Alternative Energy Sources Research Articles

Natural frequency of offshore wind turbines on monopiles in sand

Offshore wind turbines are important for developing sustainable alternative energy sources. Assessing their natural frequencies is a major challenge since resonance can cause damage and even failure, especially for long-term dynamic behavior owing to environmental loads. Several model tests were conducted to understand the long-term dynamic responses of monopile-supported wind turbines buried in sand. An electrodynamic actuator was used to obtain the resonant responses of the structure and a cyclic loading device based on eccentric masses was used to apply long-term cyclic loading. The development of the natural frequency under long-term cyclic loading was investigated for two relative sand densities, three cyclic load amplitudes, and four cyclic numbers. Based on the test results, the frequency increased with increased cyclic number owing to the densification of sand. A larger amplitude results in a larger frequency for medium-dense sand, whereas the opposite tendency exists for dense sand; this is attributed to the reduced embedded depth of the monopile in dense sand accompanied by the subsidence of sand. A non-dimensional framework was used to interpret the change in the natural frequency when subjected to long-term cyclic loads. The empirical equation with the non-dimensional parameter provides an assessment of the long-term natural frequency.

Pressure Balance and Energy Budget of the Nuclear Superbubble of NGC 3079

Superbubbles in the nuclear region of galaxies could be produced by active galactic nuclei (AGN) or nuclear starburst via different driving forces. We report analysis of the multiwavelength data of the kiloparsec-scale nuclear superbubble in NGC 3079 in order to probe the mechanisms driving the expansion of the superbubble. Based on the Chandra X-ray observations, we derive the hot-gas thermal pressure inside the bubble, which is about 1 order of magnitude higher than that of the warm ionized gas traced by optical lines. We derive a [C ii]-based star formation rate (SFR) of SFR ∼ 1.3 M ⊙ yr−1 from the nuclear region using the SOFIA/FIFI-LS observation. This SFR infers a radiation pressure toward the bubble shells much lower than the thermal pressure of the gases. The Very Large Array radio image infers that magnetic pressure at the northeast cap above the superbubble is less than the thermal pressure of the hot gas enclosed in the bubble but has a clearly larger extension. The magnetic field may thus still help to reconcile the expansion of the bubble. The observed thermal energy of the hot gas enclosed in the bubble requires an energy injection rate of ≳1042 erg s−1 within the bubble’s dynamical age, which is probably larger than the power provided by the current nuclear starburst and the parsec-scale jet. If this is true, stronger past AGN activity may provide an alternative energy source to drive the observed bubble expansion.

Performance analysis of combining solid oxide electrolysis cell hydrogen production and marine hydrogen compressed natural gas engine system

Natural gas holds promise as an alternative energy source for ships, and its combustion blended with hydrogen can achieve better beneficial of energy saving and emission reduction. Nevertheless, the current challenges in hydrogen, characterized by its high cost and difficulties in storage and transportation, hinder its application in maritime technology. To address the issue, this study proposes a system that integrates a marine hydrogen compressed natural gas (HCNG) engine, a supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle (SCBC), and a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC). In this system, SCBC is capable of recovering waste heat for electricity generation, while SOEC serves as an energy storage device to adjust engine load and enhance fuel economy. The generated hydrogen can be utilized as a source of hydrogen in HCNG fuel, thereby improving engine performance and reducing pollutant emissions. Various system numerical simulation schemes with different engine hydrogen volume fractions were studied. The results show that the electrical efficiency of SOEC is improved by 17.86% by heating the feed stream with engine exhaust gas. In addition, the hydrogen fraction in which SOEC can act as a complete hydrogen source ranges from 30% to 40%. The results of the sensitivity analysis show that the cycle efficiency reaches a peak of 31.5% at a compressor outlet pressure of 16 MPa, while the efficiency of the whole system reaches a maximum of 50.8% at 21 MPa. The optimal operating temperature for the SOEC falls within the range of 650-700°C for the 30, 40 HCNG schemes, and between 750-800°C for the 50, 60 HCNG schemes.

Modeling of Wellbore Heat Transfer in Geothermal Production Well

Electricity supply in Nigeria has been insufficient to aid development. It has also been observed that fossil fuels that supply energy has not been friendly to the environment, as a result an alternative energy source is needed. Geothermal energy has come to fill this gap. This work modelled wellbore heat transfer in geothermal wells and investigated the best heat mining fluid that will conserve heat during heat transfer at the wellbore during heat production. This work employed the mechanisms that greenhouse gases use to absorb heat from the sun and retain it to warm the earth. Simulation of heat extraction capability of steam and CO2 were studied. It was observed at reservoir conditions (248 °F) that steam Mass heat capacity (2.433 KJ/kg °F) is higher than that of CO2 (1.088 KJ/kg °F). At 204. 8 °F mass heat capacity of CO2 is 1.1915KJ/kg OF and that of steam is 2.4058 KJ/kg °F. This implies that steam retains more heat than CO2. From the study at wellbore fluid temperature of 276.8 °F, and at a flow rate of 1300 lb/hr, the wellbore heat transfer from steam (0.158 mmbtu/day) is slightly higher than that of CO2 (0.105 mmbtu/day). CO2 conserves more heat than steam when used as a heat transfer fluid. The heat transfer capabilities of the mining fluids determine the production capability of the heat resources and the quantity of electricity generation. The study recommended CO2 deployment as heat mining fluid in the exploitation of heat in geothermal resources in Nigeria. This will reduce the greenhouse effect of CO2 in our environment while also encouraging rapid development and economic growth, more especially with the rising cost of energy from fossil. Availability of geothermal energy will increase the supply of electricity in Nigeria.

Perspective of material evolution Induced by sinusoidal reflex charging in lithium-ion batteries

BackgroundLithium-ion batteries are globally prominent and extensively employed alternative energy sources with decisive applications. In depth understanding of influences of various charging and discharging cycles on electrode materials and life span of these batteries is critical as cycle-life and safety of lithium-ion batteries are closely related crystallinity of electrode materials. This study is a detailed investigation endeavor in observing the degree of damage to electrode materials under multiple charging and discharging cycles. Methodology: A constant current-sinusoidal reflex charging method (CC-Sinusoidal) was implemented to charge commercial cathode Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) electrodes and anode graphite electrodes in comparison to the conventional charging method of constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV). After 100, 300, and 500 cycles of charging and discharging, EIS, SEM, XRD, and Raman spectroscopies were used to compare the degree of electrode damage caused by different charging methods. Significant outcomesThe structure of positive LiCoO2 electrode of the battery was observed to be stable, with no significant change in both the charging methods after 500 cycles. The use of CC-CV charging method had caused severe damages to graphite electrode with generation of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) films. The CC-Sinusoidal charging method had maintained the electrode material in a relatively ideal state.

Artificial Intelligence to Predict Solar Energy Production: Risks and Economic Efficiency

In the context of sustainable development and the increasing shift to non-fossil alternative energy sources, solar energy offers countless advantages for its conversion into electricity. Modern technologies offer great opportunities for the introduction of artificial intelligence in the process of predicting the production of solar energy. However, this topic is still quite unexplored in the international scientific community, which makes this study relevant. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of artificial intelligence on solar energy production forecasting. To achieve the purpose of the study, a systematic literature analysis method was applied. As a result of the study, it was possible to establish that artificial intelligence has great potential for its implementation in the process of forecasting solar energy production. The study was able to establish random prediction models and machine learning models based on artificial intelligence for their cost effectiveness and risk in the process of forecasting solar energy production. During the literature review, it became clear that the following four models are the most effective in the work: the RFR, LIME, ELI5 and SHAP. Each model has its own advantages and disadvantages. These are manifested in production management, forecasting with high speed, flexibility, and explanation, reducing the risk of variability. However, the cost-effectiveness of implementing artificial intelligence in the process of forecasting solar energy production has much more economic efficiency than the risk aspects.

Techno-economic evaluation and comparison of the optimal PV/Wind and grid hybrid system with horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines

Applications for alternative energy sources range from very small scale to large scale grid-coupled hybrid energy systems. In addition, hybrid energy systems are safer to generate power and cheaper to produce than single-source energy systems. The main goal of this study is to determine whether renewable energy hybrid system with horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) or vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is more efficient and cost effective in terms of energy, economics, and environmental performance. The use of the Multi Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) in MATLAB software for the sizing of hybrid sustainable energy system with wind turbine (horizontal and vertical axis), solar photovoltaic, and grid connection is evaluated in this study. The results revealed that the cost of energy, NPC and system total cost for the case where HRES consists of HAWT is $0.02 /kWh, $85,905, and $332,240, respectively, while for the case when VAWT is used, these values are $0.06 /kWh, $129,932 and $502,511, respectively. The renewable fraction and CO2 emission saving are 80.5% and 73.2% for cases 1 and 2, respectively. The use of renewable energy sources will spread more widely and there will be less air pollution as a result of less reliance on grid electricity. The findings from both situations show that adopting HAWTS-based HRESs is more cost effective and efficient for electrifying rural areas. This study paves the way for researchers to focus on types of wind turbines while designing HRESs.

Building integration of solar energy systems in Türkiye and world

Energy is one of the most important issues from the Industrial Revolution and in the Globalizing World. Energy is also a big problem for the Republic of Türkiye, which has made a serious industrial breakthrough in the last 20 years. Because Türkiye, which does not have rich fossil fuels like the Middle Eastern States or Russia, is a foreign-dependent country for its energy needs. It is known that fossil fuels will be depleted in the near future and waste materials generated as a result of energy production pose great threats to the world ecosystem. Therefore, in recent years, developed and developing countries have been developing investment projects for alternative energy sources instead of fossil energy sources. The most efficient and harmless of alternative energy sources is Solar Energy. It should be noted that the use of solar energy, which is so efficient for our world and more attractive than other alternative energy sources in terms of the energy size it produces, requires a certain technical knowledge. Because Türkiye is geographically located in the middle belt and due to its special location, the number of sunny days is much higher than in other countries. In this article, the reality of solar energy in Türkiye and its potential, the solar energy systems used and how they are integrated into buildings, and the advantages and disadvantages of these integrated systems is reviewed. In addition, some examples from some countries of the world will be discussed. Furthermore, projects of integrated solar energy application systems in buildings in Türkiye are reviewed, in addition to some suggestions and recommendations in this field.

Linear diophantine multi-fuzzy soft similarity measures: An analysis on alternative-fuel

Every day, the globe becomes more contemporary and industrialized. As a result, the number of vehicles and engines is growing. However, the energy sources utilized in these engines are scarce and dwindling over time. This circumstance prompts the search for alternate fuel. As civilization develops, transportation becomes a need for daily living. The largest issue is the diminishing supply of fossil fuels and the expanding population. As a result, everyone needs alternate energy sources for their automobiles. Therefore, in this investigation, we identify the best substitute for petrol. We offer the similarity measure(SM) for a hybrid structure of a Linear Diophantine Multi-Fuzzy Soft Set(LDMFSS) with the goal of determining this issue. Because the range of grade values has been expanded, decision-makers now have greater freedom in selecting their grade. An exemplary case study is illustrated that shows the appropriateness of our recommended approach. A comparative analysis is provided to show the outcomes of the proposed method are more achievable and beneficial than those of the existing methodologies. Additionally, its applicability and attainability are evaluated by comparing its structure to those of the already used procedures.

Utilizing Waste Cooking Oil for Sustainable Biodiesel Production: A Comprehensive Review

The environmental and economic challenges posed by the over-reliance on fossil fuels have driven the search for alternative and sustainable energy sources. Waste cooking oil (WCO) presents a viable feedstock for biodiesel production, offering a dual solution to waste management and renewable energy generation. This comprehensive review examines the current state of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil, exploring the benefits, challenges, and processes involved. Biodiesel derived from WCO has several environmental advantages, including lower greenhouse gas emissions, biodegradability, and enhanced engine lubricity compared to traditional fossil fuels. Moreover, utilizing it for biodiesel addresses waste disposal issues, reducing the contamination of land and water resources. Despite these benefits, several challenges remain, such as the variability in its composition, contamination, and the need for efficient purification and transesterification processes. The review explores various methods for converting WCO into biodiesel, highlighting the key stages of the transesterification process, including the use of catalysts, alcohols, and reaction conditions. Additionally, advanced techniques such as ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted transesterification are discussed for their potential to increase efficiency and reduce processing time. This paper also addresses the sustainability aspects of biodiesel production from it, emphasizing its role in promoting a circular economy and reducing waste. The use of its contributes to a closed-loop system, where waste is transformed into a valuable resource. Furthermore, the review explores the economic and social impacts of biodiesel production, noting its potential to create jobs, reduce import dependence, and support local communities. In conclusion, this review underscores the significant potential of waste cooking oil in sustainable biodiesel production. It calls for continued research and technological innovation to optimize processes, enhance efficiency, and overcome existing challenges, thereby contributing to a cleaner and more sustainable energy landscape.

Comparative Evaluation on Enhancing Fuel Properties of Biocoal from Bagasse Using Hydrothermal Carbonization and Torrefaction Processes

This research investigates the thermochemical conversion of sugarcane bagasse into biocoal using a subcritical aqueous medium (water, 200–250°C) and a limited oxygen atmosphere (nitrogen, 250–300°C). The aim is to discover alternative renewable energy sources to replace fossil fuels. The effects of those different methods on the physiochemical properties of the solid product were determined. The best results of fixed carbon (37.13%), carbon content (62.17%), fuel ratio (0.61), and higher heating value (HHV) (25.75 MJ/kg) were obtained under hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at 250°C. Additionally, the HTC process effectively reduced the ash and sulphur content of the solid products. Moreover, HTC was found to be a promising method for depolymerizing hemicellulose. Hydrochar produced at 250°C is located within the range of lignite, which is typically obtained at lower reaction temperatures compared to biochar samples. Consequently, the conversion of sugarcane bagasse into solid biofuel through HTC shows great potential from a thermochemical perspective.

Optimizing Bio-energy Supply Chain to Achieve Alternative Energy Targets

In response to global warming and the dwindling reservoirs of fossil fuels, Thailand has increasingly embraced alternative energy sources. Central to its energy development strategy is the Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP), which aims to reduce energy intensity, capitalize on residual resources, and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. While significant strides have been made in meeting various consumption targets set forth by the AEDP, notable challenges persist, particularly in the realms of bio-mass-derived electricity generation, bio-gas utilization, and bio-ethanol production from bio-mass. Therefore, this study delves into the factors contributing to the shortfall in achieving AEDP targets and proposes strategies to enhance the efficiency of the bio-energy supply chain. Leveraging mathematical and linear programming techniques, our research optimizes the supply chain dynamics, accounting for monthly supplier profiles spanning 77 provinces, 17 distinct biomasses, and 427 bio-energy plants equipped with diverse energy conversion technologies. Our findings indicate that Thailand currently boasts adequate bio-mass resources to fulfill the electricity and bio-ethanol targets outlined in the AEDP—provided enhancements are made to supply chain efficiency. To fully realize the objectives of the AEDP, we recommend augmenting bio-mass cultivation efforts and implementing new power plant installations. Additionally, we advocate for the consideration of high-methane content fuels, such as solid waste, as a means to alleviate bio-mass demand. This study underscores the paramount importance of strategic planning and optimization in propelling Thailand towards its alternative energy ambitions while surmounting supply chain impediments.

Gas Fracturing Simulation of Shale-Gas Reservoirs Considering Damage Effects and Fluid–Solid Coupling

With the increasing demand for energy and the depletion of traditional resources, the development of alternative energy sources has become a critical issue. Shale gas, as an abundant and widely distributed resource, has great potential as a substitute for conventional natural gas. However, due to the low permeability of shale-gas reservoirs, efficient extraction poses significant challenges. The application of hydraulic fracturing technology has been proven to effectively enhance rock permeability, but the influence of environmental factors on its efficiency remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the impact of gas fracturing on shale-gas extraction efficiency under varying environmental conditions using numerical simulations. Our simulations provide a comprehensive analysis of the physical changes that occur during the fracturing process, allowing us to evaluate the effects of gas fracturing on rock mechanics and permeability. We find that gas fracturing can effectively induce internal fractures within the rock, and the magnitude of tensile stress decreases gradually during the process. The boundary pressure of the rock mass is an important factor affecting the effectiveness of gas fracturing, as it exhibits an inverse relationship with the gas content present within the rock specimen. Furthermore, the VL constant demonstrates a direct correlation with gas content, while the permeability and PL constant exhibit an inverse relationship with it. Our simulation results provide insights into the optimization of gas fracturing technology under different geological parameter conditions, offering significant guidance for its practical applications.

Green marketing's effect on customer satisfaction and awareness: an empirical study

Environmental sustainability has emerged as a major concern in today's corporate world. Governments are concerned about environmental issues. The term "green" has gained popularity in today's world. Green marketing refers to the strategy of endorsing goods or services that are friendly to the environment, and contribute positively to the earth. It boosts a company's brand and preserves the ecosystem. A boost of companies to use eco-friendly procedures and the provision of more sustainable choices to customers are the two main objectives of green practices marketing. The study goes through to evaluates consumers' awareness of green marketing, ascertains the pros and cons and obstacles of implementing green marketing, and analyses the elements that induce a consumer to choose green sustainable goods, the study is carried down with the locality respondents present around Chikkmagaluru district through the Forms and it concludes that Green marketing is a tool for preserving natural resources and safeguarding the environment for future generations, utilization of alternative energy sources to produce goods and services are ways to achieve sustainable growth. Green marketing had a positive impact on the worldwide market equally.

PROPOSED BY DISPOSAL OF MUNCIPAL SOLID WASTE BY BIO METHANATION IN GADHINGLAJ CITY

In India Bio-Methanation in conventional biogas plant have been proposed as one of the appropriate alternative sources of energy which can counter the escalating demand of fossil fuels. In India large quantity of waste generates produce per day and hence the noof biogas installation of biogas plant is increasing rapidly and the trend is expected to continue at least for the foreseeable future. Biogas plant like many other energy generating technologies is not free from environmental problem. Biogas production requires anaerobic digestion. The biogas plant creates an organic processing facility to create biogas which will be more cost effective, eco friendly, cut down on landfill waste, generate a high quality renewable fuel and reduce Carbon Dioxide and Methane emission. The anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste produces biogas, which primarily consist of methane (CH4 ) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2). Biogas can be used as energy source and also for numerous purposes. But any possible application requires knowledge and information about composition and quantity of constituent in the biogas produced.

Development of Biogas Plant and Mushrooms Grumpy in a Biomass Waste Utilization Facility at Tadukan Raga Village, STM Hilir District, Deli Serdang Regency

Community service is a form of movement in making a real contribution to society which aims to provide solutions to real problems that occur in society. Most of the Indonesian population still relies on the agriculture, plantation and livestock sectors to drive the economy. By-products in the form of waste are generally used as fertilizer which can actually be used as an alternative energy source. Biogas is a renewable energy produced through the process of anaerobic digestion of organic materials which is currently widely used by the community as an alternative energy to replace LPG for cooking and generator fuel to produce electricity. One of the utilization of non-hazardous biomass waste into energy in the form of biogas has been implemented in Tadukan Raga village in Sinembah Tanjung Muda (STM) Hilir District, Deli Serdang Regency which has been operated since 2018 and is equipped with a barn for mushroom cultivation. However, problems arise where the facility is abandoned where there is a lack of maintenance of biogas generation facilities and mushroom barns, lack of human resources and low understanding of the community, especially BUMDes in the management, development and business maintenance of this facility. Therefore, it is necessary to provide counseling and training to the community in the operation of biogas facilities, revitalize mushroom barns in biomass non-b3 waste utilization facilities and modify LPG stoves into biogas stoves and install stoves in residents' homes around Tungkusan hamlet. Tadukan Raga Village itself is a fostered village that has been used as a place for counseling and service from the University of North Sumatra to the community because there are still several things that need to be improved, so counseling is again carried out in this village.

Application of alternative sources of energy resources: Economic aspects

The topic of research related to alternative energy sources is relevant, since with the constant growth of the population and the development of industry around the world, the demand for energy continues to increase, at a time when traditional energy sources (coal, oil, and gas) are limited and subject to exhaustion. Alternative energy sources offer new opportunities to meet the growing demand for energy, they can provide more stable prices and reduce dependence on energy imports, and do not emit greenhouse gases or pollute the environment. The purpose of this paper is to study the economic viability and potential of alternative energy sources in order to assess their impact on the economy and identify opportunities and challenges. Among the methods used, the analytical method, the statistical method, the functional method, the system analysis method, the deduction method, the synthesis method and the comparison method were applied. The study analysed financial mechanisms that promote the development of alternative energy sources, such as subsidies, tax incentives and investments in renewable energy sources. The effectiveness of these mechanisms and their impact on the development of the industry was studied. Special attention was paid to the economic risks associated with alternative energy sources, including the instability of prices for equipment and technologies, as well as changes in legislation and regulation. The current state and dynamics of the market for alternative energy sources were analysed, as well as the growth potential and the share of alternative energy sources in the overall energy system were determined. The positive impact of the use of alternative energy sources on the economy and society is assessed. The results obtained are of practical value and can be used to make decisions related to the use of alternative energy sources and improve this process at a new level.

Synthesis and Characterization of Briquette from Carbonized Pinus Patula Saw Dust as Alternative Energy Source

This study aimed at the synthesis and characterization of briquette from Pinus patula saw dust using different binders. The effects of particle size and type of binder on the fuel qualities of the briquette were investigated. The bulk density of biomass causes handling, storage, and transportation problems that limit its large application. Densification of biomass into briquettes can solve these problems. The experimental results indicate that briquette produced from waste paper, fruit waste, cow dung, and starch flour binders has higher calorific value, higher fixed carbon, and lower ash content. Whereas, molasses and wood ash binders decreased the calorific value and fixed carbon and increased the ash content of the briquette. As a result, a maximum calorific value of 6596 cal/g, fixed carbon content of 62.6%, and ash content of 3.66% are obtained using waste paper. The calorific value of 6232 cal/g, fixed carbon of 48.74%, and ash content of 3.33% was obtained using fruit waste while the calorific value of 6194 cal/g, fixed carbon content of 59.94 %, and ash content of 5.35% was observed when cow dung is used. When starch flour is used, a calorific value of 6170 cal/g, fixed carbon content of 54.63%, and ash content of 2.63 was obtained. Therefore, waste paper, fruit waste, cow dung, and starch flour are promising binders that improve the fuel qualities of biomass briquettes.

Application of Photovoltaic Panels as Producers of Electrical Energy With IoT Technology Based on Programmable Logic Controller

The process of converting solar cell electrical energy is a form of utilizing environmentally friendly alternative energy sources (renewable energy). The conversion system is in the form of PV panels that are installed in a location exposed to sunlight and unobstructed. Monitoring is carried out when the sun shines from morning to evening. The location of the panel is in the vehicle parking lot of the engineering faculty, while monitoring is carried out in the Control Laboratory of the Tanjungpura University Engineering Faculty, which is 300 meters away. Factors that determine the quality of PV panels are the system and dimensions. This shows that fluctuations in current (I), voltage (V) and power (P) need to be controlled so that load distribution and reserves can prevent reduced energy generation. Observation and control using Long Range Area (LoRa) radio transmission media connections, Internet of Things (IoT) and Programmable Logical Control (PLC) in real-time. Observation and test results show that energy generation has experienced an increase in temperature which has an impact on reducing power. Meanwhile, the effect of the distance between the installed panels produces an average delay of 7 milliseconds (midday conditions). Meanwhile, the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) value for data transmission is 30 dBm at the device frequency of 868.125 MHz. Baud rate 2400-9600 bps with a speed of 0.3 bps – 62.5 Kbps. The application of this system is a research novelty because it can determine and control the generation of electrical energy at minimum, maximum and optimum conditions with a certain distance between the observer and the installed panel.

How to Achieve Comprehensive Carbon Emission Reduction in Ports? A Systematic Review

Under the mounting pressure to make changes to become more environmentally friendly and sustainable, port authorities have been exploring effective solutions to reduce CO2 emissions. In this regard, alternative fuels, innovative technology, and optimization strategies are key pathways for ports to transition toward a low-carbon pattern. In this review work, the current development status and characteristics of renewable and clean energy in ports were meticulously analyzed. The CO2 emission reduction effects and limitations of port microgrids, carbon capture, and other technological operations were thoroughly examined. Lastly, the emission reduction optimization strategies ports could adopt under different scenarios were evaluated. The research findings showed that (1) combining the characteristics of the port and quantifying the properties of different renewable energy sources and low-carbon fuels is extremely necessary to select suitable alternative energy sources for port development; (2) technological advancements, multi-party interests, and policy impacts were the primary factors influencing the development of emission reduction technology methods; and (3) the coordinated optimization of multiple objectives in cross-scenarios was the main direction for ports to achieve sustainable development. This study provides theoretical guidance to ports that are transitioning to a greener pattern, as well as pointing out future research directions and development spaces for researchers.