Alternative Method For Synthesis Research Articles

An Alternative Method for the Selective Synthesis of Ortho-nitro Anilines Using Bismuth Nitrate Pentahydrate.

Nitroaromatic compounds are important scaffolds used for the syn-thesis of a variety of compounds, such as explosives, herbicides, dyes, perfumes and phar-maceuticals. Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate is a widely used reagent in organic synthesis; how-ever, its utility as a nitrating agent for anilines is underexplored. The aim of this work is to propose and find the proper reaction conditions of an alternative nitrating agent constituted by a mixture of bismuth nitrate / acetic anhydride in DCM with a series of substituted anilines under mild reflux. Several anilines having both activating and deactivating substituents in the ortho, meta and para positions were the substrate for the nitration reaction. Experimental conditions were performed in "one-pot" conditions before product purification. Bi(NO3)3•5H2O demonstrated to be effective and somehow regioselective when it came to the nitration of anilines in the ortho position. Although other products were also identified under these conditions, in most cases, the ortho derivative was the major or even the only product obtained with moderate to high yields in the range of 50% - 96%. Bi(NO3)3•5H2O is an efficient and safe nitrating agent since the use of concen-trated and corrosive acids like sulfuric and nitric is avoided; furthermore, bismuth nitrate is low-priced and no special care nor equipment is required.

Forging the future of nanotechnology: embracing greener practices for a resilient today and a sustainable tomorrow

Various chemical and physical methods have been proposed for the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs). However, these methods have disadvantages, such as high energy loss and high capital requirements. To overcome these problems, alternative methods for NP synthesis, such as biological or green synthesis, are favoured to overcome these problems. Green synthesis of NPs is environmentally friendly, economical and non-toxic. This review examines the history of green synthesis, focusing on using environmentally friendly methods. The integration of machine learning into NP production and a range of NP applications in healthcare, disease treatment and the environment are also covered.

Combining Oligo Pools and Golden Gate Cloning to Create Protein Variant Libraries or Guide RNA Libraries for CRISPR Applications.

Oligo pools are array-synthesized, user-defined mixtures of single-stranded oligonucleotides that can be used as a source of synthetic DNA for library cloning. While currently offering the most affordable source of synthetic DNA, oligo pools also come with limitations such as a maximum synthesis length (approximately 350 bases), a higher error rate compared to alternative synthesis methods, and the presence of truncated molecules in the pool due to incomplete synthesis. Here, we provide users with a comprehensive protocol that details how oligo pools can be used in combination with Golden Gate cloning to create user-defined protein mutant libraries, as well as single-guide RNA libraries for CRISPR applications. Our methods are optimized to work within the Yeast Toolkit Golden Gate scheme, but are in principle compatible with any other Golden Gate-based modular cloning toolkit and extendable to other restriction enzyme-based cloning methods beyond Golden Gate. Our methods yield high-quality, affordable, in-house variant libraries.

Improvement of End-of-Synthesis Radiochemical Purity of 177Lu-DOTA-PSMA-Ligands with Alternative Synthesis Approaches: Conversion Upswing and Side-Products Minimization.

Radiochemical purity is a key criterion for the quality of radiopharmaceuticals used in clinical practice. The joint improvement of analytical methods capable of identifying related radiochemical impurities and determining the actual radiochemical purity, as well as the improvement of synthesis methods to minimize the formation of possible radiochemical impurities, is integral to the implementation of high-tech nuclear medicine procedures. PSMA-targeted radionuclide therapy with lutetium-177 has emerged as an effective treatment option for prostate cancer, and [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 and [177Lu]Lu-PSMAI&T have achieved global recognition as viable radiopharmaceuticals. Recently, it was shown that specific radiochemical impurities can form during the synthesis of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 because of a spontaneous, thermally mediated condensation of the Glu-C(O)-Lys fragment, resulting in the formation of three different cyclic forms (with no affinity for PSMA). During this study, we identified another impurity, a product of detachment of the Glu-CO fragment from PSMA-617, caused by heating. The total content of all four thermally mediated degradation products may reach 9-11% during classical incubation for 30 min at 95 °C, reducing the radiochemical purity to an unacceptable level (albeit with high levels of radiochemical conversion). It is reasonable to assume that the formation of similar impurities is characteristic of all PSMA-specific vectors that contain Glu-C(O)-Lys pharmacophores. Because the formation of these impurities directly depends on the temperature and incubation time, to reduce their content in the reaction mixture at the end of the synthesis, it is necessary to select conditions to achieve a high level of radiochemical conversion for the minimum possible time and/or at the minimum sufficient temperature. In this study, using [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 as an example, we evaluated the efficiency of alternative methods of synthesis with microwave heating and co-solvent (ethanol) addition to ensure radiochemical yield and radiochemical purity in the shortest possible time and at the minimum necessary and sufficient synthesis temperature. Both approaches achieved a significant reduction in the impurities content, while achieving satisfactory synthesis yields in a short time. In addition to improving the synthesis parameters and radiochemical purity, the use of microwave heating and the addition of ethanol reduces the negative influence of other auxiliaries on labeling kinetics. Notably, the addition of ethanol under certain conditions allowed [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 to be synthesized at room temperature for only 10 min. This makes it possible to achieve exceptionally high real radiochemical purity of the preparations, determined only by the quality of the original precursor. The approaches considered in this study can be successfully applied to improve the synthesis process and quality parameters of the finished product, both for known radiopharmaceuticals and for those under development.

Chini Clusters on Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) Catalysts

State-of-the-art oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts for fuel cells commonly use Pt which heavily increases cost of manufacturing and is a concern for long term sustainability due to the reliance on a precious metal. Therefore, it is clearly desirable to reduce the amount of Pt used in fuel cells. A realistic route to achieve this goal is to continue using this precious metal but minimize the size of Pt particles. In doing so, the surface-to-volume ratio of Pt in the catalyst can be maximized so that the necessary mass of Pt in the fuel cell may be reduced without compromising catalyst performance. To produce small particles (nanoparticles) of Pt with controlled, variable sizes, we developed a method of depositing platinum carbonyl clusters, commonly referred to as Chini clusters, on a carbon support.Pt Chini clusters, [Pt3n(CO)6n]2-, ranging from n = 2–8, have been reported in literature [1-3]. These clusters are synthesized and mixed with different types of carbon supports to perform incipient wetness impregnation (IWI), depositing the Chini clusters onto the support surface. For comparison, an alternative two-step polyol synthesis method is performed to grow Pt nanoparticles to a uniform size and deposit these nanoparticles onto a carbon support surface. Different carbon supports, including Vulcan XC-72R and KB EC300J, are used in synthesis to investigate if Pt Chini clusters of varying sizes and nanoparticles from the two-step polyol method can infiltrate pores and how the nature of a carbon support affects fuel cell testing performance. The as-synthesized Pt/C catalysts are systematically characterized using various techniques including, but not limited to, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM). Membrane electrode assemblies are fabricated using the spray coating method and tested in a single 5 cm2 differential cell. Fuel cell performance from these catalysts is compared and electrochemical characterization techniques such as carbon monoxide stripping are employed to measure electrochemically active surface area and Pt accessibility. Our work aims to establish a means of synthesizing ORR catalysts using Pt Chini clusters and characterizing their stability under ambient and fuel cell testing conditions as well as overall performance in fuel cell testing. If the small Pt Chini clusters can be used effectively in ORR Pt/C catalysts, then this may be an effective route to improving fuel cell cost-efficiency and accessibility. Acknowledgement: This research was supported by the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office (HFTO), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, US Department of Energy (DOE) through the Million Mile Fuel Cell Truck (M2FCT) consortium, technology managers G. Kleen and D. Papageorgopoulos.

A Novel Approach to Continuous and Scalable Synthesis of Cation-Disordered Rocksalt Cathodes

Cation disordered rocksalts (DRX) are an emerging class of high energy density LIB cathodes that can utilize earth-abundant and low-cost redox active transition metals. The DRX cathodes can be synthesized through a rich chemistry of transition metals, where commonly, metal-oxide precursors are combined with lithium source via ball-milling and calcined to achieve cation disordered phase. In this work, we present a new alternative synthesis method to the traditional solid-state synthesis, which provides scalable and continuous production of cathode precursors. A soft synthesis method in aqueous media was adopted to produce Mn-rich cathode precursors in large scale, through which homogenous mixing of the introduced transition metal cations was achieved. Here we report the electrochemical and structural properties of as-synthesized DRX cathodes with various Mn-compositions.

Synthesis of nano calcium borate using sugarcane bagasse extract as a capping agent and its potential to promote germination in cowpea seeds

Boron and calcium are essential plant nutrient and their deficiency affects vegetative and reproductive growth of plants. Supplementing deficient nutrients by fertilizer application is essential but is accompanied by environmental pollution. Replacing conventional fertilizers with nanofertilizers may help in mitigating pollution as their nutrient use efficiency is higher. The synthesis of nanoparticles often utilizes chemicals that are detrimental to the environment. Thus use of greener alternative methods of synthesis of calcium borate nanoparticles is of special interest. In this study we synthesised nano calcium borate utilising the aqueous extract of sugarcane bagasse, a cheap, nontoxic, easily available agricultural waste, as a source of capping agent. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by powder XRD, FTIR and TEM. The calcium borate synthesized was amorphous in nature and of nanoscale. Priming cowpea seeds and misting them with synthesized calcium borate nanoparticle proved to be effective, resulting in enhanced seed germination, increased root length, and an improved vigour index compared to using bulk counterparts.

Synthesis and Properties of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents via Heating-Stirring and Ultrasound.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as a greener alternative to other more polluting traditional solvents and have attracted a lot of interest in the last two decades. The DESs are less toxic dissolvents and have a lower environmental footprint. This paper presents an alternative synthesis method to the classical heating-stirring method. The ultrasound method is one of the most promising synthesis methods for DESs in terms of yield and energy efficiency. Therefore, the ultrasound synthesis method was studied to obtain hydrophobic (Aliquat 336:L-Menthol (3:7); Lidocaine:Decanoic acid (1:2)) and hydrophilic DESs based on choline chloride, urea, ethylene glycol and oxalic acid. The physical characterization of DESs via comparison of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed no difference between the DESs obtained by heating-stirring and ultrasound synthesis methods. The study and comparison of all the prepared DESs were carried out via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The density and viscosity properties of DESs were evaluated. The density values were similar for both synthesis methods. However, differences in viscosity values were detected due to the presence of some water in hygroscopic DESs.

Highly Efficient One-pot Electrosynthesis of Oxime Ethers from NOx over Ultrafine MgO Nanoparticles Derived from Mg-based Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Oxime ethers are attractive compounds in medicinal scaffolds due to the biological and pharmaceutical properties, however, the crucial and widespread step of industrial oxime formation using explosive hydroxylamine (NH2OH) is insecure and troublesome. Herein, we present a convenient method of oxime ether synthesis in a one-pot tandem electrochemical system using magnesium based metal-organic framework-derived magnesium oxide anchoring in self-supporting carbon nanofiber membrane catalyst (MgO-SCM), the in situ produced NH2OH from nitrogen oxides electrocatalytic reduction coupled with aldehyde to produce 4-cyanobenzaldoxime with a selectivity of 93 % and Faraday efficiency up to 65.1 %, which further reacted with benzyl bromide to directly give oxime ether precipitate with a purity of 97 % by convenient filtering separation. The high efficiency was attributed to the ultrafine MgO nanoparticles in MgO-SCM, effectively inhibiting hydrogen evolution reaction and accelerating the production of NH2OH, which rapidly attacked carbonyl of aldehydes to form oximes, but hardly crossed the hydrogenation barrier of forming amines, thus leading to a high yield of oxime ether when coupling benzyl bromide nucleophilic reaction. This work highlights the importance of kinetic control in complex electrosynthetic organonitrogen system and demonstrates a green and safe alternative method for synthesis of organic nitrogen drug molecules.

Highly Efficient One‐pot Electrosynthesis of Oxime Ethers from NOx over Ultrafine MgO Nanoparticles Derived from Mg‐based Metal‐Organic Frameworks

AbstractOxime ethers are attractive compounds in medicinal scaffolds due to the biological and pharmaceutical properties, however, the crucial and widespread step of industrial oxime formation using explosive hydroxylamine (NH2OH) is insecure and troublesome. Herein, we present a convenient method of oxime ether synthesis in a one‐pot tandem electrochemical system using magnesium based metal‐organic framework‐derived magnesium oxide anchoring in self‐supporting carbon nanofiber membrane catalyst (MgO‐SCM), the in situ produced NH2OH from nitrogen oxides electrocatalytic reduction coupled with aldehyde to produce 4‐cyanobenzaldoxime with a selectivity of 93 % and Faraday efficiency up to 65.1 %, which further reacted with benzyl bromide to directly give oxime ether precipitate with a purity of 97 % by convenient filtering separation. The high efficiency was attributed to the ultrafine MgO nanoparticles in MgO‐SCM, effectively inhibiting hydrogen evolution reaction and accelerating the production of NH2OH, which rapidly attacked carbonyl of aldehydes to form oximes, but hardly crossed the hydrogenation barrier of forming amines, thus leading to a high yield of oxime ether when coupling benzyl bromide nucleophilic reaction. This work highlights the importance of kinetic control in complex electrosynthetic organonitrogen system and demonstrates a green and safe alternative method for synthesis of organic nitrogen drug molecules.

Photochemical and Patternable Synthesis of 2D Covalent Organic Framework Thin Film Using Dynamic Liquid/Solid Interface.

2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are highly porous crystalline materials with promising applications in organic electronics. Current methods involve either on-surface synthesis (solid surface) or interfacial synthesis (liquid/liquid, liquid/gas interface) to create thin films for these applications, each with its drawbacks. On-surface synthesis can lead to contamination from COF powder or unreacted chemicals, while interfacial synthesis risks damaging the film during post-transfer processes. These challenges necessitate the development of alternative synthesis methods for high-quality 2D COF films. This study presents a novel approach for synthesizing homogeneous 2D COF thin films by combining photochemistry and a liquid-flowing system. Leveraging previous work on liquid flow systems to prevent contamination during solvothermal synthesis, this approach to the photochemical method, resulting in the synthesis of high-crystalline 2D COF films with tunable thickness is adopted. The photochemical approach offers spatially controllable energy sources, enabling patternable COF synthesis. Notably, it is successfully fabricated ultrasmooth patterned 2D COF films on hexagonal boron nitride, offering a streamlined process for optoelectronic device fabrication without additional pre, post-processing steps.

Synthesis and application of metal-organic frameworks

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are an intriguing class of materials that undergoes self-assembly, originating from polydentate organic ligands. These ligands are primarily composed of aromatic polynucleic acids and polybases, along with transition metal ions. The advancements in MOFs have diversified, employing ligands based on carboxylates or nitrogen-containing heterocyclic organic neutral ligands, resulting in materials characterized by their increased porosity and remarkable chemical stability. The research provides a comprehensive review of conventional and alternative synthesis methods, highlighting recent techniques such as microwave-assisted, electrochemical, mechanochemical, and sonochemical synthesis. The synthesis methods are discussed in detail, to provide a comprehensive understanding of the various techniques available. The versatile properties of MOFs find applications in various fields such as gas adsorption, chemical sensing, catalysis, and drug delivery. The analysis not only deepens the understanding of MOFs' present state but also inspires future innovations in their synthesis and applications. The research also highlights the potential of MOFs in drug delivery, where they can be used as carriers for the delivery of drugs or other therapeutic agents. The comprehensiveness of this research provides a valuable resource for understanding the current state of MOFs research and identifies future directions for innovation in their synthesis and applications.

UV-assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their characterizations

Silver nanoparticles are receiving discernible attention because of their potential applications in different fields of science and technology. However, chemical synthesis methods leave behind harmful byproducts. Here, we report an alternative method for the rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles through radiation-assisted green synthesis. Aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum is used as a reducing and stabilizing agent with silver nitrate solution under UV-B irradiation. UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) collectively revealed that bio reduced silver nanoparticles were polydisperse, polycrystalline, spherical in shape, had an average diameter of 40.1 nm, and were stable more than six months. These observations suggest that radiation-assisted green synthesis is a quick and eco-friendly method for the large-scale production of stable silver nanoparticles without any harmful byproducts.

Silver Nanoparticles as Antiviral and Antibacterial Agents: A Comprehensive Review of Synthesis Methods and Therapeutic Application

AbstractSilver nanoparticles have shown inhibitory capabilities and its use in battling viral infections are strengthened by its potent antibacterial activity. Notably, since it directly affects antiviral efficacy, the proper choice of synthesis process for making silver nanoparticles is a vital element to be taken into consideration. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles for the treatment of viral and bacterial infections involves creating silver particles at the nanoscale with unique antimicrobial properties. Various methods exist for synthesizing silver nanoparticles, including chemical reduction, green synthesis, and physical methods. Chemical reduction involves using reducing agents to convert silver ions into silver nanoparticles. Green synthesis employs reducing agents in an environmentally friendly manner. Physical methods rely on techniques such as laser ablation or thermal evaporation to produce silver nanoparticles. In order to provide technological guidance for choosing antiviral silver nanoparticle manufacturing methods, this paper introduces and explores alternative synthesis methods for creating silver nanoparticles.

Comprehensive synthesis of Ti3C2Tx from MAX phase to MXene.

MXenes are a large family of two-dimensional materials that have attracted attention across many fields due to their desirable optoelectronic, biological, mechanical and chemical properties. There currently exist many synthesis procedures that lead to differences in flake size, defects and surface chemistry, which in turn affect their properties. Herein, we describe the steps to synthesize Ti3C2Tx-the most important and widely used MXene, from a Ti3AlC2 MAX phase precursor. The procedure contains three main sections: synthesis of Ti3AlC2 MAX, wet chemical etching of the MAX in hydrofluoric acid/HCl solution to yield multilayer Ti3C2Tx and its delamination into single-layer flakes. Three delamination options are described; these use LiCl, tertiary amines (tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide/ tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide) and dimethylsulfoxide respectively. These procedures can be adapted for the synthesis of MXenes beyond Ti3C2Tx. The MAX phase synthesis takes about 1 week, with the etching and delamination each requiring 2 d. This protocol requires users to have experience working with hydrofluoric acid, and it is recommended that users have experience with wet chemistry and centrifugation; characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction and particle size analysis are also essential for the success of the protocol. While alternative synthesis methods, such as minimally intensive layer delamination, are desirable for certain MXenes (such as Ti2CTx) or specific applications, this protocol aims to standardize the more commonly used hydrofluoric acid/HCl etching method, which produces Ti3C2Tx with minimal concentration of defects and the highest conductivity and serves as a guideline for those working with MXenes for the first time.

An Alternative Pathway for the Synthesis of Glycerol Phenylbutyrate

AbstractHyperammonemia is a life‐threatening condition which can affect patients at any age. In pediatric patients, hyperammonemia can be caused by various acquired or inherited disorders such as urea cycle deficiencies or organic acidemias. Glycerol phenylbutyrate (GPB) is an orphan drug used in the treatment of hyperammonemia. GPB is a triglyceride composed of three phenylbutyric acid (PBA) molecules esterified to a glycerol molecule, which is synthesized through the acyl chloride route using thionyl chloride as an acylating agent. In this work we have developed an alternative synthesis method to obtain GPB directly under ambient conditions and avoiding the use of chlorinated solvents. Moreover, the use of carbodiimides as coupling agents, instead of thionyl chloride, allowed the conversion to the GPB in higher yields and with higher purity, without the need for column purification. We present a methodology that allows the production of GPB in a simple, efficient and environmentally and human health friendly way.

Catalyst-free contact-electro-catalytic H2O2 synthesis via simple combination of a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) stir bar and ultrasound.

Herein, we present a catalyst-free contact-electro-catalytic method for synthesizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by combining continuous agitation with a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) stir bar and ultrasonication. A high H2O2 production rate of 256.6 μM h-1 is achieved under ambient conditions without adding particle catalysts and sacrificial agents, which is competitive with recent advancements in redox technology. Eco-friendliness, convenience and efficiency make this process a promising alternative method for H2O2 synthesis.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Efficacy of Borosilicate Compound against Escherichia coli

In this study, a glassy borosilicate compound was synthesized using recycled glass and natural clays. Even though glass recycling is the generally accepted standard practice for managing glass waste, fine fractions of container soda-lime glass or cullet of other compositions are still disposed of in landfills. Thus, advanced upcycled products that offer greater economic motivation for implementation in industry may be the key to success, but these are frequently linked to alternative methods of product synthesis. Here, a simple and facile route of borosilicate compound production has been synthesized and characterized. The physicochemical characterization of the compounds was carried out to determine their properties and the antibacterial efficacy of the synthesized compound against Escherichia coli (E. coli) was investigated. The structural and spectroscopic characteristics were identified as a compound that conformed to quartz, cristobalite, and silicon hexaboride (SiB6). For the antibacterial activity, two test types were typically performed; in the first one, the dilutions of the grind were combined with chloramphenicol at a concentration of 20 µg/mL to perform a synergistic action against the bacteria and in the second one, only the amorphous borosilicate compound was tested against E. coli ATCC 25922 strains. The treatments applied considered the dilutions from 8 to 40 µg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) sensitivity tests began with incubation at 37 °C in the tubes and subsequent seeding in Petri dishes for colony-forming unit (CFU) counting. The results obtained indicated that the samples possessed a productive antibacterial effect, which support their use in various biomedical applications.

Greener production of styrene via low-temperature dehydration of phenethyl alcohol over Co-supported P/ZrO2

Despite the rising need for styrene, the alternative method of synthesis from bio-based alcohols is little explored and poorly understood. We have investigated the option for the alternate produce styrene via vapour-phase dehydration of phenethyl alcohol using a cobalt phosphonate zirconia oxide. The Study demonstrates that a metallic element (cobalt) is essential for dehydrating phenethyl alcohol, restricting the decomposition of styrene to polystyrene acid. This Co phosphonate-zirconium-based catalyst exhibits selective styrene from phenylethanol, showing a much greener route to producing styrene and lower activation energy (Ea = 54.36 KJ/mol) than other solid acid catalysts used so far. An 88.6 % conversion of phenethyl alcohol was achieved with a selectivity of 75.1 % over 4.5CoP/ZrO2 catalyst.

Multifunctional Composite Materials Based on Anion Exchangers Modified with Copper Compounds-A Review of Their Synthesis Methods, Characteristics and Applications.

As copper and its compounds are of fundamental importance for the development of innovative materials, the synthesis of composites intended for water purification was undertaken in which submicron copper containing particles were dispersed within the matrix of a strongly basic anion exchanger, with a macroporous and gel-like structure. Due to their trimethylammonium functional groups, the host materials alone exhibited an affinity to anionic water contaminants and antimicrobial properties. The introduction of such particles as CuO, Cu2O, metallic Cu, CuO/FeO(OH), Cu4O3, Cu(OH)2, Cu4(OH)6SO4, Cu2(OH)3Cl increased these properties and demonstrated new properties. The composites were obtained unconventionally, in ambient conditions, using eco-friendly reagents. Alternative synthesis methods were compared and optimized, as a result of which a new group of hybrid ion exchangers was created (HIXs) containing 3.5-12.5 wt% of Cu. As the arrangement of the inorganic phase in the resin matrix was atypical, i.e., close to the surface of the beads, the obtained HIXs exhibited excellent kinetic properties in the process of oxidation and adsorption of As(III), as well as catalytic properties for the synthesis of triazoles via click reaction, and also antimicrobial properties in relation to Gram-positive Enterococcus faecalis and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, preventing biofilm formation. Using thermogravimetry, the effect of the inorganic phase on decomposition of the polymeric phase was evaluated for the first time and comprehensively, confirming the relationship and finding numerous regularities. It was also found that, depending on the oxidation state (CuO, Cu2O, Cu), copper-containing particles affected the textural properties of the polymeric phase endowing a tighter structure, limiting the porosity and reducing the affinity for water.