Alternate Name Research Articles

Naming CHO cells for bio-manufacturing: Genome plasticity and variant phenotypes of cell populations in bioreactors question the relevance of old names.

Chinese Hamster Ovary [CHO] cells are the workhorse for production of modern biopharmaceuticals. They are however immortalized cells with a high propensity for genetic change. Judging from published culture records, CHO cell populations have undergone hundreds of population doublings since their origin in the late 1950s. Different cell populations were established and named from 1 to 3 decades after their generation, such as CHO-Pro-, CHO-K1, CHO-DG44, CHO-S, CHO-DUK, CHO-DXB-11 to indicate origin and certain phenotypic features. These names are commonly used in scientific publications still today. This article discusses the relevance of such names. We argue that they provide a false sense of identity. To substantiate this, we provide the long (and poorly recorded) history of CHO cells as well as their highly complex genetics. Finally, we suggest an alternative naming system for CHO cells which provides more relevant information. While the implementation of a new naming convention will require substantial discussions among members of the relevant community, it should improve interpretation and comparability between laboratories. This, in turn will help scientific communities and industrial users to attain and further the full potential of CHO cells.

Identification of SLC38A7 as a Prognostic Marker and Potential Therapeutic Target of Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

No effective molecular targeted therapy has been established for SCC. We conducted a comprehensive study of SCC patients using RNA-sequencing and TCGA dataset to clarify the driver oncogene of SCC. Forty-six samples of 23 patients were totally analyzed with RNA-sequencing. We then searched for candidate-oncogenes of SCC using the TCGA database. To identify candidate oncogenes, we used the following 2 criteria: (1) the genes of interest were overexpressed in tumor tissues of SCC patients in comparison to normal tissues; and (2) using an integrated mRNA expression and DNA copy number profiling analysis using the TCGA dataset, the DNA copy number of the genes was positively correlated with the mRNA expression. We identified 188 candidate-oncogenes. Among those, the high expression of SLC38A7 was a strong prognostic marker that was significantly associated with a poor prognosis in terms of both overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival in the TCGA dataset (P < 0.05). Additionally, 202 resected SCC specimens were also subjected to an immunohistochemical analysis. Patients with the high expression of SLC38A7 (alternative name is sodium-coupled amino acid transporters 7) protein showed significantly shorter OS in comparison to those with the low expression of SLC38A7 protein [median OS 3.9 years (95% confidence interval, 2.4-6.4 years) vs 2.2 years (95% confidence interval, 1.9-4.1 years); log rank test: P = 0.0021]. SLC38A7, which is the primary lysosomal glutamine transporter required for the extracellular protein-dependent growth of cancer cells, was identified as a candidate therapeutic target of SCC.

Global Warming Potential Is Not an Ecosystem Property

Greenhouse gas metrics and ecosystem greenhouse gas fluxes should not be confounded with each other, either conceptually or in the language that we use to describe them. The global warming potential (GWP) and sustained-flux global warming potential (SGWP) are metrics that describe the relative radiative impact of different greenhouse gases and have been widely used to normalize greenhouse gas fluxes as CO2 equivalents to facilitate comparisons. A clear application of definitions, the pursuit of scientific clarity, and the ability of language to influence our thinking collectively indicate that GWP and SGWP should not be used as synonyms for greenhouse gas fluxes. I examined journal articles that mentioned either of these metrics and were published in Ecosystems, Global Change Biology, or the wetland literature. A substantial fraction of these articles used GWP and/or SGWP in ways that were inconsistent with the original definitions of these terms as greenhouse gas metrics. Often, multiple meanings were used within the same article. Further, many articles used the names of the greenhouse gas metrics as synonyms for CO2-equivalent greenhouse gas fluxes. I recommend that (1) GWP and SGWP should only be used following their original definitions as greenhouse gas metrics; (2) CO2-equivalent greenhouse gas flux should be used as an accurate and descriptive framework for describing metric-weighted greenhouse gas exchanges; and (3) radiative balance is an appropriate alternate name for CO2-equivalent greenhouse gas fluxes, but radiative forcing should only be used to describe changes in the radiative balance. There is a robust research community studying the role of terrestrial, wetland, and aquatic ecosystems as regulators of global climate. The use of clear, consistent, and unambiguous terminology will help us effectively communicate our findings to other scientists, ecosystem managers, and policy makers.

Conflicting and ambiguous names of overlapping ORFs in the SARS-CoV-2 genome: A homology-based resolution

At least six small alternative-frame open reading frames (ORFs) overlapping well-characterized SARS-CoV-2 genes have been hypothesized to encode accessory proteins. Researchers have used different names for the same ORF or the same name for different ORFs, resulting in erroneous homological and functional inferences. We propose standard names for these ORFs and their shorter isoforms, developed in consultation with the Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. We recommend calling the 39 codon Spike-overlapping ORF ORF2b; the 41, 57, and 22 codon ORF3a-overlapping ORFs ORF3c, ORF3d, and ORF3b; the 33 codon ORF3d isoform ORF3d-2; and the 97 and 73 codon Nucleocapsid-overlapping ORFs ORF9b and ORF9c. Finally, we document conflicting usage of the name ORF3b in 32 studies, and consequent erroneous inferences, stressing the importance of reserving identical names for homologs. We recommend that authors referring to these ORFs provide lengths and coordinates to minimize ambiguity caused by prior usage of alternative names.

Accuracy of chest computed tomography and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in diagnosis of 2019 novel coronavirus disease; a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction: This study aims to measure the diagnostic accuracy of chest computed tomography (CT) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay (RT-PCR) in COVID-19 in a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar, WHO, SSRN, and MedRxiv have been searched on March 26, 2020 for all the alternative names of the disease and virus. Risk of bias assessment was based on QUADAS-2. Data from English-language studies after January 12, 2019 were pooled to calculate necessary diagnostic values and underwent diagnostic test accuracy, random-effects, proportions, and subgroup meta-analysis. Results: Pooled from 27 included studies, the sensitivity of chest CT was calculated 96.6%, specificity 22.5%, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) 8.2, positive likelihood ratio (PLR) 1.2 (95% CI: 1.1-1.4), and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) 0.15 (95% CI: 0.1-0.3). The sensitivity for initial RT-PCR was 79.7%, the specificity 100%, and NLR 0.18. Conclusion: Considering the results, in order to diagnose COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), it is recommended to initially performing chest CT to rule out the uninfected people. In suspicious cases, we suggest RT-PCR to confirm the disease. Performing serial RT-PCR instead of the one-time test is highly recommended, to let the viral loads reach the diagnostic levels, especially in cases of high clinical suspicion.

Above ground biomass carbon assessment using field, satellite data and model based integrated approach to predict the carbon sequestration potential of major land use sector of Arunachal Himalaya, India

The land-use sector needs special importance owing to its ability to store and emit carbon back to the atmosphere. Land-use changes and their correlations could elucidate conditions that put forests at risk of conversion to other land uses. The impact of rapid forest cover change tends to reduce the percentage of forest cover, thereby reducing the potential for carbon storage in woody biomass. The study was conducted in the state of Arunachal Pradesh to estimate the above-ground biomass, carbon pool and sequestration potential of major land-use sectors. The above-ground biomass of selected land-uses viz. dense forest, moderately dense forest, open forest, plantations, Jhum >5 years, Jhum <5 years and current jhum are 332.28 t ha−1, 246.63 t ha−1, 145.36 t ha−1, 179.31 t ha−1, 149.63 t ha−1, 55.40 t ha−1, 16.84 t ha−1 respectively. The developed model is derived from Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) and Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (ARVI) for prediction of above-ground biomass (AGB) (R 2 = 0.85, p < 0.05). The resultant R 2 value of 85% predicts that 79% of accuracy could be assumed by the model. The RMSE of the model was 53.21 t ha−1, having no multicollinearity problem keeping tolerance (0.49) and VIF (2.80). The spatial AGB density map was predicted using a step-wise linear regression model which used AGB, SAVI and ARVI of the corresponding sample plot location. The implication of the land-use change revealed that about 84% carbon will be lost from dense forest once it is converted to Jhum (Jhum is the alternate name of Shifting cultivation in India) followed by Jhum <5 years (65%). It is pertinent to mention here that, the present analysis will help the policymakers in visualizing a proper developmental goal to regulate land-use changes for achieving the higher carbon stock and maintaining balance in the global climate scenario.

Game of "crowning" season 8: RAS and reproductive hormones in COVID-19 - can we end this viral series?

The outbreak of a newly identified coronavirus, the SARS-CoV-2 (alternative name 2019-nCoV), capable of jumping across species causing zoonosis with severe acute respiratory syndromes (SARS), has alerted authorities worldwide. Soon after the epidemic was first detected in the city of Wuhan in the Hubei Province of China, starting in late December 2019, the virus spread over multiple countries in different continents, being declared a pandemic by March 2020. The demographic characteristics of the infected patients suggest that age, sex, and comorbidities are predictive factors for the fatality of the infection. The mechanisms of viral entry into the human host cells seem to be in a close relationship with the mechanisms of regulating the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which may explain the pathogenesis associated with the infection. This brings new insights into the possibilities of exploiting viral entry mechanisms to limit associated complications by means of enhancing the resistance of the infected patients using methods of regulating the RAS and strategies of modulating ACE2 expression. In this perspective article we exploit the mechanisms of COVID-19 pathogenesis based on the demographic characteristics of the infected patients reported in the recent literature and explore several approaches of limiting the initial steps of viral entry and pathogenesis based on viral interactions with ACE2 and RAS. We further discuss the implications of reproductive hormones in the regulation of the RAS and investigate the premise of using endocrine therapy against COVID-19.

Annamia dubia sp. nov. with a description of a new family, Geminocystaceae fam. nov. (Cyanobacteria)

Our environmental DNA analysis identified Annamia-like operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from Lake Kasumigaura, Japan every summer season during the period from June 2012-May 2015. A strain from Lake Kasumigaura that agreed with an Annamia-like OTU (NIES-4383) was established with a cell-sorting machine. Based on the differences in morphology and 16S rRNA sequences, a new taxon is described: Annamia dubia Tuji, Yamaguchi et Niiyama sp. nov. A. dubia produces a microcystins that is also produced by A. toxica. Our 16S rRNA phylogenetical analysis reveals that the genus Annamia makes a monophyletic clade with the genera Geminocystis, Geminobacterium, and 'Cyanobacterium.' Although this clade agrees with Cyanobacteriaceae KomĂĄrek et al. (2014), this family is invalid based on the invalid genus Cyanobacterium and the type species Cyanobacterium stanieri. We propose the alternative name Geminocystaceae Tuji, Yamaguchi et Niiyama fam. nov. based on the genus Geminocystis.

Filopodium-derived vesicles produced by MIM enhance the migration of recipient cells.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are classified as large EVs (l-EVs, or microvesicles) and small EVs (s-EVs, or exosomes). S-EVs are thought to be generated from endosomes through a process that mainly depends on the ESCRT protein complex, including ALG-2 interacting protein X (ALIX). However, the mechanisms of l-EV generation from the plasma membrane have not been identified. Membrane curvatures are generated by the bin-amphiphysin-rvs (BAR) family proteins, among which the inverse BAR (I-BAR) proteins are involved in filopodial protrusions. Here, we show that the I-BAR proteins, including missing in metastasis (MIM), generate l-EVs by scission of filopodia. Interestingly, MIM-containing l-EV production was promoted by invivo equivalent external forces and by the suppression of ALIX, suggesting an alternative mechanism of vesicle formation to s-EVs. The MIM-dependent l-EVs contained lysophospholipids and proteins, including IRS4 and Rac1, which stimulated the migration of recipient cells through lamellipodia formation. Thus, these filopodia-dependent l-EVs, which we named as filopodia-derived vesicles (FDVs), modify cellular behavior.

Advances in managing pregnancy toxaemia in sheep

Background: Ovine pregnancy toxaemia (OPT) is a metabolic disorder of ewes in late pregnancy. Cases are typically seen in ewes carrying multiple fetuses, hence the alternative name of ‘twin lamb disease’. The disease has been well known for many years. Despite this, the toll inflicted by the disease remains considerable, due both to the poor prognosis of clinically affected animals, even with appropriate treatment, and the impact of the provoking factors of under‐nutrition and concomitant disease on ewe morbidity, lamb survival and flock productivity. Cases of OPT are an indication of shortcomings in the management of late‐pregnancy ewes.Aim of the article: This article provides an update on the aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of OPT, drawing on recently published studies.

Consensus agreement to rename burning mouth syndrome and improve International Classification of Diseases-11 disease criteria: an international Delphi study.

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) proposes revisions in the nomenclature, disease definition, and diagnostic criteria for "burning mouth syndrome" (BMS). This process could benefit from additional systematically collected expert input. Thus, the purpose of this study was to use the Delphi method to (1) determine whether revision in nomenclature and alternative names for "BMS" are warranted and (2) identify areas of consensus among experts for changes to the disease description and proposed diagnostic criteria of "BMS," as described in the ICD-11 (World Health Organization). From 31 international invited experts, 23 who expressed interest were sent the survey. The study used 4 iterative surveys, each with a response rate of ≥82%. Consensus was predefined as 70% of participants in agreement. Data were summarized using both descriptive statistics and qualitative thematic analysis. Consensus indicated that BMS should not be classified as a syndrome and recommended instead renaming to "burning mouth disorder." Consensus included deletion of 2 diagnostic criteria: (1) emotional distress or functional disability and (2) the number of hours symptoms occur per day. Additional items that reached consensus clarified the disease definition and proposed more separate diagnostic criteria, including a list of local and systemic factors to evaluate as potential secondary causes of oral burning. Experts in this study recommended and came to consensus on select revisions to the proposed ICD-11 BMS nomenclature, diagnostic criteria, and disease definition. The revisions recommended have the potential to improve clarity, consistency, and accuracy of diagnosis for this disorder.

Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Menentukan Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja Karyawan CV. Biring Ndu Cahaya Panglong Dengan Metode AHP

CV Biring Ndu Cahaya Panglong is a company that sells various types of building materials and equipment, located in Tanah Merah village, Dusun II Pendukuan, Galang District. Currently CV. Biring Ndu Cahaya Panglong does not have an information system that is able to assist in managing employee data. The employee data includes all data related to employee control activities. The AHP method is one of the methods in decision support systems that is unique compared to the others. There are 10 alternative names and 5 criteria in determining layoffs, namely negligence in work (C1), absenteeism (C2), theft of goods (C3), not neat (C4), spreading company disgrace (C5). The results obtained from this study with the highest score is Arya Sinaga with a value of 0.272 which indicates that the alternative with the highest ranking will be dismissed from work.

An updated advance of autoimmune hepatitis in children

Autoimmune liver disease is not common in children. In addition to autoimmune hepatitis, it also includes autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis, Giant cell hepatitis with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and de novo autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation as well as two acquired autoimmune liver diseases: neonatal lupus and Gestational alloimmune liver disease (alternate name neonatal hemochromatosis). The age-specific systemic developmental characteristics and immune system association determine the type of autoimmune liver disease in children, and its clinical manifestations and prognostic transition may vary from adults. Here, we discuss the rising clinical incidence of autoimmune hepatitis in children.

URDU: معاشرتی امن وامان عصر حاضر کی اولین ضرورت (پہلی صدی ہجری کی مسلم خواتین کےعملی کردار کے تناظر میں)

The journey of humanity has begun with a man and a woman. Their descendants also spread from them. Woman breeds the human race with her blood while children's care, home management, preparation of food and clothes have been remained in her duties. Animals hunting and trade have always been done by man because he is forceful. But this difference of the strength between them had become the standard of honor and humility in past history. Therefore, he has given high status but due to her weakness, the status of the woman was considered very low. So, from the ancient times man has also deprived her for the basic rights, from which every human being must possess. Peace is the alternate name of security. Thus a prosperous human society comes into existence where there is a clear and mutually harmonious relationship among entire its people. The feminist part is called a spinal cord of society, if they come forward in this field to improve the work of reform, unite each other with the concept of every correction, the destination of our society will be reversed. And then, in reality, the society will become a practical model of peace. Hence it can be called a reformed and welfare community. In this article, problems relating to Muslim women in peace and reform in Pakistan will be discussed in the light of Quran and Sunnah. Its detail can be seen in internal pages.

Perspective: Is It Time to Rename MSC (Mesenchymal Stem Cells/Medicinal Signaling Cells) with a Name that Reflects Their Combined &amp;lt;i&amp;gt; In Vivo &amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Functions and Their &amp;lt;i&amp;gt; In Vitro &amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;Abilities?—Possibly “Pluripotent Mesenchymal Regulatory Cells (PMRC)”

Over 30 years ago, it was reported by Caplan that cells could be found in various adult tissues and fluids of a variety of species that could be induced in vitro to progress towards lineages such as chondrogenesis, osteogenesis and adipogenesis with different “cocktails” of reagents. These cells were called Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC) to reflect this pluripotency. After 30 years of intense research effort to directly use such cells for the repair or regeneration of damaged or injured tissues, the effort has met with limited in vivo success, but their use for in vitro tissue engineering has met with some success. This failure to live up to expectations for in vivo differentiation success has led Caplan to recently rename these cells Medicinal Signaling Cells (MSC) to reflect other abilities of these cells to secrete mediators and release exosomes containing biologically active molecules that can influence their neighboring cells in a paracrine manner. However, neither of these names completely captures the combined apparent in vivo functioning of MSC and their in vitro abilities to exhibit pluripotent behavior. Thus, it is suggested, based on the attributes of these cells and their tissue and clonal heterogeneity, that an alternative name be applied to these cells and they be described as Pluripotent Mesenchymal Regulatory Cells (PMRC). This name reflects their regulatory function as pericytes in tissues, as well as their well-known immunoregulatory activity when injected into the intra-articular space and their influence on activities such as wound healing. It also reflects their ability to differentiate along several different lineages to facilitate tissue engineering approaches for tissue repair.

Адаптація запозиченого компонента «арт» у сучасній українській мові

The article examines the features of grammatical adaptation of the borrowing “art” in the modern Ukrainian language, identifies typical violations of current spelling rules in words with this component, suggests the correct options and clarifies the feasibility of its frequent use in modern Ukrainian speech. It has been found that the English borrowed component “art” is well adapted to the recipient language. This is evidenced by its active use in both oral and written speech, the ability to be used independently with a fixed meaning, high word-forming productivity. It is revealed in the texts of the mass media that English borrowing “art” functions in the modern Ukrainian as a inflective masculine noun of the second declension of the hard group with the semantics “art, fine arts”. It is observed that having entered the modern Ukrainian lexical system, it takes an active part in word formation, showing high productivity in the process of forming compound nouns. Two models of forming new nouns with the component “art” are differentiated, in which “art” with the meaning “artistic” is the first part of a compound word and “art” with the semantics “art” is the second part of a new lexeme. It is established that the first model is the most productive because of the largest number of these nouns in Ukrainian. It is proved that according to their grammatical nature lexemes with “art” as a reference word are not Ukrainian juxtaposites, as they are not formed on the basis of the Ukrainian, but are borrowed in it like ready-to-use integral lexical units, which speakers adapted to the grammatical structure of modern Ukrainian. In accordance with the current spelling rules the nouns with borrowed component “art” have to be written together. Found in the texts of mass media and oral speech the new lexemes with two prepositive foreign attributives are classified as juxtaposites with a declension of the second part; it is recommended to write them in accordance with the norms of the current “Ukrainian spelling” with a hyphen. It was found that the names of establishments, events, places of cultural events, etc., which consist of proper names or abbreviations combined with borrowing “art”, completely copied from the English word formation, are not typical for Ukrainian and artificially adapted to it in violation of current spelling rules. The article offers their alternative names that meet the grammatical and spelling rules. The analysis of the peculiarities of the adaptation of English borrowed component “art” in the modern Ukrainian will promote a faster study of the grammatical nature of borrowings, their word-forming potential, the correct linguistic qualification of new derivatives and their further normalization.

It Runs in the Family: Unsupervised Algorithm for Alternative Name Suggestion Using Digitized Family Trees

It Runs in the Family: Unsupervised Algorithm for Alternative Name Suggestion Using Digitized Family Trees

ЧТО ТАКОЕ СТРУКТУРАЛИЗМ? РЕЦ. НА КН.: СМУЛЯНСКИЙ А.Е . ИСЧЕЗАЮЩАЯ ТЕОРИЯ. КНИГА О КЛЮЧЕВЫХ ФИГУРАХ КОНТИНЕНТАЛЬНОЙ ФИЛОСОФИИ. М.: РИПОЛ КЛАССИК, 2021. 496 С.

The article introduces readers to “Vanishing Theory”, a book by Russian philosopher Aleksandr Smulyanskii, which the author himself con- siders as a new Introduction into underestimated structuralist’s conceptions (M. Foucault, J. Lacan, J. Derrida), and also as a handbook (tutorial) for their timely and correct reception. The author of the review agrees with the main message of the publication in question – the imaginary opposite of structura- lism/post-structuralism is unproductive, recalling the alternative name of the phenomenon: “generalized structuralism”. The reviewer draws attention to the original author’s analysis of the “secular” and “public” in the “Confession” by J.-J. Rousseau, formally associated with the Derrida method. In no way marked in the annotations for the publication, the specific features of the “Vanishing Theory” are explained by the fact that it is based on the material of the lectures given by the author. The reviewer believes that the perception of the book in question is complicated by the unexplained form of the author’s narration (speech, lecture, letter, book), the lack of references to the texts involved, and by reference to the stilted types of the current social and political agenda. Contrary to the objec- tivity of the author’s analysis, the publication is a “structuralism from the first person”. But in a way Smulyanskii shares both advantages and illusions of those authors, whose conceptions he would like to get rid of impoverishing receptions.

Wafer-Level Low-Temperature Solid-Liquid Inter-Diffusion Bonding With Thin Au-Sn Layers for MEMS Encapsulation

A novel solid-liquid inter-diffusion (SLID) bonding process is developed allowing to use thin layers of the Au-Sn material in wafer-level microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) packaging while providing a good bonding strength. The bond material layers are designed to have a robust bond material configuration and a metallic bond with a high re-melting temperature, which is an important advantage of SLID bonding or with its alternative name, transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding. The liquid phase in SLID bonding is the gold-rich eutectic liquid of the Au-Sn material system, where the bonding temperature is selected to be 320 °C for a reliable bonding. The average shear strength of the bonds is measured to be 38±1.8 MPa. The hermeticity of the package is tested with the He-Leak test according to MIL-STD 883, which yields a leak value lower than 0.1×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-9</sup> atm.cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> /s. The vacuum inside the package without a getter is calculated as 2.5 mbar after cap wafer thinning. The vacuum level is well preserved after post-processes such as annealing at 400 °C and the dicing process. These results verify that thin layers of Au-Sn materials can be used reliably with the SLID or TLP bonding technique using the new approach proposed in this study.

The Nomenclature of Electroconvulsive Therapy.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an established but stigmatized psychiatric treatment. The term ECT reflects the treatment's modality and action. Several authors proposed different names for ECT to deal with stigma; however, available literature that promoted different names did not address the risk/benefit ratio or offer evidence-based approach to the efficacy of this approach. We aim to examine proposed names for their specificity, accuracy, understandability, and popularity. In addition, we aim to find evidence-based methods to combat the ECT-related stigma. We reviewed the literature relating to the proposed names using snowballing technique for literature search. Known ECT alternative names were used for search, and whenever another name appears, it was added to our search list. We conducted Medline, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, and PubMed search to check for popularity and cross examine whether proposed terms refer back to ECT. We searched for ECT and stigma, to find evidence for methods to tackle ECT-related stigma. Once, the search stopped yielding newer ideas, we stopped the search at a point of saturation, where no more ideas where generated. Our name search yielded 14 terms. Nine names avoided "electricity" and "convulsion," because of perceived associated stigma. Presence of different terminology can affect the clarity of patient-doctor communication, with no evidence of added benefit. Alternative names may affect doctor-doctor communication about this treatment. We concluded that it is safer to retain the term ECT for the sake of consistency and clarity of communication. Education and experience are evidence-based effective methods of tackling ECT-related stigma.