Alternative Energy Sources Research Articles

Carcass traits and morphometry, typification of the Longissimus dorsi muscle and non-carcass components of hair lambs: can biscuit bran completely replace corn? A machine learning approach.

Biscuit bran (BB) is a co-product with worldwide distribution, with Brazil as the second largest cookie producer in the world with 1,157,051 tons. We evaluate the impact of completely replacing corn with BB on the characteristics and morphometry of carcass of purebred and crossbred Morada Nova lambs using machine learning techniques as an auxiliary method. Twenty male lambs from two genetic groups (GG) were used: purebred red-coated Morada Nova (MNR) and crossbred MNR × white-coated Morada Nova (MNF1). Supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques were used. No interaction (P > 0.05) was observed between diets (D) and genetic groups (GG) and no simple isolated effect was observed for carcass characteristics, qualitative-quantitative typification of the Longissimus dorsi muscle, weight of non-carcass components, weight and yield of commercial cuts and carcass morphometric measurements. The formation of two horizontal clusters was verified: (i) crossed lambs with corn and BB and (ii) purebred lambs fed corn and BB. Vertically, three clusters were formed based on carcass and meat characteristics of native lambs: (i) thermal insulation, body capacity, true yield, and commercial cuts; (ii) choice, performance, physical carcass traits, and palatability; and (iii) yield cuts and non-carcass components. The heatmap also allowed us to observe that pure MN lambs had a greater body capacity when fed BB, while those fed corn showed superiority in commercial cuts, true yields, and non-carcass components. Crossbred lambs, regardless of diet, showed a greater association of physical characteristics of the carcass, performance, palatability, and less noble cuts. Crossbred lambs, regardless of diet, showed a greater association of physical characteristics of the carcass, performance, palatability, and less noble cuts. BB can be considered an alternative energy source in total replacement of corn. Integrating of machine learning techniques is a useful statistical tool for studies with large numbers of variables, especially when it comes to analyzing complex data with multiple effects in the search for data patterns and insights in decision-making on the farm.

The role of institutional diversity in sustainable water use: Performance comparison among water user organizations

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the performance of water user organizations (WUOs) in the agricultural sector in terms of their managerial efficiency. A survey was carried out across the study area to evaluate 67 WUOs, including irrigation cooperatives, municipalities, village legal entities (VLEs) and water user associations (WUAs). The findings were then used to create a management performance index. It has been determined that municipalities excel in terms of physical performance, irrigation cooperatives in enterprise and social performance and WUAs in institutional and investment performance. The general management performance index revealed that the most successful WUOs in the Konya closed basin were WUAs. Therefore, proposals have been put forward to begin institutionalization processes in other institutions to attain the successful institutionalization in WUAs. Additionally, the shift towards prepaid systems is recommended to mitigate collection problems, while water should be priced according to the full cost method. Finally, supporting the use of alternative energy sources for irrigation is crucial.

Effect on combustion performance and emission behavior of diesel engine fueled with hybrid biodiesel produced from a novel ternary oil mixture incorporated with nano additive

ABSTRACT Global energy demand has been above 80% fossil fuels for decades, creating a greater and more complicated energy crisis. Biodiesel is a great alternate energy source for future energy demand. Producing biodiesel from a mixture of waste and non-edible oils may be a practical solution to address the growing global need of biodiesel. In this study, hybrid biodiesel is produced from a ternary oil mixture of Waste cooking oil, Ricinus communis oil, and Melia azedarach oil. The hybrid biodiesel blends are prepared by 10% blending (HB10), 20% blending (HB20) and 30% blending (HB30) and 30ppm multiwall carbon nanotube has been added in the blended fuel through sonicating process. At steady 1500rmp and variable load (0–100%), the engine behavior has been examined. The results show that the hybrid biodiesel blend (HB10) with 30ppm MWCNT has shown highest cylinder pressure of 70.9 bar, maximum mean gas temperature 1467.56°C. The engine shows 34.08% rise in net heat release and 9.13% rise in exhaust gas temperature as compare to diesel. The maximum rise in break thermal efficiency of 19.74% and minimum reduction in break specific fuel consumption of 13.79% is noticed in comparison to B00. The highest reduction of HC emission is found as 20.83% for HB20MWCNT30 and 19.34% for HB30MWCNT30 as compare to B00. The inclusion of multiwall carbon nanotube in hybrid biodiesel reduces the HC, CO, NOx and smoke emission and increases CO2 emission as compare to respective hybrid biodiesel blend and diesel. The hybrid biodiesel-diesel blend, with multiwall carbon nanotube can be utilized efficiently in diesel engine with improved overall engine behavior.

Single-Atom based Metal-Organic Framework Photocatalysts for Solar-Fuel Generation.

The growing demand for fossil fuels and subsequent CO2 emissions prompted a search for alternate sources of energy and a reduction in CO2. Photocatalysis driven by solar light has been found as a potential research area to tackle both these problems. In this direction, SAC@MOF (Single-atom loaded MOFs) photocatalysis is an emerging field and a promising technology. The unique properties of single-atom catalysts (SACs), such as high catalytic activity and selectivity, are leveraged in these systems. Photocatalysis, focusing on the utilization of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) as platforms for creating single-atom catalysts (SACs) characterized by metal single-atoms (SAs) as their active sites, are noted for their unparalleled atomic efficiency, precisely defined active sites, and superior photocatalytic performance. The synergy between MOFs and SAs in photocatalytic systems is meticulously examined, highlighting how they collectively enhance photocatalytic efficiency. This review examines SAC@MOF development and applications in environmental and energy sectors, focusing on synthesis and stabilization methods for SACs on MOFs and also characterization techniques vital for understanding these catalysts. The potential of SAC@MOF in CO2 Photoreduction and Photocatalytic H2 evolution is highlighted, emphasizing its role in green energy technologies and advances in materials science and Photocatalysis.

Biodiesel supply chain network design: a comprehensive review with qualitative and quantitative insights.

The global community is actively pursuing alternative energy sources to mitigate environmental concerns and decrease dependence on fossil fuels. Biodiesel, recognized as a clean and eco-friendly fuel with advantages over petroleum-based alternatives, has been identified as a viable substitute. However, its commercialization encounters challenges due to costly production processes. Establishing a more efficient supply chain for mass production and distribution could surmount these obstacles, rendering biodiesel a cost-effective solution. Despite numerous review articles across various renewable energy supply chain domains, there remains a gap in the literature specifically addressing the biodiesel supply chain network design. This research entails a comprehensive systematic literature review (SLR) focusing on the design of biodiesel supply chain networks. The primary objective is to formulate an economically, environmentally, and socially optimized supply chain framework. The review also seeks to offer a holistic overview of pertinent technical terms and key activities involved in these supply chains. Through this SLR, a thorough examination and synthesis of existing literature will yield valuable insights into the design and optimization of biodiesel supply chains. Additionally, it will identify critical research gaps in the field, proposing the exploration of fourth-generation feedstocks, integration of multi-channel chains, and the incorporation of sustainability and resilience aspects into the supply chain network design. These proposed areas aim to address existing knowledge gaps and enhance the overall effectiveness of biodiesel supply chain networks.

Thymus schimperi Ronniger plant flowers extracted dye-sensitized solar cells

Abstract Today’s energy demand is highly increased with the world’s population growth and technological advancement. Natural dye-sensitized solar cells (N-DSSCs) are attracting research areas as an alternative and renewable energy source due to their simple preparation technique, availability, cost-effectiveness, and environmentally friendliness. In the present work, we have successfully fabricated DSSC from Thymus schimperi Ronniger plant flowers for the first time. The solvents used for extraction of the flower dye were deionized water and its mixture with ethanol. The Thymus schimperi Ronniger flowers extracted dye solutions and sensitized photoanodes were characterized by FTIR and UV-Vis characterization techniques. The crystallinity of TiO2 film was analyzed by the XRD technique and shows pure anatase phase behavior. The photoelectrochemical solar cell performance parameters, like, short circuit current density (JSC), open circuit voltage VOC), fill factor (FF), and efficiency were evaluated from the current density-voltage (J-V) measurement using a Keithley 2450 source meter. DSSC sensitized with extracted dye solution by the mixture of water and ethanol showed better performance (1.37%) as compared with that of extracted dye solution by Deionized water alone (1,02%). 

Keywords: Renewable energy, Dye-sensitized solar cells, Thymus Schimperi Ronniger, photoelectrochemical

The Gaseous Hydrogen Transport Capacity in Nanopores Coupling Bulk Flow Mechanisms and Surface Diffusion: Integration of Profession and Innovation

Due to its unique chemical structure, hydrogen energy inherently has a high calorific value without reinforcing global warming, so it is expected to be a promising alternative energy source in the future. In this work, we focus on nanoconfined hydrogen flow performance, a critical issue in terms of geological hydrogen storage. For nanopores where the pore scale is comparable to hydrogen’s molecular size, the impact on hydrogen molecules exerted by the pore surface cannot be neglected, leading to the molecules near the surface gaining mobility and slipping on the surface. Furthermore, hydrogen adsorption takes place in the nanopores, and the way the adsorption molecules move is completely different from the bulk molecules. Hence, the frequently applied Navier–Stokes equation, based on the no-slip boundary condition and overlooking the contribution of the adsorption molecules, fails to precisely predict the hydrogen flow capacity in nanopores. In this paper, hydrogen molecules are classified as bulk molecules and adsorption molecules, and then models for the bulk hydrogen and the adsorption hydrogen are developed separately. In detail, the bulk hydrogen model considers the slip boundary and rarefaction effect characterized by the Knudsen number, while the flow of the adsorption hydrogen is driven by a chemical potential gradient, which is a function of pressure and the essential adsorption capacity. Subsequently, a general model for the hydrogen flow in nanopores is established through weight superposition of the bulk hydrogen flow as well as the adsorption hydrogen, and the key weight coefficients are determined according to the volume proportion of the identified area. The results indicate that (a) the surface diffusion of the adsorption molecules dominates the hydrogen flow capacity inside nanopores with a pore size of less than 5 nm; (b) improving the pressure benefits the bulk hydrogen flow and plays a detrimental role in reducing surface diffusion at a relatively large pressure range; (c) the nanoconfined hydrogen flow conductance with a strong adsorption capacity (PL = 2 MPa) could reach a value ten times greater than that with a weak adsorption capacity (PL = 10 MPa). This research provides a profound framework for exploring hydrogen flow behavior in ultra-tight strata related to adsorption phenomena.

Integrating Photoelectrochemical Feature on a Hydrovoltaic Chip with High-Salinity Adaption as a Self-Powered Device for Formaldehyde Monitoring.

Alternative energy sources are required due to the decline in fossil fuel resources. Therefore, devices that utilize hydrovoltaic technology and light energy have drawn widespread attention because they are emission-free and solar energy is inexhaustible. However, previous investigations mainly focused on accelerating the water evaporation rate at the electrode interface. Here, a cooperative photoelectrochemical effect on a hydrovoltaic chip is achieved using NH2-MIL-125-modified TiO2 nanotube arrays (NTs). This device demonstrated significantly improved evaporation-triggered electricity generation. Under LED illumination, the open-circuit voltage (VOC) of the NH2-MIL-125/TiO2NTs active layer of the hydrovoltaic chip was enhanced by 90.3% (up to 400.2 mV). Furthermore, the prepared hydrovoltaic chip showed good high-salinity tolerance, maintaining 74.6% of its performance even in 5 M NaCl. By introducing a Schiff-based reaction between the active layer and formaldehyde, a fully integrated flexible sensor was successfully fabricated for formaldehyde monitoring, and a low limit of detection of 5.2 × 10-9 M was achieved. This novel strategy for improving the performance of hydrovoltaic devices offers a completely new general approach to construct self-powered devices for point-of-care sensing.

An Extensive Review on Gas Hydrates: Recent Patents, Properties, Formation, Detection, Production, Importance, and Challenges

Introduction:: Gas Hydrates, or Clathrate Hydrates, have been the subject of increasing scientific and industrial attention due to their potential as an alternative energy source, their role in climate change, and their association with geohazards. The growth of new indigenous gas supply sources could impart a significant positive ripple effect on a country's economy, ecological balance, and energy landscape. This burgeoning interest has led to a surge in research and development, resulting in numerous patents related to the extraction, processing, and utilization of gas Hydrates. Objectives:: This review paper aims to provide an up-to-date, comprehensive overview of the properties, formation, detection, production, importance, challenges, and patent landscape of Gas hydrates. The integration of patented technologies into the field underscores the importance of intellectual property in shaping the future of energy, environment, and economic development. Methods:: Patented technologies in this field are contributing to making this resource more accessible and commercially viable. Moreover, the development of gas hydrates as an energy source could act as a safeguard for manufacturing jobs that are sensitive to gas prices, with proprietary technologies enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of the production process. Results:: On the environmental front, an uptick in the consumption of natural gas, known for its cleaner combustion, could herald positive change. Patented innovations in clean and efficient extraction and utilization methods for Gas Hydrates are instrumental in reducing the environmental impact. From the standpoint of energy security, a larger domestic slice of the energy pie, complemented by an extensive array of gas supply alternatives, could equip the nation to better navigate the unpredictable terrain of future energy scenarios. Conclusion:: The strategic patenting of key technologies in the exploration, production, and application of Gas Hydrates ensures competitive advantage and fosters innovation, driving forward the energy industry's evolution.

Molecular and physiological characterization of AIP1, encoding the acetolactate synthase regulatory subunit in rice

Flooding deprives plants of oxygen and thereby causes severe stress by interfering with energy production, leading to growth retardation. Enzymes and metabolites may help protect plants from waterlogging and hypoxic environmental conditions. Acetolactate synthase (ALS) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), providing the building blocks for proteins and various secondary metabolites. Additionally, under energy-poor conditions, free BCAAs can be used as an alternative energy source by mitochondria through a catabolic enzyme chain reaction. In this study, we characterized ALS-INTERACTING PROTEIN 1 (OsAIP1), which encodes the regulatory subunit of ALS in rice (Oryza sativa). This gene was expressed in all parts of the rice plant, and its expression level was significantly higher in submerged and low-oxygen environments. Rice transformants overexpressing OsAIP1 showed a higher survival rate under hypoxic stress than did non-transgenic control plants under the same conditions. The OsAIP1-overexpressing plants accumulated increased levels of BCAAs, demonstrating that OsAIP1 is an important factor in the hypoxia resistance mechanism. These results suggest that ALS proteins are part of a defense mechanism that improves the tolerance of plants to low-oxygen environments.

Efficiency and sustainability: Evaluating and optimizing energy use and environmental impact in cucumber production

This study assesses the energy-economic-environmental aspects of cucumber production in the face of environmental issues and resource scarcity, which threaten global food security and demand sustainable agriculture solutions. Data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed for inputs from planting to harvesting. The results indicated that diesel fuel (37.41%) and nitrate fertilizer (37.22%) constitute the primary inputs. The energy ratio, energy efficiency and net energy gain were 0.43, 0.54 kgMJ−1 and -30,153.31 MJha−1, respectively. Input optimization by Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) reduced the carbon footprint from 178.433 to 168.900 kg CO2 per ton, the abiotic depletion from 1228.291 to 964.305 MJ and the acidification from 0.838 to 0.749 kg SO2 eq. Also, the results of DEA showed that 52.5% and 35% of the units were fully efficient under Variable Return to Scale (VRS) and Constant Return to Scale (CRS) models, respectively, while the others were inefficient to varying degrees. The average of technical, pure technical and scale efficiencies were 92.88%, 97.64%, and 95.07%, respectively. The results of economic evaluation showed that production cost is 6058.84 $ha−1 with a benefit-cost ratio of 1.71. Based on the primary results, it is suggested to use precision agriculture techniques and the exploration of alternative energy sources, such as biofuel for machinery. Additionally, using slow-release fertilizers or organic substitutes can decrease nitrogen fertilizer dependency while maintaining crop yields and improve the sustainability in this production.

The Relationship Between Energy Consumption, Population and Economic Growth in Developing Countries

The need for energy is increasing due to population growth and industrialization. The scarcity of energy resources on earth has pushed countries to research alternative energy sources and take new measures regarding energy. In the study, the relationship between variables was investigated using population, economic growth and energy consumption data of 7 countries in the developing countries category (China, India, South Africa, Indonesia, Turkey, Mexico, Thailand). The direction and magnitude of the impact of economic growth and population growth on energy consumption were examined using 1990-2022 data for 7 countries. The relationship between the variables was examined with Swamy's Random Coefficients Model and Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) models, and the positive effect of economic growth on energy consumption was observed. The parameter of the economic growth variable varies between 0.49% and 0.81% for countries. However, it was concluded that the population variable had no effect on energy consumption in the 2 countries included in the analysis. The population variable is significant in explaining energy consumption at the 5% significance level for South Africa, Mexico and Thailand, and at the 10% significance level for Turkey and China, its statistically insignificant for India and Indonesia.

Environmentally benign synthesis and characterization of Bi2O3‐Sb2O3 nanocomposite: Investigation of its potential as electrode material in energy storage and generation applications

A shift to alternate energy sources is needed at the present time to address rising environmental concerns. The current research work aims to use a chemical‐free and green route to synthesize nanocomposite for their application as an electrode in the generation as well as storage of energy. Subsequently, the green synthesis of Bi2O3‐Sb2O3 nanocomposite was carried out using the leaf extract of Amaranthus viridis. The synthesized nanocomposite revealed a well‐arranged pattern of spherical nanoparticles with a crystal size of 29.43 nm and a band gap value of 2.5 eV. The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) potentials of Bi2O3‐Sb2O3 were studied through linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), whereas the energy storage studies were performed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) techniques. The synthesized nanomaterial showed promising results for HER with an overpotential value of 205 mV as compared with OER, where an overpotential value of 450 mV was observed. However, excellent cyclic stability was witnessed for both reactions up to 1000 cycles. CV studies revealed an outstanding capacitance value of 348 F/g at a scan rate of 2 mV/s, whereas a specific capacitance of 269.5 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g was observed using GCD. The 15 h of electrode stability further endorsed the potential of synthesized material for energy‐based applications.

ENERGY CONSUMPTION AS AN INDICATOR OF ECONOMIC GROWTH

Energy - is manifested in the provision of various needs of people. We can add daily individual needs such as food, heating, communications, transportation, education, and social conditions. Social needs cover such broad areas as safety, clean water delivery, outdoor lighting, waste management, education, and health care. In other words, energy is a requirement at every stage, from the production of all the needs we have mentioned to their distribution. Since energy is a limited and depleted factor of production, it is indispensable for social development. Today, its careful and efficient use is essential and the subject of various studies. In particular, much attention is paid to environmentally friendly renewable energy sources. On the other hand, the growing energy demand, which is one of the essential factors affecting countries' economic growth, remains relevant. Economic growth - reflects an increase in the level of national income and per capita income. Since ensuring economic growth is one of the main goals of countries, each country wants to ensure its own energy independence or sustainable energy reserves. In providing economic growth, not only the amount of energy used is of great importance, but also the efficient use of energy to increase production. It should be carefully emphasized that an increase in energy consumption not only leads to economic growth but, as a result of economic growth, more energy is consumed. In other words, in each case, more energy consumption is needed to achieve the economic growth that countries aim for, and the energy infrastructures and resources required for economic growth must be ready. It is necessary to expand research on alternative energy sources and close the gaps in countries' energy needs through their consumption.

Elevating sustainability with a multi-renewable hydrogen generation system empowered by machine learning and multi-objective optimization

The global energy landscape is rapidly shifting toward cleaner, lower-carbon electricity generation, necessitating a transition to alternate energy sources. Hydrogen, particularly green hydrogen, looks to be a significant solution for facilitating this transformation, as it is produced by water electrolysis with renewable energy sources such as solar irradiations, wind speed, and biomass residuals. Traditional energy systems are costly and produce energy slowly due to unpredictability in resource supply. To address this challenge, this work provides a novel technique that integrates a multi-renewable energy system using multi objective optimization algorithm to meets the machine learning-based forecasted load model. Several forecasting models, including Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Random Forest and Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network (LSTM-RNN), are assessed for develop the statistical metrics values such as RMSE, MAE, and MAPE. The selected Non-Sorting Moth Flame Optimization (NSMFO) algorithm demonstrates technological prowess in efficiently achieving global optimization, particularly when handling multiple objective functions. This integrated method shows enormous promise in technological, economic, and environmental terms, emphasizing its ability to promote energy sustainability targets.

Acetoacetate and D- and L-β-hydroxybutyrate have distinct effects on basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in L6 skeletal muscle cells.

Ketone bodies (acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate) are oxidized in skeletal muscle mainly during fasting as an alternative source of energy to glucose. Prior studies suggest that there is a negative relationship between increased muscle ketolysis and muscle glucose metabolism in mice with obesity and/or type 2 diabetes. Therefore, we investigated the connection between increased ketone body exposure and muscle glucose metabolism by measuring the effect of a 3-hour exposure to ketone bodies on glucose uptake in differentiated L6 myotubes. We showed that exposure to acetoacetate at a typical concentration (0.2 mM) resulted in increased basal glucose uptake in L6 myotubes, which was dependent on increased membrane GLUT4 translocation. Basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was also increased with a concentration of acetoacetate reflective of diabetic ketoacidosis or a ketogenic diet (1 mM). We found that β-hydroxybutyrate had a variable effect on basal glucose uptake, in that a racemic mixture of the two β-hydroxybutyrate enantiomers (D and L) appeared to decrease basal glucose uptake, while 3 mM D-β-hydroxybutyrate alone increased basal glucose uptake. However, the effects of the ketone bodies individually were not observed when acetoacetate was present in combination with β-hydroxybutyrate. These results provide insight that will help elucidate the effect of ketone bodies in the context of specific metabolic diseases and nutritional states (e.g., type 2 diabetes and ketogenic diets).

Recent Advances in High-Rate Solar-Driven Interfacial Evaporation.

Recent advances in solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SDIE) have led to high evaporation rates that open promising avenues for practical utilization in freshwater production and industrial application for pollutant and nutrient concentration, and resource recovery. Breakthroughs in overcoming the theoretical limitation of 2D interfacial evaporation have allowed for developing systems with high evaporation rates. This study presents a comprehensive review of various evaporator designs that have achieved pure evaporation rates beyond 4kgm-2h-1, including structural and material designs allowing for rapid evaporation, passive 3D designs, and systems coupled with alternative energy sources of wind and joule heating. The operational mechanisms for each design are outlined together with discussion on the current benefits and areas for improvement. The overarching challenges encountered by SDIE concerning the feasibility of direct integration into contemporary practical settings are assessed, and issues relating to sustaining elevated evaporation rates under diverse environmental conditions are addressed.

168 Effects of feeding barley-based diets differing in fermentable starch and fiber on nutrient digestion and body composition in weaned pigs

Abstract Hulled and hull-less barley grains containing low insoluble fiber are alternative energy sources in weaning diets but are typically not part of weaned pig diets. The range in fermentable starch and fiber content among barley cultivars presents opportunities to investigate whether these fermentable carbohydrates of barley grain do influence nutrient digestion, gut short chain fatty acid (SCFA) profile and body composition. To explore, pigs [n = 40; body weight (BW) = 8.6 kg; 1-wk post-weaning] were housed individually and fed 1 of 4 diets containing 600 to 705 g of cereal grain/kg: 1) low-fermentable wheat (LFW); 2) high β-glucan, hull-less barley (HFBB); 3) high amylose, hull-less barley (HFAB); or 4) low-fermentable hulled barley (LFB). Diets provided 10.2 and 9.8 MJ NE/kg, and 1.32 and 1.21 g standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine/MJ NE for phase 1 (d 0–14) and phase 2 (d 15–28), respectively. At the end of the trial, feces were collected, and pigs were slaughtered to collect digesta and the carcass that was subsequently ground. Subsamples of feces, digesta, and carcasses were freeze-dried and analyzed. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein (CP) and gross energy (GE) did not differ among diets. The AID of β-glucan was 3 times greater (P < 0.05) for LFW than HFBB and HFAB, while AID of starch was 12% less (P < 0.05) for HFAB than the other diets. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE and CP was 4.2 and 8.9% less (P < 0.05), respectively, for the 3 barley diets than the wheat diet. The apparent hindgut fermentation (AHF) of β-glucan was 2.6 times greater (P < 0.05) for HFAB and HFBB than LFW, while AHF of starch was 7.5 times greater for HFAB than LFW. The calculated NE value was greatest (P < 0.05) for LFW, intermediate for HFBB and HFAB, and least for LFB. Among diets, HFAB increased (P < 0.05) the concentration of butyrate (indicator of gut health) and propionate in cecal and colonic digesta, with butyrate up to 50% more (P < 0.05) than that of LFW. Carcass protein and lipid concentration did not differ among pigs fed the 4 diets. In conclusion, feeding barley instead of wheat grain to weaned pigs reduced diet nutrient digestibility but did not affect carcass protein and lipid concentration. Feeding high amylose barley increased gut SCFA concentration. Barley grain with increasing fermentable carbohydrates can thus be included as alternative ingredient in diets of young pigs.

Performance analysis of drone sqadron optimisation based MPPT controller for grid implemented PV battery system under partially shaded conditions

In recent years, growing consumer demand for sustainable energy is driving down costs and paving the way for more clean energy in the future. Since these energies are sporadic, and the load pattern does not correlate to their generation pattern, a battery storage system is required. Operating dispersed alternative energy sources, connected to the grid in this situation makes energy control an unavoidable task. The difficulty is brought on by things like intermittent sources, daytime costs, solar panel and battery size restrictions, and limitations in battery charging and discharging rates. Moreover, integrating energy storage devices into the power system network is one of the recommendations made in this work to increase the performance and dependability of these systems. Compared to the existing works reported in the literature, this study offers enhanced control techniques for hybrid Photovoltaic and Battery Energy Storage System under fluctuating atmospheric scenario. Here, an innovative approach called Drone Squadron Optimisation, which tracks the Global Maximum Power Point, is used get maximum power. Further, suggested approach is tested with various partial shading instances and the uniform irradiance condition to validate it. This research also investigates photovoltaic models and the status of the battery storage device for improved energy management in the system. Finally, the proposed algorithm assists in quickly identifying the potential benefits of a grid-connected, battery-powered rooftop solar system.

Experimental heat transfer analysis of a new turbulator in a concentric heat exchanger tube: A full factorial design approach

Abstract People have been looking for alternative energy sources because current sources may be depleted. Furthermore, it is critical to utilize available energy sources as effectively as possible. Turbulators are among the topics to consider when it comes to energy efficiency. In practice, turbulators are often used in exchangers to enhance heat transfer. Putting newly constructed turbulators in determined locations of the constant surface temperature heat exchanger, velocity, temperatures, pressure, and flow measurements have been performed in the inlet and outlet. In the case of using different numbers of turbulators, their placement in different locations, their arrangement at different distances, and their use at different Reynolds, the changes in pressure drop, Nusselt number, and friction factor were studied with the full factor experimental design. In addition, efficiency, exergy loss rate, and NTU efficiency parameters have been calculated, and the relationship between them has been presented graphically. When the test data were evaluated, it was seen that as the number of turbulators increased, the thermal efficiency, friction factor and pressure loss also increased. Using turbulators in different numbers, at different positions, at different distances, and with different Reynolds numbers, the effect ratio on the pressure loss, Nusselt number, and friction factor parameters was detected. In the analyses made, the most efficient parameters on heat transfer were determined, respectively, as Reynolds number (64.55%), position of turbulators (19.73%), distance between turbulators (6.09%), and number of turbulators (5.94%).