Altered Lipid Profile Research Articles

A Comprehensive Comparative Study among Jammu Women Police Personnel between the Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome and without Metabolic Syndrome on the Basis of Demographic, Anthropometric and Clinical Parameters

Background: Police officers are civil servants meant for peace preservation, citizen protection, and promotion of violence reduction. Pre-employment examination of police officers includes intellectual, cognitive and personality assessment, physical examination, laboratory tests and social evaluation. In this study, we will compare subjects with MetS and without MetS among female police personnel on the basis of demographic parameters, anthropometric parameters and clinical parameters related to dyslipidemia, hypertension and overweight/ obesity. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted to find the prevalence of metabolic syndrome as per lipid parameters among female police personnel of J&K Police. It was carried out in Post Graduate Department of Physiology, Government Medical College Jammu from 2019 to 2020. Results: We observe that there is a significant difference between the groups with respect to age, duration of service, weight, BMI, WC, Hip circumference, WHR, SBP, BSF, TG, HDL, TC/ HDL and LDL/HDL. Conclusion: The present study on women police of Jammu demonstrated that metabolic syndrome is comprised of endocrine metabolic disturbances characterised by Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus due to insulin resistance and impaired glucose regulation, hypertension, obesity and altered lipid profile consisting of elevated levels of triglyceride (TG) and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C]. Keywords: Metabolic syndrome, Lipid parameters, hypertension, diabetes.

Generation and characterization of Elovl4bknockout zebrafish as a model for Juvenile‐Onset Macular Degeneration

PurposeVery long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC‐PUFAs) are a distinct class of lipids with chain lengths greater than 24 carbons. ELOVL4 is a protein responsible for VLC‐PUFA biosynthesis. However, in patients with autosomal dominant Stargardt 3 disease, the gene encoding ELOVL4 is mutated, and as a result, a dysfunctional, truncated protein is produced instead. It is unclear whether the disease phenotype is caused by truncated protein aggregates, the absence of VLC‐PUFAs, or a combination of these factors. Moreover, homozygous elovl4 ablation is neonatal lethal in mice. This study aimed to delineate the effect of VLC‐PUFA loss on photoreceptor function.MethodsElovl4b knockout zebrafish were generated by creating a deletion mutation in exon 2 of the elovl4b gene using CRISPR‐Cas9. Mutant zebrafish were screened for non‐specific mutations by outcrossing mutant adults with wild‐type fish. Their eyes were isolated, total fatty acids extracted, and the quantity of VLC‐PUFAs determined through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.ResultsWe found that homozygous Elovl4b mutant zebrafish eyes had altered lipid profiles and a significantly lower abundance of C30 to C34 VLC‐PUFAs compared to age‐matched wild‐type controls. We also predict diminished a‐ and b‐wave amplitudes from ERG recordings – indicative of a loss of photoreceptor function and a thinner outer nuclear layer than controls.ConclusionOur data indicate that the loss of Elovl4b in zebrafish can cause an ocular phenotype comparable to juvenile‐onset macular degeneration. The availability of a homozygous animal model of ELOVL4 deficiency will also allow for further studies on other ELOVL4‐related diseases.

Insulin Signaling Induces AKR1C3 to Promote Lipid Overload through FASN in SGBS Cells, as a Model of PCOS Adipocytes

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age, affecting 8‐13% of women. The characteristic androgen excess (AE) of PCOS is believed to promote comorbidities, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. AE correlates with insulin resistance (IR) in these women and may be the driving factor for lipid overload. Aldo‐keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) is induced by insulin in PCOS adipocytes and may be central in driving the AE of PCOS. AKR1C3 predominantly catalyzes formation of androgens such as testosterone and 5α‐dihydrotestosterone in peripheral tissues, which are potent agonists for the androgen receptor (AR) and upregulate de novo lipogenesis. Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is induced by androgens and may be responsible for an altered lipid profile in mature adipocytes. Nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (NRF2) is a known transcription factor for AKR1C3 and is regulated by insulin. AKR1C3 overexpression in adipocytes by insulin activation of NRF2 could increase androgen receptor signaling and promote de novo lipogenesis. The resulting lipid overflow could exacerbate insulin resistance through a feedforward mechanism and potentiate the cardio‐metabolic risk seen in PCOS. We hypothesize that insulin signaling induces AKR1C3 to promote lipid overload through FASN in PCOS adipocytes. Using differentiated human Simpson‐Golabi‐Behmel Syndrome (SGBS) adipocytes as a model for PCOS adipocytes, we have confirmed that AKR1C3 is induced >600 fold by insulin. Using pharmacological inhibition, we found that the insulin induction of AKR1C3 and FASN is dependent on PI3K/AKT/mTOR measured by RT‐qPCR and immunoblot. Using NRF2 siRNA and ML‐385, a NRF2 inhibitor, we have determined that AKR1C3 and FASN induction are NRF2 dependent, indicating NRF2 may be one transcription factor that binds to the AKR1C3 promotor region in adipocytes. We also determined that FASN induction is both AKR1C3 and AR dependent using pharmacological inhibition/antagonism and siRNA, where its effect was measured by RT‐qPCR and immunoblot. Pharmacological inhibition with NRF2 or AKR1C3 inhibitors additionally downregulated de novo lipogenesis measured by Oil Red O staining, which is a phenotypic readout for FASN activity. These studies elucidate the signaling mechanism by which AKR1C3 and FASN are induced by insulin in adipocytes. We conclude that upregulation of AKR1C3 may promote lipid overload in PCOS adipocytes by induction of FASN, and that AKR1C3 is a possible therapeutic target to prevent the risk of cardio‐metabolic disease in PCOS women.

Possible role of lead in breast cancer - a case-control study.

Numerous risk factors have been associated with breast cancer (BC), exposure to metalloestrogen, like lead, being such. Since lead involvement in BC is still equivocal, we focused on lead levels in three compartments of BC patients, blood, healthy, and malignant tissues. Also, as the cholesterol role in cancer development was recognized at the beginning of the twentieth century and led to involvement in lipid profile impairment, we further extend our research on lipid profile and enzymes responsible for maintaining lipid balance in BC patients. Fifty-five women diagnosed with BC were enrolled in the study. Forty-one healthy women represented the control group. Lead levels in blood, healthy surrounding and malignant tissue, and lipid profile parameters in serum, were determined. Higher lead levels were obtained in surrounding healthy tissue samples compared to cancerous tissue samples, while blood lead levels of BC women did not differ significantly from the control group. The altered lipid profile scheme in women diagnosed with breast cancer contained significantly higher triglycerides levels (P < 0.001). Moreover, logistic regression analysis revealed triglycerides as a significant predictor of BC (OR = 2.6; P < 0.01). Although statistical significance was missing for lower paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activities observed in BC women, multivariate logistic regression singled out PON-1 activities as significant BC predictors. The result of the present study further indicated oxidative status imbalance and tissue levels bioelements perturbation. Obtained results in the present study propose possible lead involvement in BC onset accompanied with bioelements redistribution and oxidative stress occurrence.

A study of lipid profile in young smokers and non-smokers

Background: A prospective study was carried out to find the variations in lipid profile in smokers when compared to non-smokers. The aim was to study the alterations in lipid profile in terms of severity of smoking. Methods: This study was carried out among 198 patients who attended medicine OPD of LLR hospital GSVM medical college Kanpur. The population was divided into 98 non-smokers and 100 smokers. The smokers were further divided into 3 groups depending on the intensity of smoking.Results: Out of 100 patients in the present study the number of subjects in mild, moderate and high smokers’ group were 33 (33%), 33 (33%), 34 (34%) respectively. Smokers had higher total cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, serum low density lipoprotein (LDL), serum very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and lower levels of serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) compared to non-smokers which was statistically significant.Conclusions: Increase in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and VLDL were found in smokers of all age groups. Whereas HDL values showed inverse relationship. These changes were directly proportional to the severity of smoking. So, Tobacco smoking is associated with dyslipidemia which is atherogenic in nature.

Pharmacological Properties of Bergapten: Mechanistic and Therapeutic Aspects.

Bergapten (BP) or 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP) is a furocoumarin compound mainly found in bergamot essential oil but also in other citrus essential oils and grapefruit juice. This compound presents antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hypolipemic, and anticancer effects and is successfully used as a photosensitizing agent. The present review focuses on the research evidence related to the therapeutic properties of bergapten collected in recent years. Many preclinical and in vitro studies have been evidenced the therapeutic action of BP; however, few clinical trials have been carried out to evaluate its efficacy. These clinical trials with BP are mainly focused on patients suffering from skin disorders such as psoriasis or vitiligo. In these trials, the administration of BP (oral or topical) combined with UV irradiation induces relevant lesion clearance rates. In addition, beneficial effects of bergamot extract were also observed in patients with altered serum lipid profiles and in people with nonalcoholic fatty liver. On the contrary, there are no clinical trials that investigate the possible effects on cancer. Although the bioavailability of BP is lower than that of its 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) isomer, it has fewer side effects allowing higher concentrations to be administered. In conclusion, although the use of BP has therapeutic applications on skin disorders as a sensitizing agent and as components of bergamot extract as hypolipemic therapy, more trials are necessary to define the doses and treatment guidelines and its usefulness against other pathologies such as cancer or bacterial infections.

Curcumin Protects Diabetic Mice against Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction by Modulating CB2 Cannabinoid Receptors.

Molecular docking revealed curcumin as a potent CB2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) agonist. Since CB2R is involved in cardioprotective functions, we explored its role in ameliorative actions of curcumin against myocardial damage triggered by isoproterenol in diabetic animals. Mice were kept on a high-fat diet (HFD) throughout the experiment (30 days). Following 7 days of HFD feeding, streptozotocin was administered (150 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) to induce diabetes. From day 11 to 30, diabetic mice received either curcumin (100 or 200 mg/kg/day, oral), CB2R antagonist AM630 (1 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal) or both, with concurrent isoproterenol (150 mg/kg, subcutaneous) administration on day 28 and 29. Diabetic mice with myocardial infarction showed an altered hemodynamic pattern and lipid profile, reduced injury markers, antioxidants with increased lipid peroxidation in the myocardium, and elevated glucose and liver enzymes in the blood. Moreover, an increased pro-inflammatory markers, histological severity, myonecrosis, and edema were observed. Curcumin compensated for hemodynamic fluctuations, restored biochemical markers, preserved antioxidant capacity, decreased cytokines levels, and restored cardiac functionality. However, the AM630 pre-treatment attenuated the effects of curcumin. The data suggest the involvement of CB2R in the actions of curcumin such as in the prevention of myocardial stress and in the improvement of the normal status of the myocardial membrane associated with diabetes.

Study of the acute and repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity in mice treated with PT-31, a molecule with a potential antipsychotic profile

Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder that affects 1% of the world population and is treated with antipsychotics, which may induce important biochemical and hematological alterations. Since it is necessary to verify the safety of new molecules with antipsychotic potential, the present study aimed to evaluate the oral toxicity of PT-31, a putative α2-adrenoreceptor agonist, after acute (2000 mg/kg) and repeated doses (28 days) gavage treatment, in three different doses: minimum effective dose in animal models (10 mg/kg), twice the dose (20 mg/kg), and four times the dose (40 mg/kg), as recommended by the OECD guidelines. Balb/C female adult mice were used, and biochemical, hematological, and histopathological analyses were performed. PT-31 10 and 20 mg/kg did not cause biochemical alterations related to hepatic and renal toxicity, and neither altered glycemic and lipid profiles. The preclinical dose of PT-31 also did not promote mice histopathological changes in the liver, kidney, and brain. In the hematimetric parameters, PT-31 only increased HGB at 20 mg/kg, and MCH and MCHC at 40 mg/kg. However, all the tested doses of PT-31 showed platelet increase, which must be better investigated. Therefore, further studies are needed to investigate the safety of PT-31 as a potential antipsychotic drug.

IDF21-0523 Hemoglobin A1c prognosticates for dyslipidemia: Correlation between lipid profile and HbA1c in diabetic heart disease

Background: Diabetes is one of the main non-communicable diseases with alarming prevalence in the world, including in Algeria. Diabetes is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia accompanied by a metabolic disorder of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. A level of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5% was included as a diagnostic criterion for diabetes. The altered lipid profile is commonly present in type 2 diabetes. Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have an increased prevalence of dyslipidemia, which contributes to their high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Sphingolipid changes in Parkinson L444P GBA mutation fibroblasts promote α-synuclein aggregation.

Intraneuronal accumulation of aggregated α-synuclein is a pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease. Therefore, mechanisms capable of promoting α-synuclein deposition bear important pathogenetic implications. Mutations of the glucocerebrosidase 1 (GBA) gene represent a prevalent Parkinson’s disease risk factor. They are associated with loss of activity of a key enzyme involved in lipid metabolism, glucocerebrosidase, supporting a mechanistic relationship between abnormal α-synuclein–lipid interactions and the development of Parkinson pathology.In this study, the lipid membrane composition of fibroblasts isolated from control subjects, patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease and Parkinson's disease patients carrying the L444P GBA mutation (PD-GBA) was assayed using shotgun lipidomics.The lipid profile of PD-GBA fibroblasts differed significantly from that of control and idiopathic Parkinson’s disease cells. It was characterized by an overall increase in sphingolipid levels. It also featured a significant increase in the proportion of ceramide, sphingomyelin and hexosylceramide molecules with shorter chain length and a decrease in the percentage of longer-chain sphingolipids. The extent of this shift was correlated to the degree of reduction of fibroblast glucocerebrosidase activity. Lipid extracts from control and PD-GBA fibroblasts were added to recombinant α-synuclein solutions. The kinetics of α-synuclein aggregation were significantly accelerated after addition of PD-GBA extracts as compared to control samples. Amyloid fibrils collected at the end of these incubations contained lipids, indicating α-synuclein–lipid co-assembly. Lipids extracted from α-synuclein fibrils were also analysed by shotgun lipidomics. Data revealed that the lipid content of these fibrils was significantly enriched by shorter-chain sphingolipids. In a final set of experiments, control and PD-GBA fibroblasts were incubated in the presence of the small molecule chaperone ambroxol. This treatment restored glucocerebrosidase activity and sphingolipid levels and composition of PD-GBA cells. It also reversed the pro-aggregation effect that lipid extracts from PD-GBA fibroblasts had on α-synuclein.Taken together, the findings of this study indicate that the L444P GBA mutation and consequent enzymatic loss are associated with a distinctly altered membrane lipid profile that provides a biological fingerprint of this mutation in Parkinson fibroblasts. This altered lipid profile could also be an indicator of increased risk for α-synuclein aggregate pathology.

Stress response of biomolecules (carbohydrate, protein and lipid profiles) in fresh water Major carp Catla catla exposed to Triphenyl phosphate

Plasticizers are the xenobiotics which have attracted the attention in recent days due to their extensive use in commercial applications and growing concern of potential threat they pose to human health and ecosystem. Triphenyl phosphate (TPP), is an organophosphate flame retardant widely used as a plasticizer in hydraulic fluids, lacquers and varnishes, which is highly toxic to non – target organisms. Fish has been used as indicator species for aquatic pollution. Catla catla an Indian major carp is an edible fish and is highly sensitive to slight stress. Recently, fish biomarkers are widely used to determine the impact caused to aquatic ecosystem by release of these chemicals. Catla catla were exposed to sublethal concentrations (0.25mg/ l , 0.5 mg/l and 1 mg/l) of TPP to determine the alterations in the biomolecules (protein, carbohydrate and lipid profiles) in tissues (gill, muscle and intestine). Significant alterations in the protein, carbohydrate and lipid profiles in tissues were observed which are indications of severe cellular damage in tissues of respective organs of TPP treated fish. The results of the present investigation suggest that gill, muscle and intestine exposed to Sub lethal concentrations (0.25mg/l , 0.5 mg/l and 1 mg/l) of TPP were adversely affected with increasing concentration of toxicant which are highlighted by significant alterations in protein, carbohydrate and lipid profiles. Thus, the study can be effectively used as a potential biomarker for monitoring of organophosphorus plasticizer in aquatic environment. Further, TPP should be used with caution to protect natural waters and aquatic organisms.

Effects of dietary phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin on DSS-induced colitis by regulating metabolism and gut microbiota in mice

Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases tend to show alteration of lipid profiles. It remains unknown whether dietary intake with specific lipids, such as phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM), have distinguishable effects against IBD. Here, a preclinical study using dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice model was applied to explore/compare the effects by PC, and SM. Results showed that PC treatment (p.o., 30 mg/kg b.w., 15 d) exerted higher inhibitory activity than the same dosage of SM supplementation on colonic tissue lesions and pro-inflammatory cytokines expressions induced by DSS. Integrative analysis of the metabolome and microbiome indicated that PC and SM supplementation could modulate endogenous tryptophan metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, purine metabolism, bile secretion, as well as vitamin digestion and absorption, closely correlated with their regulation on the abundance of Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium, Dubosiella, Turicibacter, and Parasutterella communities in the gut. Based on these data, PC is a more promising candidate for preventing colitis than SM. Our findings provided a scientific foundation for further clinical research to screen more efficient dietary intervention strategy for colitis prevention.

Transcription factor 7-like 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms rs290487 and rs290481 are associated with dyslipidemia in the Balinese population.

BackgroundDyslipidemia is one of the major risks for the development of cardiovascular diseases which has been the leading cause of death in developing countries. Previously, common polymorphisms of the transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene have been associated with altered lipid profiles. In this study, we investigated the associations of TCF7L2 SNPs, rs290487 and rs290481, with dyslipidemia and altered lipid profile in the Balinese.MethodsA total of 565 subjects from four locations in the Bali Province, Indonesia, were recruited. Serum lipid concentrations (triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC)) were measured using standard protocol. SNP genotyping was done using the amplification refractory system mutation polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) method.ResultsWe found the shifted major/minor allele frequencies of both SNPs (0.56 for rs290487 T allele, 0.53 for rs290481 T allele) in the Balinese, as compared to dbSNP. The rs290487 and rs290481 C alleles were significantly associated with dyslipidemia, particularly high TC and high LDL-C. These associations were independent of age, sex, population, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and high TyG index as a proxy for insulin resistance. The haplotype CC also showed similar association with these traits. Our findings indicate that TCF7L2 polymorphisms are associated with dyslipidemia and altered lipid profile in the Balinese.

ANTIDIABETIC AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF POLYHERBAL FORMULATION IN ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETIC WISTAR RAT

Objective: To investigate the effect of polyherb (formulated by some plants) on physiological, biochemical alterations and oxidative stress induced by experimental diabetes in rats.&#x0D; Materials and methods: Twenty female albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=5); Control, Polyherb, diabetic rats and Diabetic rats treated with polyherb. All types of treatments were given to rats orally for 21 days.&#x0D; Results: In vitro phytochemical analysis results revealed that polyherb contains phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins and steroids. In vivo results, in diabetic group showed an alteration in lipid profile and biochemical parameters. While, results showed an increase in MDA level and a decrease in GSH and SOD levels compared to control. Moreover, the hematological parameters revealed that Diabetes induce a significant diminution (P&lt;0.01) of RBC, MCV and HCT levels. In the other hand, histopathological analysis noted an alteration in pancreas tissues of diabetic rats group compared to control. However, treatment of Diabetic rats by Polyherb ensured a partial amelioration and correction of the previous parameters.&#x0D; Conclusion: Use of Polyherb appears to be the dominant limited of development and complications of diabetes which can have a benefic effect against others diseases which oxidative stress plays an important role.

119 Randel Lectureship: The Role of Maternal Nutrition in Developmental Programming Using a Sheep Model

Abstract Appropriate nutrition during gestation is critical for optimal fetal development and life-long health. Poor nutrition during gestation, defined as excess or restricted nutrition, can lead to altered growth and metabolic dysregulation in the offspring. Using a sheep model, we have demonstrated that both restricted- and over-feeding alter offspring growth, impair muscle growth, increase fat accumulation, alter circulating growth and metabolic hormones, and alter mRNA expression of genes involved in myogenesis, lipogenesis, inflammation, and glycogen metabolism. More importantly, these negative impacts of poor maternal nutrition persist through adulthood, and can be passed to subsequent generations. Using omics approaches, we have begun to elucidate the mechanisms by which maternal diet impacts developmental programming and contributes to these persistent effects. In offspring from restricted-fed mothers, fetal liver and muscle morphology demonstrated impaired growth and alterations in key metabolites in methionine, betaine, and bile salt pathways. In offspring from both restricted- and over-fed mothers, global metabolomics demonstrated altered lipid and protein metabolism profiles. These changes in metabolites likely contribute to maternal programming of offspring growth and metabolism including efficiency of energy utilization. In addition to changes in key genes involved in growth, lipid accretion, and protein synthesis, preliminary studies suggest these persistent effects may be due to changes epigenetic regulation in offspring. Using the sheep model of both restricted- and over-feeding we, and others, have demonstrated that the negative effects of poor maternal nutrition affect multiple key metabolic tissues during fetal development and that these changes persist into maturity. Therefore, the focus of our current studies is to determine the multigenerational impacts of poor maternal nutrition on offspring growth and health and elucidate the mechanisms that contribute to these persistent changes.

A study to investigate variations in biochemical and nutritional profile among severely wasted children on medical nutrition therapy: a hospital-based study

Aim and objectivesTo study variations in biochemical and nutritional profile among children with severe thinness receiving medical nutrition therapy.MethodsThis study was conducted in 52 children of age between 5 and 12 years in Paediatric ward at Tertiary Care Centre over the period of 18 months. Serial anthropometry and blood collection was done on enrolment, 8 weeks and 6 months. Samples were analysed for serum lipid profile, calcium, magnesium, malondialdehyde and vitamin C levels.ResultsOn enrolment all subjects had insufficient vitamin C levels, increased malondialdehyde levels, micronutrient deficiencies and altered lipid profile with less than desirable cholesterol, borderline HDL, severely low LDL and acceptable triglyceride levels. Subjects were started on MNT, i.e. indigenously prepared Ready-to-use therapeutic food. At 8 weeks, MNT improved vitamin C levels (91.1%) and 80% subjects had normalised malondialdehyde values and improvement in micronutrients with cholesterol (desirable in 44.4%), HDL (desirable in 51.1%), LDL values (acceptable in 24.4%) and triglyceride (high in 20.5%). At 6 months, subjects maintained vitamin C values to sufficient (81.5%) with normalising of MDA in 81.8% of subjects and with cholesterol (desirable in 55%), HDL (desirable in 33.1%) LDL (acceptable in 22.1%), and triglyceride (acceptable in 60%) and maintaining of micronutrients within normal ranges. 33.33% subjects showed improvement to thinness at the end of 6 months, while 44% subjects became normal by the end of study.ConclusionMNT or Ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) is effective in treating acute malnutrition and promoted as the treatment of choice for children in age group of 5–12 years.

Impact of Lifestyle Modifications on Alterations in Lipid and Glycemic Profiles and Uric Acid Values in a Pediatric Population.

Cardiometabolic risk factors are frequent in children and adolescents with excess weight. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of lifestyle modifications on alterations in lipid and glycemic profiles and uric acid values in a pediatric population at increased cardiovascular risk. The study involved 276 subjects with a mean age of 10.6 (2.3) years. Body mass index (BMI) z-score and biochemical parameters (serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and uric acid and homeostasis model assessment to quantify insulin resistance (HOMA index)) were assessed at baseline and at the end of a median follow-up of 14.7 (12.4, 19.3) months. Throughout follow-up, all children received a non-pharmacological treatment based on increased physical activity, reduced sedentary activity and administration of a personalized, healthy and balanced diet. All children attended periodic quarterly control visits during follow-up. Multivariable statistical analyses showed that each BMI z-score point reduction at follow-up was associated with an 8.9 (95% CI −14.2; −3.6) mg/dL decrease in LDL cholesterol (p = 0.001), 20.4 (95% CI −30.0; −10.7) mg/dL in triglycerides (p < 0.001), 1.6 (95% CI −2.2; −1.0) in HOMA index (p < 0.001), and 0.42 (95% CI −0.66; −0.18) mg/dL in uric acid (p = 0.001) values. At each reduction of the BMI z-score by one point, the odds of presenting with insulin resistance and hyperuricemia at follow-up significantly decreased (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.10–0.50, and OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.10–0.95, p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Improvement of dietary habits and lifestyles may improve lipid and glycemic profiles and serum uric acid values in a pediatric population.

Effects of gestational exposure to bisphenol A on the hepatic transcriptome and lipidome of rat dams: Intergenerational comparison of effects in the offspring

Our previous studies demonstrated that prenatal bisphenol A (BPA) exposure affected the hepatic transcriptome and lipidome in rat offspring in a sex- and age-dependent manner. In this study, we investigated the effects of gestational exposure to BPA on the rat dams, after weaning period, and compared them with those of their offspring. Our results showed alterations in hepatic transcriptome related to insulin signaling, circadian rhythm, and infectious disease pathways in BPA-treated dams even 4 weeks after the exposure, whereas slight modifications on the lipid profile were found. Alterations in lipid and transcriptome profiles were more prominent in the prenatally BPA-exposed offspring at postnatal day (PND) 1 and 21 than those in the dams, suggesting that in utero exposure to BPA is more serious than exposure in the adulthood. Cryptochrome-1 (Cry1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (Ppard) were commonly altered in both dams and offspring. Nevertheless, the results of DIABLO (Data Integration Analysis for Biomarker discovery using Latent cOmponents), showed that multi-omics data successfully distinguished the exposed dams from the corresponding controls and their offspring with a high level of accuracy. The accuracy rates in BPA50 models (including control and 50 μg BPA/kg bw/day exposed groups) were smaller than those in BPA5000 models (control and 5000 μg BPA/kg bw/day exposed groups), suggesting dose-dependent severity in BPA effects. Palmitic acid and genes related to circadian rhythm, insulin responses, and lipid metabolism (e.g., 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 2 (Agpat2), B-cell CLL/lymphoma 10 (Bcl10), Cry1, Harvey rat sarcoma virus oncogene (Hras), and NLR family member X1 (Nlrx1)) were identified through DIABLO models as novel biomarkers of effects of BPA across two generations.

Multiple categories of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric PM2.5 associated with changes in lipid profiles: A longitudinal study in Beijing

Lipid disorder has been demonstrated to be a key biomarker for many chronic diseases, and PM2.5 is emerging as a risk factor for altered lipid profiles. However, few studies have focused on changes in comprehensive lipid indices caused by PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure in the older adult population. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between multiple categories of PAHs and lipid profiles. This longitudinal study including 98 adults was conducted in Beijing, China, from November 2016 to January 2018. PAHs were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the ion monitoring mode. Multiple categories of PAHs were classified as low-molecular-weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs), high-molecular-weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs), carcinogenic PAHs (c-PAHs) and noncarcinogenic PAHs (nc-PAHs) based on their molecular weights and carcinogenicity potentials. Linear mixed-effects models were used to explore the association between multiple categories of PAHs and lipid profiles, including single-pollutant, two-pollutant, and constituent-residual models. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were significantly decreased by 1.00% (95% CI, −1.98% to −0.30%) to 9.52% (95% CI, −13.93% to −4.88%) in association with a 10-ng/m3 increase in moving averages of the multiple categories of PAHs. In addition, significant increases in the total cholesterol (TG), castelli risk indices I and II (CRI-I and II), atherogenic coefficient (AC) and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) of 2.02% (95% CI, 0.10%–5.13%) to 40.49% (95% CI, 13.88%–73.33%) were found, associated with a 10-ng/m3 increase in multiple categories of PAHs. Our findings suggest that exposure to multiple categories of PAHs may disturb proatherogenic lipid profiles. Further studies are needed to investigate the potential mechanism by which PAHs disturb lipid metabolism.

Effect of Brazil Nuts on Selenium Status, Blood Lipids, and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.

Tree nuts, including Brazil nuts, have been hypothesized to impact cardiovascular health through the modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Nonetheless, a quantitative analysis of these effects has not been performed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to systematically revise and quantify the effect of Brazil nut intervention on selenium status, blood lipids, and biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation using a meta-analytical approach. To meet the goals of this study, a systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases of published randomised clinical trials reporting on dietary interventions with Brazil nuts and their effects on selenium status, blood lipids, and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation was performed. Eight articles were included for systematic review and meta-analysis. Based on the conducted analysis, a significant positive effect of Brazil nuts on selenium blood concentration (SMD = 6.93, 95% CI: 3.99; 9.87) was found. Additionally, a positive effect of Brazil nut intervention on glutathione peroxidase activity (SMD = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.07; 0.99) was observed. However, no significant results were found when considering blood lipid levels, including results for total cholesterol (SMD = −0.22, 95% CI: −0.57; 0.14), HDL cholesterol (SMD = −0.04, 95% CI: −0.28; 0.19) and LDL cholesterol (SMD = −0.15; 95% CI: −0.43; 0.13). In conclusion, the findings from this study suggest that Brazil nut consumption improves selenium status and exerts antioxidant effects, which could be considered a potential pathway for the prevention of metabolic disorders related to altered blood lipid profiles. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the effect of Brazil nuts toward blood lipid profile, also preferably controlling for other biomarkers.