Alternate Name Research Articles

Consumer Attitudes towards Food Preservation Methods

The development and scope of using various food preservation methods depends on the level of consumers’ acceptance. Despite their advantages, in the case of negative attitudes, producers may limit their use if it determines the level of sales. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perception of seven different food processing methods and to identify influencing factors, such as education as well as living area and, at the same time, to consider whether consumers verify this type of information on the labels. Additionally, the study included the possibility of influencing consumer attitudes by using alternative names for preservation methods, on the example of microwave treatment. The results showed that conventional heat treatments were the most preferred preservation methods, whereas preservatives, irradiation, radio waves and microwaves were the least favored, suggesting that consumers dislike methods connected with “waves” to a similar extent as their dislike for preservatives. The control factors proved to significantly modify the evaluation of the methods. The analysis of alternative names for microwave treatment showed that “dielectric heating” was significantly better perceived. These research findings are important as the basis for understanding consumer attitudes. Implications for business and directions of future research are also indicated.

Whole genome sequencing and phylogenomic analysis show support for the splitting of genus Pythium

ABSTRACT The genus Pythium (nom. cons.) sensu lato (s.l.) is composed of many important species of plant pathogens. Early molecular phylogenetic studies suggested paraphyly of Pythium, which led to a formal proposal by Uzuhashi and colleagues in 2010 to split the genus into Pythium sensu stricto (s.s.), Elongisporangium, Globisporangium, Ovatisporangium (= Phytopythium), and Pilasporangium using morphological characters and phylogenies of the mt cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 (cox2) and D1–D2 domains of nuc 28S rDNA. Although the split was fairly justified by the delineating morphological characters, there were weaknesses in the molecular analyses, which created reluctance in the scientific community to adopt these new genera for the description of new species. In this study, this issue was addressed using phylogenomics. Whole genomes of 109 strains of Pythium and close relatives were sequenced, assembled, and annotated. These data were combined with 10 genomes sequenced in previous studies. Phylogenomic analyses were performed with 148 single-copy genes represented in at least 90% of the taxa in the data set. The results showed support for the division of Pythium s.l. The status of alternative generic names that have been used for species of Pythium in the past (e.g., Artotrogus, Cystosiphon, Eupythium, Nematosporangium, Rheosporangium, Sphaerosporangium) was investigated. Based on our molecular analyses and review of the Pythium generic concepts, we urge the scientific community to adopt the generic names Pythium, Elongisporangium, Globisporangium, and their concepts as proposed by Uzuhashi and colleagues in 2010 in their work going forward. In order to consolidate the taxonomy of these genera, some of the recently described Pythium spp. are transferred to Elongisporangium and Globisporangium.

Hearing "Birch" Hampers Saying "Duck"-An Event-Related Potential Study on Phonological Interference in Immediate and Delayed Word Production.

When speakers name a picture (e.g., "duck"), a distractor word phonologically related to an alternative name (e.g., "birch" related to "bird") slows down naming responses compared with an unrelated distractor word. This interference effect obtained with the picture-word interference task is assumed to reflect the phonological coactivation of close semantic competitors and is critical for evaluating contemporary models of word production. In this study, we determined the ERP signature of this effect in immediate and delayed versions of the picture-word interference task. ERPs revealed a differential processing of related and unrelated distractors: an early (305-436 msec) and a late (537-713 msec) negativity for related as compared with unrelated distractors. In the behavioral data, the interference effect was only found in immediate naming, whereas its ERP signature was also present in delayed naming. The time window of the earlier ERP effect suggests that the behavioral interference effect indeed emerges at a phonological processing level, whereas the functional significance of the later ERP effect is as yet not clear. The finding of a robust ERP correlate of phonological coactivation might facilitate future research on lexical processing in word production.

PENGEMBANGAN REST API UNTUK INFORMASI PASAR TRADISIONAL DI KOTA YOGYAKARTA DENGAN METODE INCREMENTAL

Traditional markets in the city of Yogyakarta offer many unique things for both locals and tourists. There has yet to be an effort to centralise information on traditional markets which highlights its characteristics, including its uniqueness. Through this study, we designed a REST API that provides a service to access information on traditional markets in the city of Yogyakarta. The information available includes class, alternative names, location, description, history, facts, facilities, uniqueness, photos, and stalls. This service can be used by governments or other parties through external applications ensuring data accuracy. We used an incremental approach made of three iterations. Each iteration consisted of needs analysis, system design, API development, and testing and evaluation. This approach provided a more focused and targeted development based on the functional needs of each iteration. Each iteration was tested both on Postman and a web application. The result of this REST API is a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) which can be easily processed by external applications.

The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline for SLCO1B1, ABCG2, and CYP2C9 genotypes and Statin-Associated Musculoskeletal Symptoms.

Statins reduce cholesterol, prevent cardiovascular disease, and are among the most commonly prescribed medications in the world. Statin-associated musculoskeletal symptoms (SAMS) impact statin adherence and ultimately can impede the long-term effectiveness of statin therapy. There are several identified pharmacogenetic variants that impact statin disposition and adverse events during statin therapy. SLCO1B1 encodes a transporter (SLCO1B1; alternative names include OATP1B1 or OATP-C) that facilitates the hepatic uptake of all statins. ABCG2 encodes an efflux transporter (BCRP) that modulates the absorption and disposition of rosuvastatin. CYP2C9 encodes a phase I drug metabolizing enzyme responsible for the oxidation of some statins. Genetic variation in each of these genes alters systemic exposure to statins (i.e., simvastatin, rosuvastatin, pravastatin, pitavastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin), which can increase the risk for SAMS. We summarize the literature supporting these associations and provide therapeutic recommendations for statins based on SLCO1B1, ABCG2, and CYP2C9 genotype with the goal of improving the overall safety, adherence, and effectiveness of statin therapy. This document replaces the 2012 and 2014 Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines for SLCO1B1 and simvastatin-induced myopathy.

Head to head: should we adopt the term 'sessile serrated lesion'?

The precursor lesion for the ~30% of colon carcinomas developing along the serrated pathway was first described in detail in 1996, and was named sessile serrated adenoma in 2003. Although the entity itself was controversial initially, over time the concept of a serrated pathway initiated by this lesion has become well accepted in the medical community. The name sessile serrated adenoma, however, has been controversial since the beginning and continues to be controversial. Alternative names, including serrated polyp with abnormal proliferation, sessile serrated polyp and, most recently, sessile serrated lesion, have been proposed. Despite the fact that the term sessile serrated lesion was adopted by the World Health Organization in 2019, none of these terms has received universal acceptance. In this article, arguments for and against adopting the term sessile serrated lesion are discussed in detail.

A taxonomy of hydrological processes and watershed function

AbstractThis paper presents a taxonomy (hierarchical organization) of hydrological processes; specifically, runoff generation processes in natural watersheds. Over 130 process names were extracted from a literature review of papers describing experimental watersheds, perceptual models, and runoff processes in a range of hydro‐climatic environments. Processes were arranged into a hierarchical structure, and presented as a spreadsheet and interactive diagram. For each process, additional information was provided: a list of alternative names for the same process, a classification into hydrological function (e.g., flux, storage, release) and a unique identifier similar to a hashtag. We hope that the proposed hierarchy will prompt collaboration and debate in the hydrologic community into naming and organizing processes, towards a comprehensive taxonomy. The taxonomy provides a method to label and search hydrological knowledge, thereby facilitating synthesis and comparison of processes across watersheds.

Strengthening the character of Nationalism on the Island of Borneo

Borneo is a term that is often used for an alternative name for the island of Kalimantan. This article tries to describe the strengthening of the character of Nationalism in the tail of Borneo. The setting of this research study is in Temajuk Village, Paloh District, Sambas Regency, this is because Temajuk is an area directly adjacent to Malaysia. This study is directed at the aspect of internalizing the value of nationalism through education. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential for opening border areas to social development in the field of education. The results of this study indicate that the sense of nationalism of the citizens of the nation in Temajuk Village is still well maintained, although the attention of the government in the regions and the center of power is still very lacking. This is evidently the various problems that exist in the border areas. Then this is inversely proportional to the "luxury" enjoyed by the residents of Sarawak-Malaysia which is displayed in front of the eyes of the residents of Temajuk Village. The process of internalization of nationalism is more dominantly carried out through educational institutions, both material enrichment of the pillars of nationality in the co-curricular and extracurricular learning processes, although educational services with adequate facilities, as well as good quality educators, strengthening social nationalism will actually have an impact on the pawning of the nationalism spirit of border communities if this is not a serious concern for the government.

Recovery in the melting pot: complex origins and restored genetic diversity in newly established Eurasian beaver (Rodentia: Castoridae) populations

Abstract Several larger vertebrate species have recovered from dramatic bottlenecks caused by overhunting and habitat destruction. One of the most notable comebacks concerns the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber L.), which has increased its range by natural dispersal from both relict populations and populations established through translocations. Genetic methods have recently been used to study beavers at several locations. However, owing to a lack of reference samples from relict populations and alternative names of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes, the ancestry of re-established beaver populations remains obscure. Here, we focus on the genetic characterization of several newly established populations. Unlike previous studies, we also used microsatellite genotypes of reference samples from all relict populations. Our analysis was fully capable of tracing the origin of the nuclear and mitochondrial genome to relict populations. Although we confirmed an extraordinarily low genetic diversity in relict populations, our analysis showed restored diversity in newly established populations resulting from translocations. Recent expansions and stochastic effects have created a strong but complicated population structure, with neighbouring populations differing significantly in genetic composition. We conclude that this restored genetic diversity very likely contributes to the viability and ongoing expansion of the newly established populations.

Extraction, purification and structural elucidation of environmentally benign antifouling metabolite from Streptomyces thermolineatus VITKV6A

Marine actinomycetes are potential sources of secondary metabolites with wide range of applications. In the current study, Streptomyces thermolineatus VITKV6A, which was screened from our previous study, was mass cultivated to obtain the active compound. Analysis of crude extract of this isolate by Thin Layer chromatography (TLC) with the optimum solvent system (Methanol: Ethyl acetate, 40:60 v/v ratio) showed multiple bands at the retention factor values 0.9, 0.6 and 0.4 both under visible and UV light. The individual compounds in the crude extract were eluted by silica gel column chromatography. The antimicrofouling activity of fraction 2 showed antimicrofouling activity against biofilm forming bacteria Psychrobacter celer VITKV3, Psychrobacter alimentarius VITKV4 and Kocuria rhizhophila with MIC of 0.5, 0.75 and 0 . 75 μ g /ml respectively. Similarly, the antimacrofouling activity of fraction 2 was examined by mollusc foot adherence assay against Patella sp. The percentage of fouling and regaining decreased with increasing concentration, whereas complete inhibition of fouling was observed at a concentration of 1000 μ g mL −1 . The bioactive compound exhibited low cytotoxicity and higher LC 50 value of 173 . 72 μ g mL − 1 against Artemia salina . HPLC analysis of the active fraction showed a single peak with retention time of 3.117 mins, which reveals the purity of the compound. Further, the active compound was characterized using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC–MS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and NMR and identified as Oxycyclopentadien with alternative name 1,3-Cyclopentadien-1-ol. This compound is accountable for the antifouling properties of Streptomyces thermolineatus VITKV6A. • Bioactive compound from Streptomyces thermolineatus VITKV6A was characterized by analytical techniques. • Biofilm formation by marine bacteria was inhibited by the bioactive compound from Streptomyces thermolineatus VITKV6A. • The isolated bioactive compound deterred foot adherence by mollusc. • Benignity of the compound towards other organisms was corroborated by anticrustacean assay.

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 2-{[7-acetyl-4-cyano-6-hy-droxy-8-(4-meth-oxyphen-yl)-1,6-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetra-hydro-isoquinolin-3-yl-]sulfan-yl}acetic acid ethyl ester.

In the title mol-ecule, C25H28N2O5S, (alternative name ethyl 2-{[7-acetyl-4-cyano-6-hy-droxy-8-(4-meth-oxy-phen-yl)-1,6-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetra-hydro-isoquinolin-3-yl]sulfanyl}-acetate) the 4-meth-oxy-phenyl group is disposed on one side of the bicyclic core and the oxygen atoms of the hydroxyl and acetyl groups are disposed on the other side. In the crystal, a layered structure parallel to the ac plane is generated by O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds plus C-H⋯π(ring) inter-actions.

Application of Evans Index in Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Patients: A Mini Review.

With an ever-growing aging population, the prevalence of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is increasing. Clinical symptoms of NPH include cognitive impairment, gait disturbance, and urinary incontinence. Surgery can improve symptoms, which leads to the disease's alternative name: treatable dementia. The Evans index (EI), defined as the ratio of the maximal width of the frontal horns to the maximum inner skull diameter, is the most commonly used index to indirectly assess the condition of the ventricles in NPH patients. EI measurement is simple, fast, and does not require any special software; in clinical practice, an EI >0.3 is the criterion for ventricular enlargement. However, EI's measurement methods, threshold setting, correlation with ventricle volume, and even its clinical value has been questioned. Based on the EI, the z-EI and anteroposterior diameter of the lateral ventricle index were derived and are discussed in this review.

Nama-Nama Alternatif dalam Isnad Menurut Joseph Schacht

Criticism of Joseph Schacht's hadith thought does not automatically undermine his theories. Even if examined further, these criticisms can be countered with a detailed and complete reading of Schacht's work. Therefore, in this article, the author tries to reveal further Schacht's theory about the arbitrarily backwards isnad which has implications for the emergence of alternative names. The unit of analysis of this article is the work of Schacht: The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. The aspects studied are: 1). arbitrarily backward isnād projection; and 2). Alternative names in isnād. In this article the author uses a descriptive qualitative approach with the documentary method. The data collected was then analyzed using the historical and critical isnad methods. The result of this study is that in the history of the development of legal doctrine, the starting point of Islamic jurisprudence was from the late period of the Umayyad dynasty (132 H.). At this time isnād began to be used. The ancient schools of law made living traditions the source of their laws. Each generation in the Islamic region (Iraq, Hijaz, and Syria) has an agreed legal doctrine. Initially this doctrine was general in nature, only representing the opinion of the group (anonymous). But since the decades of the second century, the legal doctrines of the living tradition have been projected onto the great figures of the past who can be chosen at random. This projection then generates alternative names that can be used interchangeably. In this section, in particular, the quality of criticism of Schacht's hadith thinking can be seen.

The Two β-Arrestins Regulate Distinct Metabolic Processes: Studies with Novel Mutant Mouse Models.

The two β-arrestins (β-arrestin-1 and -2; alternative names: arrestin-2 and -3, respectively) are well known for their ability to inhibit signaling via G protein-coupled receptors. However, β-arrestins can also act as signaling molecules in their own right. Although the two proteins share a high degree of sequence and structural homology, early studies with cultured cells indicated that β-arrestin-1 and -2 are not functionally redundant. Recently, the in vivo metabolic roles of the two β-arrestins have been studied using mutant mice selectively lacking either β-arrestin-1 or -2 in cell types that are of particular relevance for regulating glucose and energy homeostasis. These studies demonstrated that the β-arrestin-1 and -2 mutant mice displayed distinct metabolic phenotypes in vivo, providing further evidence for the functional heterogeneity of these two highly versatile signaling proteins.

Modulation of gut microbiota and markers of metabolic syndrome in mice on cholesterol and fat enriched diet by butterfly pea flower kombucha

Clitoria ternatea, with an alternative name, Butterfly pea, is increasingly being explored for medical purposes and the development of a wide range of processed products. This study aimed to incorporate Butterfly pea into an innovative probiotic drink through a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) fermentation and to evaluate the biological activity. The benefits of the drink, referred to as butterfly pea flower kombucha (KBPF) was determined in vitro and in metabolically disorder mice that receive a diet rich in cholesterol and fat (CFED). Forty white male were categorized into four groups, i.e., A = Control/Normal Diet; B = CFED alone; C = CFED + KBPF 65 mg/kg BW (Body Weight); D = CFED + KBPF 130 mg/kg BW, and then sacrificed after 6 weeks of intervention. Seventy-nine secondary metabolite compounds were successfully identified in KBPF using LC-HRMS. In vitro studies showed the potential activity of KBPF in inhibiting not only ABTS, but also lipid (lipase) and carbohydrate (α-amylase, α-glucosidase) hydrolyzing enzymes to levels similar to acarbose control at 50–250 μg/mL. In the in vivo study, the administration of KBPF (130 mg/kg BW) significantly alleviated metabolic disorders caused by high-fat diet. Specifically, lipid profile (HDL, LDL, TC, TG), blood glucose, markers of oxidative stress (SOD liver), metabolic enzymes (lipase, amylase), and markers of inflammation (PGC-1α, TNF-α, and IL-10) were in most cases restored to normal values. Additionally, the gut microbiota community analysis showed that KBPF has a positive effect (p = 0.01) on both the Bacteroidetes phylum and the Firmicutes phylum. The new KBPF drink is a promising therapeutic functional food for preventing metabolic diseases.

Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase 4 (MT4-MMP): role and significance in the pathogenesis of tumor growth

Neoplasms in general, especially malignant tumors, occu-py the second place in the structure of human morbidity and are one of the main causes of death and disability of the population. With all the variety of light-optical mor-phological features, as well as ultrastructural, biochem-ical, immunological and genetic parameters, the deve-lopment of neoplastic changes in tissues and organs has its own characteristics. The main pathophysiological sign of malignant neoplasms is the loss of dependence on ex-ternal regulators and autonomous growth. Currently, the emergence and spread of malignant cellular transforma-tion in the body is associated with dysregulation of con-trol mechanisms, mainly due to changes in the structural components of genes encoding the synthesis of many signaling molecules that coordinate intercellular and in-tertissue communications. The development of new bi-ological markers of the tumor process is one of the prio-rity tasks of modern molecular medicine, since success in this direction will undoubtedly optimize diagnostics and improve the quality of targeted personalized tumor treatment. Matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors are considered as one of the most promising signaling molecules — biomarkers of the tumor process, because they are involved in almost all stages of the on-set and progression of malignant neoplasms. Of particu-lar interest in the initiation and development of tumors of various localizations is the membrane-type matrix metal-loproteinase 4 (MT4-MMP) or MMP-17 (alternative name), the role of which in the pathogenesis of oncological dis-eases is the subject of this review

Plotin interprète de la chôra du Timée (Ennéades III, 6 [26], 13‑18)

How does Plotinus interpret the chora in Plato’s Timaeus ? For him, Timaeus 48e‑52d deals with matter (hyle). The identification of chora with hyle goes back to Aristotle’s Physics IV.2. Aristotle’s interpretation of Plato’s chora as matter was echoed by Theophrastus and the Stoics and prevailed in Middle‑Platonist, neo‑Pythagorean and early Christian authors. In addition to the identification of chora with hyle, the ancient interpreters of the Timaeus conflated hyle with Plato’s ananke (Tim. 47e‑48a). Plato himself distinguishes between chora and ananke. The latter denotes everything that appears in the “receptacle” prior to the ordering of the world by the demiurge, while chora is another name for the receptacle itself. In Plato, the receptacle accounts for the fact both that there are transient images of intelligible beings and that these images appear to occupy a place, i.e. that they are spatially extended. This is why the receptacle is given its alternative name “ground” (chora) and why it is also called “place” (topos) and “seat” (hedra). Although the receptacle itself cannot be spatially extended in the same way as that which appears “in it”, it is the cause of spatial extension. For Plotinus, two characteristics of matter are of primary importance : lack of size and impassibility. In the treatise II .4.[12].2‑5, he highlights the former, and in III .6[26].7‑19 he elaborates on the latter, while commenting once again on the former. In III .6[26].7‑19, he argues that this conception of matter is in line with how Plato conceives of it in the Timaeus. The “receptacle” cannot be acted upon (paschein) nor can it possess any size (megethos). Only the images of true beings “in” it can. In doing so, however, they make matter appear to “stretch out” alongside themselves. But this is not actually the case, because matter itself has no extension. On one point, however, Plotinus’ account differs from Plato’s. According to Plotinus, not only does matter not possess size, but it is not the cause of size either. The size of the appearances derives from the formulas (logoi) of which these appearances are images. Each formula encompasses within itself the measure of the size that its image will assume : the formula of horse encompasses the size of a particular horse, the formula of human being the size of a particular human being. Plotinus describes in more detail how a formula, in unfolding out of the soul, “stretches out”, thus acquiring size. He also makes a comparison between this process and the way in which formulas in the human soul display images of themselves in our image‑making faculty. He characterises this process as a motion starting from the formula and resulting in its “division” (merismos). This is what makes the image of the formula extended, i.e. divided partes extra partes, when it appears against the invisible background of matter. Since matter neither possesses size nor is the cause of it, it can be called “ground” (chora), “place” (topos) or “seat” (hedra) only in an improper way.

Промислові екосистеми в глобальних ланцюжках створення вартості та поставок: кластери, інноваційні та екоіндустріальні парки як чинник сталого розвитку

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the existing forms of clustering of production processes in the process of the formation of industrial ecosystems on an international scale, highlighting the role of global supply chains in the value chain in the context of the transformation of economic development models as a factor of reindustrialization, taking into account the latest imperatives of innovation, greening and constancy. It has been established that the ways of creating value do not just depend on the features of the technological process, but, more importantly, they are induced by the structure of the ecosystem in which they are built on the principles of interdependence. The geographic boundaries of an industrial ecosystem are defined by the interdependencies that link organizations within the ecosystem, and by the new bonds that are being strengthened outside of it. The article highlights the need to identify structural gaps in the ecosystem early in order to maximize the benefits of potential collaboration and encourage innovation. It is critically important for governments to define the real boundaries of industrial ecosystems in order to promote their transformation into closed loops of innovation. The definition of an industrial ecosystem is proposed as a multi-level production system, including heterogeneous agents involved in industry value chains and contributing to the realization of the potential of the ecosystem (and its participants) and the development of the country's productive capacity. The place of the supply chain in the value chain has been established, which made it possible to assert that the supply chain is increasingly associated with business functions and processes that go beyond logistics within and between companies. The concepts of clusters and industrial areas are analyzed, which made it possible to single out the role of industrial parks in the development of an industrial cluster. It has been proven that the development of industrial parks contributes to the creation of clusters of competitive industries and the expansion of production chains, which contributes to the balanced economic development of the regions through the mobilization of all available resources. Factors are identified, the combination of which allows the transformation of an industrial zone or a park into an eco-industrial park. The definition of an eco-industrial park is proposed and its alternative names are given, such as: permanent economic zone; low-carbon technological zone; green investment cluster; circular industrial park. The potential of eco-industrial parks in the implementation of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals has been established. This led to the conclusion that regional systems are evolving from places where firms are located that do not know about each other and simply benefit from economies of scale, to systems that include dynamic training and coordination to enhance regional competitive advantage.

Adverse events and labeling issues related to suspected sesame allergy reported in an online survey

BackgroundAllergen avoidance is critical for those with immunoglobulin E–mediated food allergy, but can only be successful with accurate product information. Although the Food and Drug Administration maintains the Center for Food Safety and Nutrition Adverse Event Reporting System to collect adverse event (AE) reports related to foods, there is substantial underreporting, and information regarding product labeling issues is limited. ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to describe allergic reactions associated with accidental oral exposure to sesame and the role of product labeling. MethodsA questionnaire was developed and disseminated to online communities focused on sesame allergy. The questionnaire included questions on clinical characteristics, treatments, outcomes, and labeling issues. ResultsA total of 360 clinical reactions related to sesame were reviewed in 327 individuals. Anaphylaxis occurred in 68.9% of reactions. Hospitalization occurred in 47.8% of events and epinephrine was administered in 36.4% of cases. Events involving a packaged food product occurred in 67.5% of AEs with only 43.8% of these using the term “sesame.” An alternative name was noted in 46.0% of products that did not include “sesame” on labeling, most of which was “tahini.” ConclusionWe determined considerable sesame food allergy morbidity, in part owing to inconsistent allergen labeling. Our findings support the development of a more rapid process for the Food and Drug Administration to update the major allergen list and formulation of an improved system for reporting AEs related to foods.

Lexical variation in Caribbean English

The present paper seeks to further develop an interdisciplinary research into language variation and contact studies. Integrating cognitive-onomasiological and ecolinguistic approaches, it addresses lexical diversity in the Caribbean English. The permanent contacts between English and other local and transported languages have caused a wide range of modifications in the Caribbean English lexicon, including allonymy. Allonymy is treated as a contact-induced type of lexical variation leading to the formation of alternative names for the same referents. By tracing the sources of allonyms and disclosing cognitive mechanisms involved in their formation, this study explains the vitality of allonymic lexical items in the complex language ecology of the Caribbean region. It is argued that variation in naming processes is determined by speakers’ cognitive preferences as well as their cultural vigour that manifest in multilingual and multicultural ecology.