Alternative Feed Research Articles

Effect of varying retention times and feeding schemes on the performance of vertical constructed wetlands planted with vetiver grass in treating dairy wastewater in the Philippines

AbstractAdequate wastewater treatment from the dairy industry before disposal is still lacking in the Philippines, particularly in small‐scale sectors. This limitation is due to the high cost and expertise required from conventional wastewater treatment systems. One option is using constructed wetlands, a nature‐based solution with low cost, less specialized expertise and maintenance requirements and high wastewater treatment efficiency. To further evaluate the application of constructed wetlands in the Philippines, this paper studied the wastewater from the manufacturing processes of the Dairy Training Research Institute, University of the Philippines Los Baños (DTRI‐UPLB). It is a small dairy farm inside the University with economic constraints in using a conventional wastewater treatment system. The main aim of this study is to determine the effect of using vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands (VSSFCW) planted with Vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) in sand and gravel media to treat the DTRI‐UPLB effluent, using very low retention times (4 and 8 h), with daily and alternate days of wastewater feeding into the VSSFCW. The average removal efficiencies for total suspended solids (TSS), biological oxygen demand for (BOD5), total phosphorus (TP), and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) are 88.34%, 93.56%, 78.42%, and 94.63%, respectively. Moreover, alternate wastewater feeding provided a statistically significant increase in the performance of VSSFCW, while there is no statistical difference between the two retention times evaluated. Finally, it was observed that plant age significantly affects the performance of VSSFCW setup but should be explored further with longer operation times and additional nutrient uptake analysis.

The Effect of a Bacillus Probiotic and Essential Oils Compared to an Ionophore on the Rumen Microbiome Composition of Feedlot Cattle.

The rising concern of antibiotic growth promoter use in livestock has necessitated the investigation into alternative feed additives. The effect of a probiotic and essential oils to an ionophore on the rumen microbiome composition of Bonsmara bulls raised under feedlot conditions was compared. Forty-eight Bonsmara weaners were allocated to four groups: a group with basal diet (CON) and three groups supplemented with monensin (MON), probiotic (PRO), and essential oils (EO). During the 120 days feeding period, rumen content was collected from four animals per group within each phase via a stomach tube for 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing as well as volatile fatty acid analysis. In the starter phase, MON had a significantly lower acetate to propionate ratio and a higher Succinivibrionaceae abundance. The abundance of Lachnospiraceae was significantly higher in EO compared to MON. In the finisher phase, PRO had a significantly higher bacterial diversity. The alpha diversity did not differ between the fungal populations of the groups. The abundance of Proteobacteria was the lowest in PRO compared to the other groups. Limited variation was observed between the rumen microbiome composition of monensin compared to the other treatment groups, indicating that these alternatives can be considered.

The future of protein sources in livestock feeds: implications for sustainability and food safety

The feed-food competition for environmental and economic resources raises increasing concerns about the production and supply of protein for the global livestock sector. Risks to food-security and approaching deadlines for global sustainable development, means exploring alternative protein feed ingredients is imperative. This Review discusses the potential for soilless, local and circular protein feed sources to provide solutions for key sustainability and food-security threats to the global livestock sector, through their partial incorporation in future livestock feeds and feeding systems. In doing so, it offers a holistic insight into the potential opportunities, but also risks associated with such alternatives. Through this analysis, a four-point strategic plan is synthesized to facilitate higher-level policy making that may enable implementation of these alternative ingredients at commercial scales, building toward a more sustainable and resilient livestock industry.

Arima Forecasting In Soymeal And Beyond: An Empirical Study Bridging The Path To Millet-Based Forecasting

Soymeal, a rich source of protein and fiber, held paramount importance in livestock and poultry sectors. Derived post oil extraction from soybean seeds, its production and price dynamics hinged on multiple factors including seed supply-demand, crushing costs, transportation expenses, and competition from alternative feed constituents. The study aimed to employ the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model to forecast soymeal production, import, export, and price trends globally for year 2023 by using data from 2016 to 2022. By combining historical insights with predictive analytics, the paper endeavored to illuminate the prospective trajectory of soymeal dynamics on a global scale, offering valuable insights for stakeholders. Moreover, it is noteworthy that the applicability of the ARIMA forecasting model extends beyond soymeal, encompassing other agricultural commodities such as millets and other minor grains. Millets, celebrated for their nutritional value and resilience, hold immense potential in addressing global food security challenges. The ARIMA model's capability to unravel temporal intricacies and patterns could likewise provide insights into millet production, pricing, and trade, contributing to the sustainable development of diverse agricultural sectors. This research not only enriches our understanding of soymeal dynamics but also underscores the versatility of the ARIMA model for forecasting a spectrum of agricultural commodities, promoting informed decision-making and strategic planning.

The Chemical Composition of Soyhulls and Their Effect on Amino Acid and Nutrient Digestibility in Laying Hens during the Peak of Production.

This study investigates the chemical composition of soyhulls (SHs) as an alternative feed ingredient and their effect on nutrient and amino acid (AA) digestibility in laying hens during peak production. A total of 200 golden brown hens (28 weeks old) were subjected to random allocation across 5 dietary treatments: a corn-soybean meal (SBM) reference diet and 4 test diets with 25% SHs from different mills (SH1, SH2, SH3, and SH4). Each treatment was replicated four times with ten birds per replicate. Digesta samples were collected during three phases (28-32, 32-36, and 36-40 weeks of age) to measure apparent metabolizable energy (AME), the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients, and the standard ileal digestibility (SID) of AAs. The SBM diet had 30.0% crude protein (CP) and 3.78% crude fiber (CF), while the SH diets had 21.0 to 21.5% CP and 11.6% CF. The findings revealed that the AME was lower (p < 0.05) with SH diets (2404 kcal/kg) compared to the SBM diet (2627 kcal/kg) in all three phases. The SH diets had a lower AID of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, ether extract (EE), and crude fiber (CF) than the SBM diet by an average of 2.88, 2.25, 4.93, 4.99, and 3.36%, respectively. The AID of nitrogen-free extract (NFE) was higher in the SH diets than the SBM diet by 3.42% in all three phases (p < 0.05). The SH diets had lower uric acid excretion (about 66.93 mg/100 mL) than the SBM diet (about 76.43 mg/100 mL) on average in all three phases. The SH diets had a lower SID of arginine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, cysteine, valine, and tyrosine than the SBM diet by 2 to 10%, while the SID of methionine was higher in the SH diets than the SBM diet by 2.2% on average in all three phases (p < 0.05). The SH from Sadiq Brother Feed (SH1) had the highest AME and AID of DM, ash, CP, EE, CF, and the SID of AA among the SH diets. These results indicate that SH can partially replace SBM in laying hen diets, but the source and quality of SH should be considered.

Sunflower and rapeseed meal as alternative feed materials to soybean meal for sustainable egg production, using aged laying hens

ABSTRACT 1. This study assessed the impact of replacing two thirds of a soybean meal (SBM) based diet with an alternative protein (AP) based diet (sunflower and rapeseed meal), when fed to end of production Hy-Line Brown laying hens. 2. Diets were fed in seven cages, each containing six birds aged from 75 to 83 weeks old. Measured variables included bird performance, egg production, quality variables of fresh eggs, total tract digestibility of dry matter (DMD), neutral detergent fibre (NDFD), fat (FD), and nitrogen corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn). 3. No significant differences were observed (P > 0.05) for egg production, egg composition or egg quality. However, birds fed the AP diet had darker yolks (P < 0.05), possibly linked to natural pigments in AP. 4. The SBM diet had higher AMEn, DMD and NDFD (P < 0.05), although FD was higher in the AP diet (P < 0.05). 5. Diets based on AP sources can be fed to aged laying hens without deteriorating productive performance, providing care is taken in formulating diets (e.g. amino acid levels, balance etc). Using AP sources may reduce reliance on SBM associated with land use change, contributing towards sustainability for the egg industry.

Alternate Day Feeding as a Cost-effective Strategy for Tank Culture of the Pacific Shortfin Eel Anguilla bicolor pacifica

There is a growing interest in the aquaculture of tropical anguillid eels as an export commodity. However, studies on feeding strategies, and the present demand to reduce feed costs need to be addressed to ensure the economic viability of eel farming. In this study, the effects of daily (DF) and alternate day (ADF) feeding on growth, feed utilization, body composition, blood chemistry, liver and intestinal morphology, and economic viability in the Pacific shortfin eel Anguilla bicolor pacifica were examined. Each feeding group of 30 elvers (166.25 ± 16.23 g mean initial wt) were randomly stocked in triplicate 4 m3 outdoor concrete tanks. These were fed for 155 d with formulated eel powder diet (49.77% crude protein; 10.21% crude lipid) made into a paste. Growth and survival were not significantly different between the two feeding groups. However, feed efficiency was improved in the ADF group, with significantly higher protein efficiency ratio (0.63) than in the DF group (0.39). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower in ADF (3.85) than in the DF group (6.44), resulting in a 40% reduction in total feed consumption. Biometric indices, body proximate composition, and blood chemistry were not significantly affected. Likewise, liver and intestinal morphology showed no apparent alterations between groups. Partial costs-and-returns analysis showed that ADF yielded higher net profit and profit index. These results suggest that feeding on alternate days promote compensatory growth, better feed utilization, and normal physiological condition of A. bicolor pacifica, and reduce feed cost in the rearing process. Therefore, alternate day feeding should be promoted as a sound feed management strategy in the tank culture of tropical anguillid eels.

A Review of the Efficiency of Alternative Feed Sources for Cultured Catfish Species in Nigeria

A Review of the Efficiency of Alternative Feed Sources for Cultured Catfish Species in Nigeria

Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of Carrot Pulp Ensiled with Different Dry Roughages

This study investigated the nutrient content, the digestibility of organic matter (OMD), and the metabolic energy (ME) values of silages prepared from carrot pulp, a by-product of the food industry. Five different silages with five replicates were prepared by adding wheat straw (CP + WS), vetch/oat hay (CP + VOH), maize stalk straw (CP + CS), alfalfa hay (CP + AH), and barley straw (CP + BS) as 20% absorption material to 80% carrot pulp. The silages were opened after 60 days, and physical and chemical analyses were performed. The dry matter content was highest in the CP+BS silage. Crude protein content was highest in the CP+AH and CP+VOH groups. CP+AH silage had the highest ADF and NDF. The CP+AH and CP+VOH groups had high-quality relative feed values, while all groups had very good Flieg quality values. There were no differences between the groups for OMD and ME. To conclude, it was found that carrot pulp silage can be used as an alternative feed source in animal nutrition.

Impact of Cassava Leaf Meal as a Rice Bran Substitute and Enzyme Supplementation on Lymphoid Organ Weight and Digestibility in Broiler Chickens

Cassava leaves are a potential alternative feed ingredient due to their high levels of crude protein and energy. However, their utilization in poultry feed is constrained by factors such as cyanic acid, fiber content, and nutrient digestibility. This study aimed to investigate the impact of including cassava leaf meal (CLM) as a rice bran substitute and enzyme supplementation on lymphoid organ development and metabolizable energy parameters in broiler chickens. A 2x3 completely randomized factorial design was conducted using 48 Cobb-strain broilers unsexing at 35 days old. The treatments included different levels of CLM and enzyme (NSP and protease) supplementation at a dose of 250 g/ton of feed. The treatments consisted of R0E0: 0% CLM without enzyme, R0E1: 0% CLM with enzyme, R1E0: 1.5% CLM without enzyme, R1E1: 1.5% CLM with enzyme, R2E0: 3% CLM without enzyme, and R2E1: 3% CLM with enzyme. The variables assessed were lymphoid organ development (thymus, bursa Fabricius, and spleen) and metabolizable energy parameters (Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AME), True Metabolizable Energy (TME), Apparent Metabolizable Energy Corrected to Nitrogen (AMEn), and True Metabolizable Energy Corrected to Nitrogen (TMEn)). The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc tests conducted for significant differences. Results indicated no interaction between CLM and enzymes in lymphoid organ development and energy metabolizable. The inclusion of CLM led to a reduction in AME and TME (p&amp;lt;0.05). However, enzyme supplementation significantly increased the relative weight of lymphoid organs (thymus, bursa Fabricius, spleen) and metabolizable energy parameters (AME, TME, AMEn, and TMEn) (p&amp;lt;0.05). Importantly, the inclusion of CLM up to a level of 3.0% did not negatively impact the health of broiler chickens. Furthermore, the addition of enzymes effectively mitigated the negative effects associated with CLM inclusion in the feed, suggesting their potential as a strategy to improve feed utilization in broiler production systems.

Implementation of Core Competency and Life Cycle Assesment (LCA) In the CID Program Petani Maju 4.0 of PT Pertamina Hulu Mahakam

This article aims to describe the importance of integrating the concept of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in the Community Involvement Development (CID) program. Based on Permen LHK 1/2021 concerning Proper, LCA must be the basis for every company to develop programs based on community empowerment. This article provides an overview of the case studies in PT Pertamina Hulu Mahakam's CSR 4.0 Maju Farmer program which has integrated linkages with LCA. The LCA study of PT Pertamina Hulu Mahakam covers the cradle-to-grave function unit. Cradle-to-grave function The product systems studied for life cycle assessment have covered 100% of products, namely petroleum, natural gas and condensate production systems. The oil and gas production process certainly has an impact on the activities of people's lives which must be explained with a CSR-based community empowerment approach. The results of the integration of LCA and the CSR program of Farmers Maju 4.0 were able to utilize the company's 33 tons of organic waste into compost and alternative feed for livestock. As well as environmental improvements, it can contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 259.2 kilograms of methane gas per year.

Effects of Adding Agro-Industrial By-Products of Babassu to Guinea Grass Silage

Using by-products added to grass silage in the total mixed ration (TMR) silage form can bring advantages to the ensiling process, raising DM levels, absorbing moisture, and improving the silage’s chemical composition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of babassu by-products’ inclusion substitution for corn in Guinea grass silage in the total mixed ration as an alternative feed for ruminants. The experiment was a completely randomized design with four treatments (silage) and five replications (silo). There was a significant difference in the fermentation profile and losses of silage (p &lt; 0.001), some organic acids (lactic and butyric acids, p &lt; 0.001), and the percentage of lactic acid in fermentation products (LA:FP, p &lt; 0.001). The TGS showed the highest average for the variable’s maximum temperature (p &lt; 0.001) and hours/max temperature (p = 0.011). Babassu by-products could eventually replace 50% of corn in total mixed rations silage containing Guinea grass, meeting the suggestion for the total mixed ration silage.

Preferensi Apis cerana terhadap Konsentrasi Gula dan Jarak Dari Sumber Pakan

Apis cerana honey bees are members of the order Hymenoptera, Family Apidae, Sub Family Apinae and Genus Apis. A. cerana bees need feed in the form of nectar and flower pollen (pollen). When the dry season occurs, the availability of natural food sources is difficult to obtain, so alternative feed for bees is very important and necessary. This study aims to determine the concentration of sugar solution preferred by A. cerana bees, to determine the distance to the preferred feed source for A. cerana bees and to determine the direction of the preferred feed source for A. cerana bees. The method used in this research is the split-split plot experimental method with the main plot is the direction, the sub plot is the distance, and the sub-plot is the sugar concentration. The sugar concentration used was 0%, 15%, 35%, and 50%. The distances used are 1 m, 4 m and 7 m which are located in 4 cardinal directions from the bee colony. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods, conservative non-parametric Kruskal Wallis (KW) using SPSS software. The results of this study were the concentration of sugar preferred by A. cerana bees, namely the concentration of sugar 50%, the distance of the preferred feed source for A. cerana bees from the beehive, namely a distance of 7 m, and the direction of the preferred source of feed by A. cerana bees from the beehive, namely east direction.

Profitability of Broiler Production on Diets Containing Ground Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Shell as a Potential Alternative Feed Ingredient

The study investigated the effects of incorporating ground peanut shells into broiler diets on growth performance, feed conversion efficiency, and production cost. The results showed that broilers fed diets with ground peanut shells had improved growth performance and body weight compared to those without. Moreover, the inclusion of ground peanut shells in broiler diets improved feed conversion efficiency, indicating a reduction in the amount of feed required for broiler growth. The findings suggest that ground peanut shells can be used as a safe and effective feed ingredient for broilers without compromising their health and survival. The utilization of agricultural by-products such as peanut shells in the poultry industry can have significant benefits. Incorporating ground peanut shells into broiler diets can reduce production expenses while providing essential nutrients for human consumption. This can result in an increase in income for households involved in poultry raising. Furthermore, the use of agricultural by-products can contribute to reducing environmental waste, leading to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly poultry industry. The study highlights the potential of utilizing agricultural by-products such as peanut shells in the poultry industry. Incorporating ground peanut shells into broiler diets can reduce production costs, increase income for households involved in poultry raising, and provide essential nutrients for human consumption.

The Use of Probiotics in the Fermentation Process of Feed (Silage) for Conservation of Timor Deer (Cervus Timorensis) by the Empowerment Group of Timor Deer Breeders (Mammettang) in Cakura Village

Timor Deer (Cervus timorensis) is a rare species of deer that is threatened with extinction. In order to maintain the sustainability of this species, effective conservation measures are necessary. One important aspect of Timor deer conservation is ensuring adequate feed supply in the captive environment. Silage feed has been identified as a potential alternative feed due to its availability and high nutritional value. This research aims to evaluate the effect of silage feed on the conservation of Timor deer and the community empowerment group of Timor deer breeders (Mammettang) in Cakura Village. The research methods used include collecting primary data through direct observation, measuring deer growth, and analyzing the quality of silage feed. Secondary data were also collected from previous studies and official documentation related to Timor deer conservation. The results of the research indicate that the use of silage feed in the captive environment for Timor deer in Cakura Village has a positive impact on the health and growth of the deer. Deer fed with silage showed a significant increase in body weight compared to those fed with conventional feed. Moreover, the quality of silage feed was proven to meet the nutritional requirements of Timor deer, with appropriate levels of crude fiber, protein, and energy. These findings have significant implications for Timor deer conservation efforts and community empowerment in Cakura Village. The use of silage feed can improve feed efficiency, reduce dependency on conventional feed, and provide a more economical and sustainable alternative. Additionally, community involvement in Timor deer breeding can bring about significant social and economic benefits, including increased income and preservation of local culture. In conclusion, the use of silage feed in Timor deer conservation in Cakura Village has a positive impact on the health and growth of the deer. This opens opportunities for further development in implementing silage feed as an effective and sustainable conservation strategy for Timor deer species. Furthermore, community empowerment in Timor deer breeding also provides sustainable social and economic benefits for the local community.

Single-Cell Protein Production from Industrial Off-Gas through Acetate: Techno-Economic Analysis for a Coupled Fermentation Approach

Third-generation (3G) biorefineries harnessing industrial off-gases have received significant attention in the transition towards a sustainable circular economy. However, uncertainties surrounding their techno-economic feasibility are hampering widespread commercialization to date. This study investigates the production of single-cell protein (SCP), a sustainable alternative food and feed protein, from steel mill off-gas through an efficient coupled fermentation approach utilizing acetate as an intermediate. A comprehensive model that comprises both the gas-to-acetate and the acetate-to-SCP fermentation processes, as well as gas pretreatment and downstream processing (DSP) operations, was developed and used to perform a techno-economic analysis (TEA). Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that significant cost reductions can be achieved by the process intensification of the gas-to-acetate fermentation. As such, an increase in the acetate concentration to 45 g/L and productivity to 4 g/L/h could lead to a potential cost reduction from 4.15 to 2.78 USD/kg. In addition, the influence of the production scale and other economic considerations towards the commercialization of off-gas-based SCPs are discussed. Conclusively, this research sheds light on the practical viability of a coupled fermentation process for SCP production by identifying key cost-influencing factors and providing targets for further optimization of the acetate platform, fostering sustainable and economically feasible bio-based innovations.

Fodder Radish as a Potential Alternative Feed Source for Livestock in South Africa

The agricultural sector receives substantial support from livestock, which greatly contributes to the well-being of rural communities. Livestock offers animal-derived products, such as meat and milk, which serve as abundant protein sources for human consumption. While the majority of South Africa’s agricultural land is suitable for livestock farming within the smallholder sector, these farmers often face a variety of challenges. Among these challenges, there is insufficient access to superior forage resources, resulting in the limited availability of high-quality feed. Traditional nutrient sources for ruminants, such as soybean meal, grain, sunflower meal, and fish meal, are employed as supplementary feeds to provide exceptional nutrition and improve animal performance. Nonetheless, they present logistical, economic, and environmental challenges. To circumvent these challenges, smallholder producers have turned to leguminous trees, including Vachellia species and other locally available feed resources. They are utilized as feasible and cost-effective alternatives to supplement livestock, especially during periods of extended drought. However, these locally available feed resources exhibit inherent limitations, including thorn presence, high fiber content, low digestibility, and the presence of anti-nutritional and toxic factors. Cool season forage crops such as fodder radish present promising alternatives as autumn and winter forages for these farmers. Despite being widely used globally as a supplement for livestock during winter, fodder radish remains relatively underutilized, particularly among smallholder farmers. There is a scarcity of comprehensive information regarding its chemical composition, nutrient utilization, and remarkable potential to revolutionize livestock production, especially within the smallholder sector. Most of the available literature demonstrates the positive effects of fodder radish on soil structure, soil carbon and nitrogen levels, weed suppression, and other benefits. This paper systematically reviews the current state of knowledge on the nutritive value, opportunities, and challenges associated with the utilization of this crop in the cooler eastern regions.

A Comparison of Slow Infusion Intermittent Feeding versus Gravity Feeding in Preterm Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The transition to full enteral feeding is important for ensuring adequate growth in preterm infants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two different intermittent feeding methods on the transition to full enteral feeding in preterm infants. A prospective, randomized controlled study was conducted in a neonatology and perinatology center. Preterm infants with a gestational age between 24 + 0/7 and 31 + 6/7 were included in this study. They were divided into two groups: the SIF (slow infusion feeding) group and the IBF (intermittent bolus feeding) group. In the SIF group, feed volumes were administered over one hour using an infusion pump through an orogastric tube, with feeding occurring every three hours. The IBF group received enteral feeding using a gravity-based technique with a syringe through an orogastric tube, completed within 10 to 30 min. The primary outcome was the achievement of full enteral feeding and the occurrence of feeding intolerance. A total of 103 infants were enrolled in the study (50 in SIF and 53 in IBF). The time to achieve full enteral feeding did not differ significantly between the two groups (p = 0.20). The SIF group had significantly fewer occurrences in which gastric residual volume exceeded 50% (p = 0.01). Moreover, the SIF group had a significantly shorter duration of non-per-oral (NPO) status than the IBF group (p = 0.03). It is our contention that the use of the SIF method as an alternative feeding method is appropriate for infants with feeding intolerance and those at high risk of feeding intolerance.

Duckweed as an Underutilized Species Having Potential in Feed Sector

This study evaluated the importance of duckweed and compared it with soybean as an alternative feed. Determination of proximate composition of all samples was done in triplicate. Toasted soybean meal had significantly the highest protein content of 38.00% while raw duckweed meal recorded the least of 35.08%. The cost-benefit evaluation revealed that 75% blanched duckweed meal gave the highest net profit (₦3,682) and lowest incident cost (₦6.49). This study revealed that blanched duckweed meal has great potential in feed sector and can serves as an alternative to soybean and also will reduce the cost of feed production and maximize profit.

Biologi dan neraca kehidupan ulat grayak jagung, Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pada tongkol jagung muda (Zea mays Linn.) sebagai pakan alternatif

Penyediaan ulat Spodoptera frugiperda dalam jumlah banyak sebagai bahan penelitian memerlukan teknologi perbanyakan menggunakan pakan alternatif. Tongkol jagung muda memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai pakan alternatif. Penelitian biologi dan neraca kehidupan S. frugiperda dengan pakan tongkol jagung muda sejauh ini belum pernah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan informasi biologi, morfologi, dan neraca kehidupan S. frugiperda dengan pakan tongkol jagung muda. Larva diperoleh dari pertanaman jagung di Bantarkambing, Bogor. Sebanyak 110 larva hasil F1 dipelihara secara individu dalam wadah berisi tongkol jagung muda sampai menjadi pupa, kemudian pupa dipindahkan ke wadah berisi tanah. Sebanyak 30 pasang imago dipelihara dalam kurungan berisi tanaman jagung. Pengamatan morfologi, biologi, dan neraca kehidupan dilakukan setiap hari, dimulai dari telur sampai imago mati. Hasil menunjukkan adanya variasi warna dan ukuran telur, larva, pupa, dan imago. Rata-rata lama stadia telur, larva, pra-pupa berturut-turut 2,47, 14,96, dan 1,83 hari. Lama stadium pupa 9,75 hari (jantan), dan 8,81 hari (betina). Siklus hidup berlangsung selama 37,69 (jantan), dan 37,7 (betina). Masa pra-oviposisi, oviposisi, dan pasca-oviposisi berlangsung selama 1,60, 7,90, dan 2,26 hari. Lama hidup imago adalah 11,34 hari (jantan) dan 11,76 hari (betina). Jumlah telur yang diletakkan rata-rata adalah 1.365,86/betina butir dengan tingkat penetasan 94,68%. Kurva kesintasan S. frugiperda termasuk tipe I, dengan laju reproduksi kotor (GRR) 1.442,49 individu/generasi dan laju reproduksi bersih (Ro) 1.342,77 individu/induk/generasi. Laju pertambahan intrinsik (r) 0,23 individu/induk/hari, rataan lama generasi (T) 31,23 hari, dan waktu yang dibutuhkan populasi untuk berlipat ganda (DT) 3,01 hari. Tongkol jagung muda dapat dijadikan pakan alternatif dalam perbanyakan S. frugiperda.