Alternative Five-factor Model Research Articles

Internet gaming disorder and the alternative five factor personality model: a study in a Spanish community sample

BackgroundThis study was designed to examine the prevalence and relationships between the Internet gaming disorder (IGD) behaviors, suggested by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), and personality traits.Participants and procedureA sample community of 1,548 subjects, 707 men and 841 women, with a mean age of 40.90 and 38.89 years, respectively, was evaluated.ResultsThe results showed that only 7 subjects (0.5%) exceeded the cut-off point of 75 points to be classed as “disordered gamers” proposed by Fuster et al. (2016) in Spain. This study demonstrates the unidimensionality of the IGD-20, so it can be used as an ordinal dimensional measure to study the relationship between IGD symptoms and other related variables such as per-sonality in community samples. A multiple linear regression analysis revealed that up to 8% of the variance of the Internet Gaming Disorder-20 scale (IGD-20), as a dimensional scale, can be explained by low activity, high aggressiveness, introver-sion, non-planning impulsivity, sensation seeking, neuroticism and impulsiveness (attention impulsivity) using the Alterna-tive Five Factor Model (AFFM) of personality and the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11).ConclusionsThis study shows that the prevalence of IGD in the Spanish population is similar to that of other Western countries. The unidimensionality of the IGD-20 allows its use in correlational studies to examine the relationship between Internet gam-bling behaviors and personality variables. The implications of these personality profiles are discussed in relation to the psy-chological and clinical mechanisms involved in Internet gaming disorder.

Factor Structure of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale among Early Adolescents: Results from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study

IntroductionEmotion regulation (ER) deficits in early adolescence are associated with subsequent negative health consequences, including anxiety and depression. Yet, limited work has evaluated the factor structure of measures of ER deficits in early adolescents, leaving a methodological gap for at-risk youths.MethodThis study examined the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) factor structure in early adolescents (N = 2300) recruited from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. We randomly split the sample into two sub-samples (n = 1150 each) and implemented an a-priori three-pronged approach: (1) A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) assessed the fit of the six-factor DERS in Sample 1; (2) An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) identified an alternative factor structure in Sample 1; and (3) A second CFA assessed the new model in Sample 2. A bi-factor model was also used to assess the global structure of the DERS total and subscales.ResultsThe original six-factor model yielded poor-to-adequate fit. EFA results supported an alternative five-factor model with different item mappings and ten omitted items. CFA results supported the five-factor solution with good fit. The bi-factor model, estimating a general factor with the five subscales, also demonstrated good fit.DiscussionA five-factor structure of the DERS appears supported in a large community sample of early adolescents. Items from the former Awareness and Clarity subscales were combined into a single factor. Nearly all items from the former Strategies subscale were omitted, suggesting there may be developmental considerations rendering those items less relevant.

Self-satisfaction described by Zuckerman's alternative five factors of personality.

This study investigates the relationships between an individual's self-satisfaction within different life areas, which correspond to Bracken's self-concept primary domains (competence, family, social, physical, emotional, and academic domains), and Zuckerman's Alternative Five-Factor Model of Personality (AFFM). It is supposed that the AFFM, as a psychobiological personality model which allows causal explanations, could provide a comprehensive insight into the nature of satisfaction with self. The study included 489 adults (64% women), between 18 and 60 years old, who completed the short Self-Satisfaction Scale (SC-6) and the Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire (ZKA-PQ). Relations between personality factors and facets from the ZKA-PQ and self-satisfaction measures were analyzed using correlational and multiple regression analysis. The relationship of self-satisfaction with gender and age was also analyzed. Based on responses to scales, 11% to 43% of the variance in self-satisfaction responses was predicted by personality, age, and sex. Extraversion had positive predictive weights for each self-satisfaction dimension. Neuroticism had negative predictive weights which were significant except for satisfaction with family. Sensation seeking negatively predicted satisfaction with competencies, family, academic aspects, emotions, and overall satisfaction. Aggression had small negative predictor weights for satisfaction with social and academic aspects. Activity had significant positive predictor weights for competencies, academic aspects, emotions, and overall satisfaction. The findings suggest that personality predicts satisfaction with aspects of the self, and that the AFFM provides an adequate theoretical framework, which includes a lower level of personality traits in the explanation of the nature of a person's satisfaction, in general or related to specific life contexts.

Being Flexible in Zuckerman’s Alternative Personality Space

Abstract: Psychological flexibility has attracted significant research interest but surprisingly, investigations about the relationships with personality traits from the biological models of personality have been neglected. The present study therefore aimed to shed more light on the nature of the relationship between psychological flexibility and personality dimensions from Zuckerman’s Alternative Five-Factor Model (AFFM) based on a sample of 398 adults. Psychological flexibility was negatively associated with neuroticism and positively associated with extraversion, aggressiveness, and sensation seeking. Lower neuroticism, higher extraversion, and being a woman significantly predicted approximately 39% of the variance in psychological flexibility. A joint exploratory factor analysis found psychological flexibility located in the neuroticism factor of personality. Findings show that the AFFM can be used as an adequate personality model in explaining the nature of psychological flexibility-inflexibility based on the associations between their sub-processes and lower levels of personality traits. The nature of the relationships between psychological flexibility with both sensation seeking and aggressiveness requires closer investigation.

Psychometric properties of the Slovenian adaptation of Zuckerman-Kuhlman Cross-Cultural 50 item personality questionnaire (ZKPQ-50-CC) in a sample of emerging adultsPsychometric properties of the Slovenian adaptation of Zuckerman-Kuhlman Cross-Cultural 50 item personality questionnaire (ZKPQ-50-CC) in a sample of emerging adultsPsychometric properties of the Slovenian adaptation of Zuckerman-Kuhlman Cross-Cultural 50 item personality questionnaire (ZKPQ-50-CC) in a sample of emerging adults

The aim of the present study was to validate the Slovenian version of the ZKPQ-50-CC (Aluja et al., 2006). The ZKPQ-50-CC is a shortened, cross-culturally validated version of the Zuckerman Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ; Zuckerman et al., 1988), based on an alternative five-factor model of personality. Our sample included 2138 emerging adults (1534 females; Mage = 21.28 years; SD = 3.62) who filled in both the ZKPQ-50-CC and the Big Five Inventory (BFI; John et al., 1991). The results of a confirmatory factor analysis showed similarities to those of the original validation study across four European countries (Aluja et al., 2006). To improve upon the psychometric properties of the ZKPQ-50-CC scales, however, we removed six items with low factor loadings (below .30), resulting in the ZKPQ-44-CC. The five factors (Impulsive Sensation Seeking, Neuroticism-Anxiety, Aggression-Hostility, Activity, and Sociability) of the adjusted instrument suggested acceptable internal reliability, as well as satisfactory convergent and divergent validity against the BFI factors. We also determined relatively high levels of temporal stability (measurements two years apart) of the alternative five factors in a smaller follow-up sample (n = 168). Despite several drawbacks, we consider the ZKPQ-44-CC appropriate for psychological research in Slovenia.

Perspective actuale în cercetarea copingului la vârsta adultă

The article presents the results of the experimental research of the cognitive, emotional and behavioral coping mechanisms. The connection between coping mechanisms and dimensions of adult personal autonomy is investigated, common factors of coping mechanisms and personality factors from the alternative five-factor model are identified, the extent to which coping mechanisms can become predictors of favorable impression is investigated, the connection between coping and emotional self-control of the adult and the difference between the coping of the young adult (22 – 29 years) and the middle-aged adult (30 – 65 years).

Beyond humor styles: the nature of humor types and differences in basic personality traits from Zuckerman's Alternative Five-Factor Model.

Findings show that the complex nature of humor and its personality basis can be more comprehensively understood if humor styles are analyzed simultaneously within humor types, rather than separately. Utilizing two independent samples (N1 = 253, N2 = 353) of self-report responses to the Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ) and the Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire-Short Form, this paper outlines how the HSQ responses result in three humor use types following cluster analysis. Cluster differences in humor styles and personality traits were analyzed using ANOVA. In both samples, a humor type characteristic of individuals who scored lower in the positive and higher in the negative humor styles was revealed. People within this humor type also scored significantly higher in the personality measures of neuroticism and aggressiveness. A second humor type replicated in the two studies described individuals scoring higher for each of the four humor styles. People within this type also scored significantly higher on extraversion and sensation seeking, suggesting a need for cortical arousal. The third humor type members scored lower in each of the humor styles (apart from the affiliative humor style scores for one of the samples). This humor type requires further investigation. In general, humor types provide an additional understanding of humor use as people within the types differ for specific personality dimensions.

Relationship between humor styles and alternative five factors of personality

The aim of this study is to investigate relations between humor styles and Alternative Five-Factor Model of personality traits and to explain relations between personality and humor style on the basis of the idea of individual differences in optimal cortical arousal. Participants (N = 253) completed Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Auja Personality Questionnaire-Short Form and the Humor Style Questionnaire. Sensation Seeking was identified as a principal personality variable that correlated significantly with each humor style. Affiliative (0.57) and self-enhancing humor styles (0.47) both correlated strongly with Extraversion. A lower positive correlation was found between the aggressive humor style and Aggressiveness (0.22). Self-defeating humor style correlated positively with Neuroticism (0.33). Multiple regression analysis showed a good predictive power of alternative five personality traits for all humor styles. Factor analysis found both benign humor styles located in the Extraversion, self-defeating style in the Neuroticism and aggressive style in the Sensation Seeking factor.In general, the results suggest that cortical arousal might be an underlying variable common for each of the four humor styles. It can be concluded that the AFFM could be a useful framework for understanding the nature of humor styles.

Dark Triad Traits, Social Position, and Personality: A Cross-Cultural Study

This research explores the Dark Triad traits in 18 cultures from Europe, America, Africa, and Asia. We examined the relationships among Dark Triad traits, as measured by the SD3, with gender, age, social status, and two personality models, HEXACO and Zuckerman’s alternative five factor model (AFFM). There were 10,298 participants (5,410 women and 4,888 men) with a mean age of 40.31 ( SD = 17.32) years old. Between 6% and 16% of the variance in the Dark Triad traits was accounted by culture. Men scored higher than women on all three traits in most cultures, but gender differences were generally larger in European countries. The relationship between the Dark Triad traits dimensions and age is negative, but the largest effect size is small (Psychopathy; η2 = .018). Psychopathy is associated with low Social Position, and Narcissism with high Social Position. In regard to Personality traits, Narcissism is positively related to Extraversion, and Psychopathy is negatively related to Conscientiousness for the HEXACO, and Narcissism is positively related to Activity and Sensation Seeking, and Machiavellianism and Psychopathy are positively related to Aggressiveness and Sensation Seeking for the AFFM.

Decision-Making and the Alternative Five Factor Personality Model: Exploring the Role of Personality Traits, Age, Sex and Social Position

This study explores the relationship between decision-making style, as measured by the Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire, and personality based on alternative five-factor model along with effect of age, sex and social position on such styles. A large sample of community and undergraduate students (n = 1,562; Mage = 40.03, SD = 18.43) was analyzed. The results showed that Neuroticism and Extraversion were significantly related to the non-vigilant styles Hypervigilance, Buck-passing and Procrastination. Women scored significantly lower in Vigilance and higher in Hypervigilance, Buck-passing and Procrastinations than men. Age was significantly related to decision-making style in a U-shaped fashion. The Social Position Index was significantly related to all decision-making styles. The most predictive personality domains regarding decision-making scales were Aggressiveness (negatively) and Activity for Vigilance, and Neuroticism for Hypervigilance, Buck-passing and Procrastination. Age, sex and social position had a small/medium overall effect on the four dimensions of Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire (p < 0.001) with a η2 of 0.038, 0.068, 0.050, and 0.031 for Vigilance, Hypervigilance, Buck-passing and Procrastination, respectively. Based on scores on a single factor dimension of the MDMQ, the profile of participants with higher scores was characterized by lower age, more likely to be females, lower social position, higher levels of Aggressiveness, less Activity, less Extraversion, and higher Neuroticism.

Location of International Classification of Diseases-11th Revision and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, dimensional trait models in the alternative five-factor personality space.

This study explores the dimensionality (factor analysis) and the relationships (empirical networks) between the Zuckerman alternative five-factor personality model and the two current pathological dimensional personality systems based on the International Classification of Diseases-11th Revision (ICD-11) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), Section III. To this end, the Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire-Short Form (ZKA-PQ/SF), the Personality Inventory for ICD-11, and the Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Short Form were used with 1,229 healthy community subjects: 578 men (Mage = 40.03, SD = 17.77) and 651 women (Mage = 39.63, SD = 17.81). The results show that the pathological traits of Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Disinhibition, and Antagonism/Dissociality are correlatively placed in the Neuroticism, Extraversion, Sensation Seeking, and Aggressiveness dimensional space. Psychoticism is positioned, to a lesser extent and with a similar loading, in Sensation Seeking and Neuroticism, whereas Anankastia is associated with the Activity factor. The five ZKA-PQ domains explain 42% of the variance of Personality Inventory for ICD-11 and 39% of the variance of Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Short Form, whereas the ZKA-PQ facets explain 47% and 44%, respectively. It is concluded that Zuckerman's alternative five-factor model of personality may be useful to better understand the position of pathological or maladaptive traits in the space of normal personality, complementarily to the five-factor model. It also helps to integrate the maladaptive personality traits of the ICD-11 and the DSM-5 Section III into a single system. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Czech adaptation of the Brunel Mood States for adolescent athletes

The Brunel Mood States is a 24-items long questionnaire (formerly referred to as the Profile of Mood States for Adolescents POMS-A) used to capture emotional profile of an individual. It has been used in various settings including sport psychology, where it is considered a valid indicator for overtraining syndrome. The aim of this study was to develop the Czech adaptation of BRUMS and verify its psychometric properties in adolescent athletes. The data were collected from a sample of 246 participant (50.8% females; age range 14-19 years). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate original six-dimensional structure (with factors of Depression, Tension, Confusion, Anger, Fatigue, and Vigor). Even though this model showed acceptable fit to the data, Depression and Tension factors were empirically indistinguishable. Therefore, we proposed and verified alternative five-factor model with these two factors collapsed. Measurement invariance across gender was assessed using the Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model. Although three items showed signs of differential item functioning, the Czech adaptation of the instrument can in general be considered a measurement invariant.

Psychometric properties of the Georgian version of Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture: a cross-sectional study

ObjectivesTo study the psychometric properties of the Georgian version of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSPSC-GE).DesignCross-sectional study.SettingThree Georgian hospitals.ParticipantsStaff of participating hospitals (n=579 responses, response rate 41.6%).Primary and...

Personality Profile and Clinical Correlates of Patients With Substance Use Disorder With and Without Comorbid Depression Under Treatment.

Background: Among patients with substance use disorder (SUD), major depressive disorder (MDD) is highly prevalent. Even though, personality plays an important role in treatment outcomes for individuals with SUD and SUD + MDD, few studies have explored personality characteristics in these samples. This study aims to describe personality for patients with SUD taking into account the comorbid MDD, using the Alternative Five Factor Model (AFFM). We also aim to compare SUD + MDD patients with population norms and to elucidate possible personality clinical correlates.Methods: For our study, 116 male patients undergoing for SUD treatment were divided in two groups: SUD only (N = 58) and SUD + MDD (N = 58). To examine personality, we used the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire and multiple analyses of covariance were performed to identify differences. In a first analysis, age was introduced as a covariate whereas in a second analysis the continuous variables that showed to have a discriminant value for the groups were added as covariates. Variables predicting the presence of dual diagnosis and personality clinical correlates were analyzed by logistic and linear regression models, respectively. We observed that patients with SUD + MDD show distinctive personality characteristics compared with patients with SUD only and population norms.Results: According to the AFFM, SUD + MDD patients are characterized by higher Neuroticism-Anxiety (positively associated to depressive symptoms) and Impulsivity; and by lower Parties and Friends. Moreover, the probability of having a dual depressive disorder was represented by the amount of medications and substances used. The preference for hard work and the energy self-reported levels (Work Activity trait) are linked to these clinical variables rather than to the presence/absence of a dual depressive disorder.Conclusions: Even when controlling clinical variables related to a higher probability of having a dual depressive disorder, the Neuroticism-Anxiety is a personality trait that strongly differentiates between SUD only and SUD + MDD patients. Further investigation is needed to explore the role of this personality trait as endophenotype in dual depressive men. Our results underline the importance of a dimensional understanding of personality and its clinical correlates among patients with SUD + MDD; this approach could provide us information on specific treatment strategies to improve the prognosis of patients.

Corporate ownership structure, market anomalies and asset pricing

Identifying and assessing risks remain a challenging issue for academics and professionals. In this study, we investigate whether a link can be made between market anomalies and corporate ownership structure. Actually, the French market is seen as an ‘insider system’ with high concentrated ownership structures that encourage long-term relationships between the companies and investors. Besides, in France, Government ownership is common. Adding to these local characteristics the legal context, distortions in returns can be observed on stock market. Through a large sample comprising 1163 firms over more than a quarter century (from January 1990 to June 2016), this study brings deep insights about asset pricing models in the French stock market. Unlike US firms, we document a positive relation between French companies with high asset growth rates and stock return. We propose an alternative five-factor model with orthogonal size, value, reversed investment and quality designed for the French market. Our model is more suitable than ‘standard’ asset pricing models to estimate the cost of capital, evaluate abnormal returns and optimize portfolio allocation strategies.

The Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire shortened form (ZKA-PQ/SF)

This study developed a shortened version of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire (ZKA-PQ/SF) and tests its psychometric properties using different samples. This brief version has only 80 items (four items per facet), in contrast with the 200 items (10 items per facet) of the long version. The validation sample was formed of 1416 volunteers (696 males and 720 females) with a mean age of 34.62 (SD: 14.06). The ZKA-PQ/SF has a robust five-factor structure, highly similar to the long questionnaire. The average factor congruence is quite high (0.98). The alpha reliability coefficients of four-item facets range between 0.64 and 0.86. Test-retest coefficients for a three-month period were 0.83, 0.84, 0.80, 0.78, and 0.82 for Neuroticism, Sensation Seeking, Extraversion, Activity and Aggressiveness, respectively. Controlling for item overlap, correlations between long and short forms ranged between 0.65 and 0.80. Regarding validity, the ZKA-PQ/SF showed adequate convergent and divergent validity with regard to the Revised NEO Personality Inventory shortened form (NEO-FFI-R). The ZKA-PQ/SF has good psychometric properties retaining the original 20 facets of the ZKA-PQ and, is therefore well suited for research purposes based on Zuckerman's Alternative Five-Factor model in those cases where the long version is inappropriate.

The resilient, the restraint and the restless: Personality types based on the Alternative Five-Factor Model

Using data from two samples and >1000 participants (drawn from the general population), the present research investigated personality types based on the Alternative Five-Factor Model (AFFM). Study 1 (n = 774) identified three personality prototypes (using cluster analysis) and provided support for their internal validity, using a double-cross validation approach. The three identified types were labeled resilient (low Neuroticism-Anxiety and Aggression-Hostility, high Sociability and Activity, and an average level of Impulsive Sensation Seeking), overcontrolled (high Neuroticism-Anxiety, average Aggression-Hostility and low levels of the other factors) and strain (average level of Activity and high levels of the other factors). Study 2 (n = 332) provided evidence for the external validity of the identified personality types, by revealing several differences between them in terms of self-reported behavioral preferences. These findings were discussed and compared with research on personality types based on the Five-Factor Model, with several similarities emerging.

Confirmatory factor analyses of the WISC-IV Spanish core and supplemental subtests: Validation evidence of the Wechsler and CHC models

ABSTRACTThe present study examined the factor structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Fourth Edition, Spanish (WISC–IV Spanish, Wechsler, 2005a) with normative sample participants aged 6–16 years (N = 500) using confirmatory factor analytic techniques not reported in the WISC–IV Spanish Manual (Wechsler, 2005b). For the 10 core subtest configuration, 1 through 4, first-order factor models, and higher-order versus bifactor models were compared using confirmatory factor analyses. The correlated four-factor Wechsler model provided good fit to these data, but the bifactor model showed statistically significant improvement over the higher-order model and correlated four-factor model. For the 14 core and supplemental subtest configuration, an alternative five-factor model based upon Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC; as per Weiss, et al., 2013b) configuration was also estimated. Results indicated that for the 14 subtest configuration, the alternative CHC model was preferred to the four-factor Wechsler model and the bifactor version of the CHC model also fit these data best. Across both configurations, variance apportionment and model-based reliability estimates illustrate well the dominance of the general intelligence factor when compared to the influence of the various combinations of group factors. Implications for clinical interpretation and the anticipated revision of the measurement instrument are discussed.

Evaluation of Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire-50-CC in Serbian culture

The main purpose of this research was to evaluate dimensions of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire-50-CC (ZKPQ-50-CC) in the Serbian culture in the light of some of the basic assumptions of the alternative five-factor model – the cross-cultural stability, construct validity and heritability. The study had two parts. The aim of the first study is to evaluate the replicability of the alternative FFM in a Serbian sample (N = 1155). Three structural models were tested using confirmatory factor analysis. The model which included correlated dimensions and four omitted items showed the best fit. The second study, conducted on a sample of 200 participants (90 male and 110 female), was set to test several models of relations between the alternative FFM and Eysenck's PEN model. Four models were tested using the structural equation modeling. The best- fitting model included three latent dimensions, which corresponded to PEN dimensions.

Examining the Structure of Emotion Regulation: A Factor-Analytic Approach.

Critiques of self-report indices of emotion regulation suggest that its measurement is in need of more critical investigation. The current study examined the factor structure of emotion regulation as informed by Gross' (1998a) Process Model: Situation Selection, Attentional Deployment, Cognitive Change, and Response Modulation. A sample of 553 participants was recruited using Amazon's Mechanical Turk (M(age) = 37.12, SD = 13.66; n = 352 female). Confirmatory factor analysis with maximum likelihood estimation was performed in Mplus. A four-factor model of emotion regulation demonstrated poor fit. An alternative five-factor model fit the data well: CFI = .94, TLI = .93, RMSEA = .07. Emotion regulation may be better conceptualized as a combination of specific strategy use and a broader construct, called "emotional distancing" (a trait-like disposition towards emotions). Further research is required to determine if the observed five-factor model can be replicated in more diverse samples.