Alternate Furrow Research Articles

Effects of alternate furrow irrigation on yield and water use efficiecny of dry beans

Effects of alternate furrow irrigation on yield and water use efficiecny of dry beans

Guidelines for Sediment Control in Irrigation Return Flow

AbstractSediments in irrigation return flows arise mostly from erosion in furrows during irrigation, and sediment concentrations vary widely from near zero to several thousand ppm. Reducing both erosion and runoff would decrease the sediment in return flows. Technology is available for reducing both erosion during irrigation and soil loss from the land, and for removing sediments from return flows. This technology is discussed, and the following guidelines are suggested. Eliminate or reduce irrigation return flows when conditions permit using irrigation methods with little or no runoff. Control the irrigation furrow slope so that the run is across the steepest slope or on the contour. Decrease the slope near the end of the furrow to reduce the flow velocity and increase sedimentation. Control the furrow stream size and make proper stream adjustments. Adequate water measuring equipment and controls are essential for proper stream size control. Shorten the run length. Control the irrigation duration to reduce the number of irrigations per season. Alternate furrow irrigation reduces the contact between soil and flowing water and subsequent erosion. Cultivate only when necessary, avoiding excessive soil loosening which increases erosion and soil loss. Control tailwater by assuring that it flows slowly enough that sediments settle before the water leaves the field. Filtering through grass strips removes sediments. Utilize sediment retention basins to remove sediment from return flows.

Wheat and Grain Sorghum Irrigation in a Wide Bed-Furrow System

Spacing of irrigation furrows affects amount of water application and intake during irrigation. Wide spacing of furrows has been used as water management practice to reduce amount of application in alternate furrow irrigation, cotton skip row systems, and a variable row spacing system for irrigated cotton...

The association between microtubules and nuclei during spermiogenesis in the dragonfly

Electron microscope studies on dragonfly spermatids at different stages during their maturation into spermatozoa reveal the nucleus (in transverse section) to be folded, resulting in a number of alternate furrows and ridges. During the elongation of the sperm head, the furrows become deeper and the chromatin of the nucleus is compressed or condensed. The specific orientation of groups of microtubules abotu 250 A in diameter in these furrows throughout spermiogenesis is suggestive that they play a role in the elongation of the nucleus. Microtubules are no longer associated with the nuclei of mature sperm. Microtubules are also associated with elements of the mid-piece and with each of the peripheral filaments in the flagellum.