Alternative Institutions Research Articles

Updating nonviolent campaigns: Introducing NAVCO 2.1

In this article, we introduce an updated version of the Nonviolent and Violent Campaigns and Outcomes dataset (NAVCO 2.1), which compiles annual data on 389 nonviolent and violent mass movements for regime change, anti-occupation, and secession from 1945 to 2013. This version of the dataset corrects known coding errors in NAVCO 2.0, adds news cases (including the Arab uprisings), and codes attributes for each campaign year (such as participation size and diversity, the behavior of regime elites, repression and its effects, support from external actors, and campaign outcomes). In addition, NAVCO 2.1 adds several new attributes to each campaign-year, including more precise participation figures, more nuanced data about the scope, intensity, and degree of violent flank behavior and state repression, and further information about the parallel or alternative institutions developed by the campaign. The data reveal four key findings: (1) that the success rate of nonviolent resistance campaigns has declined since 2001; (2) that far more people have participated in nonviolent than violent campaigns in the postwar period; (3) that nonviolent campaigns suffer far fewer per-capita fatalities than armed campaigns; and (4) that incidental violence by dissidents has become a more common feature of contemporary nonviolent campaigns compared with earlier cases. The article concludes with suggestions for further research.

Commodity money, natural values, and central banking in Ricardo

Ricardo studied the effects of alternative institutions on natural relations and ranked alternative monetary systems according to their ability to equalise the value of money to the natural value of gold. Pure commodity money is at the top of his normative hierarchy, only surpassed by his own "perfect" system. In commodity money systems, the price level is equal to the relative price of gold for "commodities in general", and money is endogenous. The quantity theory, by contrast, comes in operation in monetary system where the gold anchor is lost or works imperfectly. The supposed contradictions of Ricardo's monetary theory disappear within the interpretative framework adopted here. This framework builds on Pasinetti's insights in the role of natural values in Classical economics; develops Ricardo's own type-of-economy approach to monetary analysis; and shows that, far from being a commodity like any other, commodity money is a specific, complex institutional system.

Successful leadership in alternative educational institutions. A case study from Montessori Cluj

Abstract The European dimension of education must not limit the ability of young people to freely build their own identity. To be able to choose, however, they must firstly learn to know what the alternatives are, especially in the field of education, where orientation is more difficult chosen if models are abandoned in order not to limit the individual’s freedom. In this regard, the European dimension facilitates the formation of the cultural and moral identity of the individuals. In this paper, the authors are providing an overview of the Montessori educational alternative. A history of Montessori development in Romania is described, then the authenticity of Montessori education is presented, followed by the key aspects to be considered in the daily team management and a development plan for the next 5 years.

Building Legitimacy in an Era of Polycentric Trade: The Case of Transnational Sustainability Governance

Increasing multi-polarity within global politics is understood to be a key contributor to the current legitimacy crisis facing global governance organisations. International relations scholars studying this crisis recognise that a prominent strategy to confront “Northern” dominance within this arena is through the construction of alternative governance institutions. Yet while the de-legitimation of long-established international organisations is widely discussed, there is less focused attention on how alternative institutions seek to gain legitimacy, particularly when they advance in fields where both “Northern” and “Southern” interests matter and beliefs about what constitutes proper governance may differ. This article analyses the field of transnational economic governance where the de-legitimation of pre-existing Northern-oriented governance takes the shape of new initiatives backed by Southern actors. Specifically, we focus on transnational sustainability standards governing trade and production in the global economy. This global governance arena has been transformed by the increasingly polycentric nature of global trade, in which producers governed by sustainability standards cater to rapidly expanding markets in the Global South as well as markets in the Global North. As markets have expanded in emerging economies, transnational sustainability standards must increasingly navigate and respond to actors and interests within different geographies in order to gain and establish legitimacy. The recent development of Southern-oriented sustainability standards (as opposed to established Northern-led standards) reflects the existence of diverging perspectives on the appropriateness of established rules and procedures when it comes to the regulation of trade and production. These standards are seen as partially challenging established standards but may likely seek to establish legitimacy within the wider transnational field of sustainability governance. This article examines the case of a recently established India-based sustainability standard known as Trustea to illustrate how various actors managed design and policy dilemmas to reconcile the preferences and beliefs of various audiences. The case illustrates the significance of both “Northern” and “Southern” audiences to Trustea’s legitimacy-seeking strategies in the context of broader political contestations regarding how production should be governed in relation to sustainable practices.

Cis Sense and the Habit of Gender Assignment

ABSTRACT This article offers an account of cis sense in order to draw attention to the relation between meaning-making and cisnormativity. By drawing on Merleau-Ponty’s notion of institution and phenomenological considerations of habit, it is argued that cis sense is a mode of perception that institutes and sediments an individual and social habit of the third-person conferral of gender that occludes gender variance and creates the social conditions necessary for transphobia. This consideration of cis sense challenges the mainstream conception of cis as an identity category, highlighting instead that it is a habitual disposition, and gestures to the significance of trans sense as an alternative institution of gendered meaning.

ALTERNATIVE PROVIDERS IN THE UK: UNDERSTANDING STUDENTS’ SATISFACTION AND CHALLENGES

In the United Kingdom (UK) higher education policy changes, especially since 2010, focus on supporting quasi-markets by allowing greater institutional competition and student choice. The decision to open-up the higher education market to alternative providers has resulted in the remarkable growth of providers gaining access to public-backed funding. There has been very little empirical study on alternative providers and/or students within alternative provider institutions, especially in the context of students studying for a degree programme. Using both the education and marketing literature, this article examines students’ perspectives on their educational experiences. This article reports on the outcomes of a small survey conducted with learners within alternative providers in the UK to capture learners’ satisfaction with their educational experience.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0927/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Consumer Dispute Resolution By BPSK In Protecting Consumer Rights

In Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection which aims to protect the rights of consumers. The Consumer Dispute Resolution agency (BPSK) is an alternative dispute resolution institution whose existence is to resolve consumer dispute problems. In Medan City as an urban area with the majority of urban communities, there is a potential for Consumer Dispute problems. BPSK established in the region of Regency/city in Indonesia based on the mandate of Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection. Then strengthened by Government Regulation No. 58 of 2001 on guidance and supervision of the implementation of Consumer Protection, Presidential Decree No.38 of 2012 on the establishment of the Dispute Resolution agency . This study aims to identify the position of BPSK in Medan dispute resolution system based on positive law applicable in Indonesia in its efforts to protect the rights of consumers in the city of Medan and its challenges.

Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Investor Pemegang Obligasi Atas Gagal Bayar Yang Dilakukan Oleh Emiten Selama Pandemi Covid-19

The development of the Indonesian Capital Market is currently running very rapidly. The rapid development Indonesian Capital Market can’t be separated from the role of Investors and Issuers as the main actors in the capital market. Bond as one of the investment instrument in Indonesian Capital Market which currently circulating in line with high demand among investor considering bond have lower risk than other capital market instruments. However, investing in bond is not without risk, because Issuer may fail to pay their obligation. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Pandemic has caused bond default rates to increase. Such condition can lead to a crisis of Investors confidence in Indonesian Capital Market. Therefore, this study aims to find out and understand the form of legal protection for Investors who suffer losses due to default during Covid-19 Pandemic and the legal actions that can be taken by Investors for losses arising from default. The research method used is normative juridical with descriptive analytical research specification. Based on the Indonesian Civil Code and Indonesian Capital Market Law, it can be concluded that the Issuer who issue bond is responsible for paying bond interest and returning the principal of the bond loan on the maturity date to Investors. Bond default give Investors the right to demand the return of their rights to bond interest and to the principal of maturing bond through the Trustee. Legal actions that can be taken by bondholders are internal dispute settlement, external dispute settlement through Integrated Alternative Dispute Resolution Institution, or through litigation.

“Division at Home, Unity Abroad? The Impact of Local and International Dynamics on Political Opportunity Structure in the Territorio Indígena y Parque Nacional Isiboro Secure Highway Conflict”

This article observes developments in the construction of a controversial highway project through the protected TIPNIS territory in Bolivia’s Amazonian region between 2003 and 2021. The case study uses theories of political opportunity structure to guide the qualitative investigation about how indigenous groups confronted uncertain domestic and international institutional conditions. To confront divisive obstacles at home, activists ultimately developed strategies for operating within the formal rules and institutions while also creating their own “alternate” or informal sites of contestation at the international and domestic levels. This article ends with a discussion of the significance and power of these alternative institutions to influence policy.

Are competitiveness rankings and institutional measures helping emerging economies to improve?

PurposeBased on the rankings of the global competitiveness index and the fragile states index, this paper aims to suggest alternative approaches to shed some light on the effectiveness of rankings in helping emerging economies improve their competitiveness from an institutional standpoint.Design/methodology/approachThe statistical analysis consisted of a two-stage analysis; the first stage consisted of constructing an updated Alternative Institutional Quality Index (AIQI), intending to design a comparative measure between dimensions over time. The second stage consisted of evidencing the structure of each of the observed dimensions' variance to evidence the existing changes or gaps of the AIQI and its components. The authors incorporated the Kruskas–Wallis (KW) model to test the results.FindingsThis paper demonstrates that the analyzed countries generally maintain their competitive position, even though changes in their scores are reflected. This makes invisible the development and progress factors generated by the countries that are mainly found with low scores and only reflect stable structures that allow them to maintain their position.Research limitations/implicationsThe current study has a limitation because it concentrated on a few selected indicators based on the literature review. The limitations of this research may be overlooked in the future by adding additional variables and observations. The paper could be improved by including intra- and inter-regional approaches to control based on the occurrence of specific circumstances (i.e. informal institutions, economic development or factor endowments).Practical implicationsThe paper contributes to the applicable measurement of competitiveness and its structural change over time.Originality/valueThis paper proposed an alternative and simple methodology to assess the evolution of the competitiveness indicators; this methodology could be used to measure structural changes at different levels, which may be an input for the design and implementation of policies to foster competitiveness.

The Struggle Over Education in the Yishuv: Rav Kook and the Herzliya Gymnasium

Abstract The following discussion seeks to clarify the attitude of Rav Kook, the chief rabbi of Jaffa and one of the most important moral figures in the Jewish community, regarding the founding and early development of the Herzliya Gymnasium in 1905, the world’s first secondary school to employ Hebrew as its language of instruction. The Gymnasium was criticized for two reasons: the way of life it promoted, which ran counter to the spirit of the Halacha (Jewish law), and its method of teaching Bible studies. Despite his opposition to the worldview of the founders and teachers of the Gymnasium, Kook refrained from speaking out against them publicly, preferring a less confrontational approach. He also wholeheartedly believed that they contained a degree of inner goodness that would cause them to return to what he regarded as the righteous path. Moreover, he was convinced that so long as he was unable to offer the public an alternative religious institution, one that would provide the same level of general studies as the Gymnasium, embarking on a public campaign against it was ill-advised. In his view, the situation also had a positive side: the existence of the Gymnasium provided an incentive for Jewish religious educational institutions to raise their own academic levels in order to compete. Had the Gymnasium not had something positive to offer, it would not have posed a threat at all.

An Alternative Institutional Approach to Rules, Organizations, and Development

In the middle of the nineteenth century, a handful of societies began creating and enforcing impersonal rules, rules that treat everyone the same, on a broad scale. The existing institutional literatures, while appreciating the importance of impersonal rules for the rule of law, have not understood how they contribute to economic and political development through rules that are enforced but not followed: default rules. The conceptual importance of impersonal default rules is drawn out and then applied to better understand both economic and political development in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Measuring Opportunities and Challenges in Dispute Resolution of Fintech Sharia Business Through LAPS

This research was conducted to outline the opportunities and challenges of resolving fintech business disputes through the Alternative Dispute Resolution Institute (LAPS) in Indonesia. The research method used in this research is a legal reasearch approach and qualitative approach that is to review primary and secondary data sources related to regulations on business dispute resolution in Indonesia. The results show that fintech plays a role in encouraging the economic development of the community, especially as an alternative to financing. LAPS serves as a solution to dispute resolution of business people in Indonesia this institution was chosen because it is more effective and efficient, the verdict is final and binding that is contrary to litigation lines that seem time-consuming and expensive costs. LAPS opportunities are very large for the rise of digital-based businesses and payments that still leave many legal problems while LAPS khsusus fintech is not yet available where LAPS provides services that are in line with digital business; the settlement is a win-win solution, which is in accordance with the character of the business world, which is obliged to manage risks, including reputational risk, operational risk and legal risk. While the challenges faced by LAPS in fintech include: Dualism alternative fintech dispute resolution can be through LAPS and can also through the Consumer Dispute Resolution Agency (BPSK); Limited Legal Infrastructure The number of fintech transactions that continue to increase in line with the potential for disputes that will occur; Availability of Mediators and Arbitrators of LAPS Financial Services Sector.

Efficiency of Implementation of Alternative Dispute Settlement for Fintech Lending Users

This article aims to analyze the dispute resolution mechanism at PT Satustop Finansial Solusi and the effective and efficient application of APS for fintech lending users. This article includes a type of normative legal research that is prescriptive and applied with a legal approach, a case approach, and a conceptual approach. Source materials obtained through primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The technique used is the syllogism method through a deductive mindset. The dispute resolution mechanism applied by PT Satustop Finansial Solusi is through litigation (judicial institutions). The results show that dispute resolution through litigation is deemed less effective and efficient, so the authors use the provisions in Law Number 30 of 1999 concerning Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution, POJK Number 1/POJK.07/2014 concerning Alternative Dispute Resolution Institutions in the Financial Services Sector, and the Theory of Economic Analysis of Law proposed by Richard A. Posner. In this theory, states that the application of economic principles as rational choices to analyze legal issues.

Alternate Democratic Institutions Panchayats of India: Away from the Western Ideas of Democracy

It is a fallacy to believe that democracy originated in Ancient Greece, it wasn’t truly democratic by todays’ standards, however it was something that philosophers and thinkers of the enlightenment could hark back upon to deliver us the modern concept of western democracy. Indeed, it is a western democracy only and not a true world democracy that it should be, it failed to consider the democratic traditions that have existed all across human civilizations past and present, Institutions that have existed through millennia and continue to do so. The thinkers of western Europe used the romantic ideas of Greek democracy and tried to create an alternative to the despotic monarchies that existed at that time in Europe, but all they managed to do was substitute heredity with elections, the power institutions of the government as they were during the reign of monarchs continue to remain bureaucratic and powerful. This paper tries to examine the alternative institutional structure of Panchayats by looking at the cases of two Pani Panchayats, one Van Panchayat, one Kashtkari Panchayat and the Khap Panchayats of North West India; how they have evolved historically, and how and why are they socially embedded creating a natural basis for establishing direct democracy at the grassroots level. Upon the investigation of the above cases, it is found that not only do Panchayats divide and decentralise the exercise of power, but it also provides indigenous institutional legitimacy to such exercise. It enhances the participation of not just all, but more specifically the participation of the marginalised sections of the society (women and untouchables) in their local decision-making processes. The examination of the Khap Panchayats and their historical evolution also points to the fact that social institution of Panchayats is not perfect, and they require rationalised restructuring in order to achieve its goal of establishing truly democratic institution at the grassroots level. Finally concluding that a socially embedded democratic institution like the Panchayat in India that has evolved with the society itself is a more suitable democratic institution, which can form the basis of a truly responsible democratic government.

Housing as a Human Right: A Proposed Alternative Institutional Structure in Sacramento

The pandemic brought with it unprecedented job loss and financial insecurity, further exacerbating the housing affordability and eviction crisis. As moratoriums end and local governments find ways to deal with different elements of the housing crisis in lieu of federal intervention, some are proposing various forms of a “right to housing.” In this article, we consider one policy proposed in Sacramento, California in an attempt to highlight the complicated nature of the right (or in this case, bundle of rights). To this end, we use the Legal-Economic Performance framework to consider the potential performance implications of the proposed institutional change. We find that Sacramento’s proposal, while intended to address some aspects of the homelessness crisis in the city, does not create a right to housing as traditionally described. Rather, it creates a complicated shifting of legal relations that result in only the most limited form of a right to temporary shelter as defined by the city being granted to homeless individuals. More notably, the ordinance will create a duty on homeless individuals to move while exposing them to the city’s chosen methods of enforcement.

Braking factors influencing the long-term stagnation of development in the SEE countries

The subject of the paper is to explain the impact of three braking negative transition factors causing the long-term stagnation of socio-economic development in the three selected countries of South East Europe (SEE) - Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Serbia. It is about institutional inefficiency (which is generated in the synergistic action of alternative institutions and neoliberalism), the post-socialist totalitarian legacy related to the nomenclatures of power, and the underdevelopment of socio-cultural capital. The aim of this paper is to prove their dominant influence on the reproduction of the socio-economic development deficit (in fact: stagnation) in the observed countries through a hypothetically constructed survey model. The starting point is the basic hypothesis that the overall phenomenology of developmental stagnation is caused by wrong, slow, and inefficient institutional changes (political and macroeconomic), which have caused the dominance of alternative institutions. It also starts with the auxiliary hypothesis that privileged institutional monism (expressed in pronounced non-market appropriation) was the basic motive for the action of these braking factors, although methodologically and essentially it was in paradoxical contradiction with the proclaimed promises of “reformers”. In addition to the usual methods of social sciences, the paper used the results collected through an electronic survey of 900 respondents. In conclusion, the set hypotheses were verified, confirming the imperative need for democratization of society and the application of institutional pluralism on the model of developed countries, which implies the elimination of the considered braking factors.

Mainstreaming Business Models for Sustainability in Mature Industries: Leveraging Alternative Institutional Logics for Optimal Distinctiveness

Addressing global sustainability challenges requires a mainstreaming of business models for sustainability (BMfS) in mature industries. However, the presence of an already dominant mainstream business model in an industry tends to hold back BMfS. This article investigates how new types of BMfS can become generally accepted and widely adopted in an industry. It presents a qualitative study of the mainstreaming of BMfS in the Dutch electricity industry. The findings show that this process depends on entrepreneurs’ capacity to (1) incorporate alternative institutional logics into the design of BMfS to achieve optimal distinctiveness and (2) to directly alter the dominant institutional logic of the industry to make it more conducive to BMfS. Furthermore, successful BMfS act as anomalies that indirectly alter the industry’s dominant institutional logic. Anomalies support a self-reinforcing loop that accelerates the mainstreaming process. We integrate these findings into a dynamic model of the mainstreaming of BMfS.

Managed Cyber-Vigilantism: StopXam between Collaboration and Competition

Digital vigilantism is one of the challenges of e-democracy. Many scholars recognize the threat of vigilantism to civil society. However, we believe it can also reinforce weak government institutions. We consider digital vigilantism as an alternative to e-participation tools. This study aims to determine a model of digital vigilantism in Russia based on the analysis of the social media activity of StopXam in the context of the development of alternative e-democracy institutions. Considering vigilantism as an example of an informal institution, we analyze vigilantism following Helmke and Levitsky typology. The case chosen for analysis is one of the largest Russian vigilant StopXam movement that can be compared with the government initiative Moscow Helper. To identify the model of digital vigilantism in Russia, we conduct a social network analysis in respect to five communities in Vk.com, a Russian social network: “StopXam”, “StopXam Moscow”, the official community of “Moscow Helper”, the unofficial community of “Moscow Helper”, the community of opponents of “Moscow Helper” application. The findings of this study suggest that vigilantism could be considered as an instrument of informal institutionalization, which can be used by political actors (primarily the government) as a tool for setting the rules of the game that correspond to established public values. The creation of groups that are ready to observe the general principles of the game’s rules and impose common values with only minor, occasional violations of the letter of the law is becoming a working model of managed vigilantism. This model tends towards the routine practice of vigilantism, which limits the potential for online mobilization.

Socio-economic causes of the long-term repeat of the crisis in the countries of Southeast Europe

The paper critically analyses the basic socio-economic causes of the long-term crisis in the countries of Southeast Europe (SEE). The aim of the paper is to focus on three basic manifestations of post-socialist deviations, which are predominantly related to usurpation and abuses of nomenclatures of power: inherited opportunistic behaviour, quasi-neoliberal experiment, and alternative institutions. Their three-pronged influence causes the crisis, as we have suggested for the initial hypothesis of the study. The paper uses methods of abstraction, description, and analysis (political-economic, institutional, and comparative analysis). The main conclusion is that the phenomena under study were based on underdeveloped quasi-institutional monism. They developed to a great extent and managed to pervade all or almost all social subsystems through the cause-and-effect relationship: social losses - enrichment - impoverishment. The consequences are severe, devastating, and clear. Viewed through this prism, it is clear that the root causes of the crisis can be reduced to the non-existence and/or insufficiency of institutions.