates, and radioassays showed the presence of labeled antilymph node antibodies. The data from the rats injected subcutaneously and serially sacrificed showed the presence of labeled antibodies which localized in lymph nodes more than did labeled antikidney antibodies or labeled globulin from normal serum. Labeled antilymph node antibodies localized in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes more than did labeled antikidney antibodies or labeled globulin from normal serum. In this experiment, antibodies prepared against lymphatic tissue differed qualitatively from other proteins in their lymphatic tissue localization. An alternative method of preparation was employed in which antibody separation was followed, rather than preceded, by isotope labeling. Antibodies so labeled were injected intravenously and subcutaneously for an in vivo test similar to the previous experiment. Intravenous injection resulted in maximum antibody localization in spleen. Subcutaneous injection resulted in maximum antibody localization (up to 25% of the significant dose) at the injection site and the lymph nodes which drained it. As is well known, lymphatic tissue is scattered throughout the body with some portions lying well below the skin and not easily found. A technique for tracing the tissues of this system would provide information to immunologists tracing antigen-antibody combinations, and, conceivably, to surgeons performing radical lymph node dissections. The data presented are consistent with the hypothesis that lymph nodetissue specific antibody had been prepared and labeled and that the antibody, when injected, traced the lymphatic flow of the animal.