Reviews 197 The Naked Truth: Viennese Modernism and the Body. By Alys X. George. University of Chicago Press: Chicago and London, 2020. 322 pp. £36. ISBN 978–0-226–66998–4. In The Naked Truth: Viennese Modernism and the Body, Alys X. George rewrites the cultural history of Viennese modernism. In particular, she argues for the centrality of the human body and its close entanglement with art, politics and medicine throughout the long Viennese fin de siècle (1870–1938). The alternative genealogy she proposes extends from imperial Vienna to the First Republic of the interwar years. A timely and pioneering interdisciplinary study, it will be a key text for those interested in rethinking Viennese modernity and bodily culture around 1900. Additionally, The Naked Truth will have immediate relevance for readers in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, not least because it provides a historical context of the current cultural crisis, particularly as pandemic protocols repeatedly draw attention to our bodies. In keeping with its contextual approach, The Naked Truth follows Hermann Bahr’s cue that the Austrian form of modernism ‘identified the body as a key locus of modernist cultural production’ (p. 3). It also draws on Elaine Scarry’s argument in The Body in Pain (1985), inasmuch as cultures in crisis ‘result in recourse to the body’ (p. 13), here understood as a site of stability, certainty and concrete materiality. This is another corporeal ‘turn’ that sounds painfully familiar to pandemic-struck readers. And yet the reader keeps wondering about the nature of the truth that might be marked and framed through the body. The study’s thematic approach is well composed and lucidly presented. Each of the four chapters focuses on a corporeal topos, namely bodies on display, bodies in pieces, patients’ bodies and bodies in motion. These, in turn, are examined across various cultural practices, including large-scale human exhibitions, cadaveric dissection, self-vivisection, the medicalization of bodies in the visual arts and literature, bodily gesture in dance, photography and film, as well as the treatment of the bodies of workers and working-class mothers. In this way, The Naked Truth engages with literary studies, the visual arts, the performing arts, popular culture, the history of medicine, medico-scientific cultures and social history, as well as architecture and politics. Given the number of disciplines George interweaves, it would have been helpful to be reminded of the necessary limitations of her study. ‘Why, then, has the body been neglected in the cultural history of Vienna?’ (p. 3), The Naked Truth asks. It links one of the main reasons for the neglect of the human body to ‘fin-de-siècle Vienna’ as an academic phenomenon. The latter was generated through dialogue with Carl Schorske’s landmark series of essays on Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture (1979) and its fascination with the psyche. By tracing a hidden history of fin-desi ècle Vienna, George’s study establishes a new paradigm for Viennese modernism, arguing that homo physiologicus was as important a figure as homo psychologicus. In so doing, George challenges the exclusivity of a ‘psychological Reviews 198 withdrawal into aestheticism’ (p. 235) around 1900. This challenge includes Jewish bodies and working-class bodies, as detailed throughout the remaining three chapters. George complicates Schorske’s narrative by arguing that the ‘unique attentiveness to the materiality of the human body in Viennese culture’ originated ‘from the centrality of the materialist conception of disease under the second Vienna medical school’ (pp. 5–6). In her view, Viennese modernism is obscured when we exclude its interaction with those medical and popular cultures that predated the psychological turn (p. 235). The Naked Truth provides a refreshing discussion of Vienna’s institutional sites in the third and fourth chapters, reading them as practices that cut across modernism, medicine, popular culture, architecture and politics. By bringing two Viennese doctor-writers into conversation, one of whom is truly familiar to the canon, the other largely forgotten, she establishes Marie Pappenheim as a counterpart to Arthur Schnitzler. George reads Pappenheim’s 1906 poem ‘Autopsy Room’ and her work as a physician and social activist through the Anatomical Institute in relation to Schnitzler’s...