Alterations In Biochemical Parameters Research Articles

Ameliorative Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid, Quercetin and Ascorbic Acid Against Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induced Hepatic Damage: In Vivo

The current study envisioned to evaluate time related protective effect of quercetin, alpha lipoic acid and ascorbic acid on liver of mice against sub-acute exposure of zinc oxide (ZnO-NP) nanoparticle. Male Swiss albino mice (n=72) were randomly divided into eight groups (n=9, each group). G1 received saline solution 0.9%; G2 received quercetin (100 mg/kg b.w); G3 received alpha lipoic acid (100 mg/kg b.w); G4 received ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg b.w); G5 received ZnO-NPs (50 mg/kg b.w); G6 received ZnO-NPs with quercetin; G7 received ZnO-NPs with Alpha lipoic acid and G8 co-treated with ZnO-NPs and ascorbic acid for 21 consecutive days. Body weight, hepatosomatic index and plasma biochemical parameters (total protein, albumin, globulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoproteins, low density lipoprotein, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase & bilirubin) were estimated. ZnO showed significant increase in body weight and cause alterations in all biochemical parameters. Co-administration of quercetin (100 mg/kg b.w), alpha lipoic acid and ascorbic acid daily along with ZnO-NPs, significantly ameliorate the dramatic alteration in biochemical parameters and hepatocellular necrosis caused by ZnO nanoparticles. Brine shrimp larvae cytotoxicity assay of ZnO nanoparticles showed 0% mortality. Present study concluded that all three active ingredients showed hepatoprotective effects against nanoparticles induced time dependent toxicity.

Microbiota composition in the lower respiratory tract is associated with severity in patients with acute respiratory distress by influenza

Several factors are associated with the severity of the respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus. Although viral factors are one of the most studied, in recent years the role of the microbiota and co-infections in severe and fatal outcomes has been recognized. However, most of the work has focused on the microbiota of the upper respiratory tract (URT), hindering potential insights from the lower respiratory tract (LRT) that may help to understand the role of the microbiota in Influenza disease. In this work, we characterized the microbiota of the LRT of patients with Influenza A using 16S rRNA sequencing. We tested if patients with different outcomes (deceased/recovered) and use of antibiotics differ in their microbial community composition. We found important differences in the diversity and composition of the microbiota between deceased and recovered patients. In particular, we detected a high abundance of opportunistic pathogens such as Granulicatella, in patients either deceased or with antibiotic treatment. Also, we found antibiotic treatment correlated with lower diversity of microbial communities and with lower probability of survival in Influenza A patients. Altogether, the loss of microbial diversity could generate a disequilibrium in the community, potentially compromising the immune response increasing viral infectivity, promoting the growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria that, together with altered biochemical parameters, can be leading to severe forms of the disease. Overall, the present study gives one of the first characterizations of the diversity and composition of microbial communities in the LRT of Influenza patients and its relationship with clinical variables and disease severity.

LAMBDA CYHALOTHRIN INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS ON BRAIN TISSUES OF RATTUS NORVEGICUS AND ITS AMELIORATION BY GREEN TEA EXTRACT

Lambda cyhalothrin is one of the most important agricultural pesticides extensively used around the world. Pyrethroids are specially recommended insecticides as they have low mammalian toxicity, but they are known to cause an alteration in biochemical parameters and affect the oxidative status of the body through producing free radicals. However, it has been found that some herbal extracts can ameliorate the toxicity induced by the pesticides and other chemicals but the search for such compounds will always be an urgent need to achieve the optimum degree of amelioration. For this purpose, the present study was designed to evaluate the oxidative stress produced by lambda cyhalothrin, a synthetic type-II pyrethroid and ameliorating effect of green tea extract in albino rats.

LAMBDA CYHALOTHRIN INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS ON BRAIN TISSUES OF RATTUS NORVEGICUS AND ITS AMELIORATION BY GREEN TEA EXTRACT

Lambda cyhalothrin is one of the most important agricultural pesticides extensively used around the world. Pyrethroids are specially recommended insecticides as they have low mammalian toxicity, but they are known to cause an alteration in biochemical parameters and affect the oxidative status of the body through producing free radicals. However, it has been found that some herbal extracts can ameliorate the toxicity induced by the pesticides and other chemicals but the search for such compounds will always be an urgent need to achieve the optimum degree of amelioration. For this purpose, the present study was designed to evaluate the oxidative stress produced by lambda cyhalothrin, a synthetic type-II pyrethroid and ameliorating effect of green tea extract in albino rats.

A novel herbal combination ameliorates ovarian dysfunction and regulates altered biochemical parameters in rats with letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome

Objective: To investigate the potential activity of novel herbal combination and novel herbal formulation (syrup) in female Sprague Dawley rats with letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Methods: Forty-two rats were randomly divided into seven groups with six rats in each group. Group 1 received 0.5% carboxy methylcellulose orally for 37 days and served as the normal control group. Group 2 was orally administered with letrozole of 1 mg/kg for 21 days and served as the PCOS induction group without treatment. Group 3 to 7 were administered with letrozole of 1 mg/kg for 21 days orally to induce PCOS, and then respectively received clomiphene citrate at 1 mg/kg, 100 and 200 mg/kg of novel herbal combination, 200 mg/kg of novel herbal formulation (syrup), and 400 mg/kg of marketed formulation of Pushyanuga churna, once daily for 15 days. Effects of the novel herbal combination and its syrup formulation were evaluated on the hormonal profile, the levels of antioxidants, the lipid profile and on the ovarian morphology, using letrozole-induced PCOS model in rats.Results: Letrozole caused alterations in hormonal levels and lipid levels similar to PCOS and ovarian histology showed presence of ovarian cysts confirming the induction of PCOS in rats. On treatment with the novel herbal combination and its syrup formulation in PCOS-induced rats, the altered hormonal and lipid profiles showed significant recovery to normal levels. Ovarian histology confirmed the restoration of folliculogenesis in the PCOS-induced rats. The treatment with the syrup formulation of novel herbal combination was found to be more effective than novel herbal combination and showed better recovery in various parameters evaluated. The results of the study, however, suggested that treatment with novel herbal combination and its syrup formulation provided minimal protection against oxidative stress caused due to the induction of PCOS.Conclusions: The integrated approach for management of PCOS is to counterbalance the limitations associated with modern therapy. Both the novel herbal combination and the syrup formulation of novel herbal combination show efficacy in the management of PCOS in rats and restore folliculogenesis in the ovary. The syrup formulation of novel herbal combination is most effective in the management of PCOS and shows potential to be developed as an adjuvant therapeutic agent.

EFFECTS OF NAUCLEA HATIFOLIA ON OXIDATIVE STRESS IN WISTER ALBINO RATS IN CRUDE OIL TOXICITY

The study investigated oxidative stress in rats and the effects of Nauclea hatifolia in crude oil toxicity. Crude oil toxicity created significant inhibition (p<0.05) of antioxidant enzymes(superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) but activated catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde(MDA) levels in hepatic cells when compared with control. Crude oil toxicity also inducedsignificant increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) andalanine phosphatase (ALP) in the serum. The alteration of antioxidant enzymes and other liverparameters may be attributed to oxidative stress and adaptive response. The rats that weresimultaneously treated with crude oil and N. hatifolia stem bark extract however, maintained or recorded relatively no significant (p>0.05) alteration in biochemical parameters in the serum and hepatic cells when compared with control. These non-significant (p>0.05) alteration may be attributed to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of N. hatifolia which may explain the probable therapeutic and protective role of N. hatifolia in crude oil toxicity.

Hexokinase Activator Attenuates Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Endothelial Dysfunction in HFF-STZ-Induced Diabetic Rat

Hexokinase is an enzyme involved in the glucose metabolism pathway. Magnesium is an inherent cofactor of the Hexokinase enzyme. The plethora of literature suggested that hexokinase level was decreased in diabetic rats. Sodium metavanadate shows insulin-mimetic action. We designed this work to determine the effect of magnesium on diabetes and associated vascular complications in rats. Type-2 diabetes was induced by a high-fat diet and a low dose of streptozotocin.. Diabetic rats were divided into groups, i.e. normal, diabetic, magnesium sulfate, sodium metavanadate, a combination of glibenclamide and metformin, a variety of sodium metavanadate with glibenclamide and metformin, and a combination of magnesium sulfate with glibenclamide and metformin. Magnesium sulfate was used as a hexokinase activator. Blood glucose levels were measured before initiation, between, and after 4 weeks of treatment. Biochemical and tissue parameters were estimated for additional confirmation. A vascular study took the contractile response of hydrogen peroxide in rat thoracic aortas of different groups. Statistical comparisons between groups were performed by two-tailed one-way ANOVA followed by the Dunnett test. P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Treatment with magnesium sulfate and sodium metavanadate (S.M.V.) alone and in combination significantly (p<0.05) modified the elevated blood glucose and various altered biochemical parameters in diabetic rats. Treatment showed a significant decrease (p < 0.001) n elevated contractile responses of hydrogen peroxide in thoracic aortas of diabetic rats Vs Normal Control). Hexokinase activation by magnesium and sodium metavanadate significantly reduced (** p < 0.01) diabetes as well as vascular complications.

Electron microscopy study on the transport of lead oxide nanoparticles into brain structures following their subchronic intranasal administration in rats

White outbred female rats were exposed intranasally to 50-µL of suspension of lead oxide nanoparticles (PbO NPs) at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL thrice a week during six weeks. A control group of rats was administered deionized water in similar volumes and conditions. The developed intoxication was manifested by altered biochemical and cytochemical parameters, as well as behavioral reactions of animals. Using electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques, we revealed deposition of PbO NPs in the olfactory bulb, but not in basal ganglia, and an increase in the number of axons with damage to the myelin sheath in the tissues of olfactory bulb and basal ganglia, changes in the ultrastructure of mitochondria of neurons in the tissues of olfactory bulb and basal ganglia of the brain, and differences in the mitochondrial profile of neurons in different regions of the rat brain. Our results collectively suggest that the central nervous system may be a target of low-level toxicity of lead oxide nanoparticles.

Environment friendly green synthesis method based natural bioactive functional “catechin and gingerol” loaded nanomedicine for the management of obesity

Obesity is one of the major health problems across the world and the leading cause of death. Natural bioactive functional compounds (catechin, Cat and gingerol, Gin) have been reported to control obesity. The application of a nanoparticulate (NPs) delivery system has shown greater efficacy in the treatment of different diseases. The present study was designed to prepare the Cat-Gin silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the microwave method. The prepared Cat-Gin-AgNPs were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and drug release. Further, it was evaluated for anti-obesity activity (body weight, total abdominal fat, lipid profile and liver profile) using a high-fed diet (HFD) induced obesity model. The formulated Cat-Gin-AGNPs showed nano-metric size (110 ± 4.65 nm), polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.27 ± 0.03, and surface charge (−17.6 ± 2.6 mV) with a spherical shape. It also depicted high encapsulation efficiency (<80 %) with prolonged drug release behaviour (Cat – 84.34 ± 4.12 % and Gin – 72.33 ± 3.87 %). The in vivo study parameters revealed a significant (p ≤ 0.001) reduction in body weight, food intake and total abdominal fat. The biochemical results displayed a reversal in altered biochemical parameters to the normal range (Group 4) as compared to HFD control (Group 2). It also helps restored the liver enzymes in obese rats. The results of the study highlighted the applicability of Cat-Gin-AGNPs as a novel delivery system in the treatment of obesity.

Cyclophosphamide Induces Hepatorenal Toxicity and Attenuation by 5-fluorouracil in Male Albino Rats

Background: Cyclophosphamide (CPA) induces acute inflammation of the urinary bladder, renal damage, and liver damage, thereby limiting its therapeutic use. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the hepatorenal toxicity induced by cyclophosphamide and amelioration by 5-fluorouracil in male albino rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight male adult rats were grouped randomly into four groups (n=5 for each group). Group I (control): Rats were injected with saline intraperitoneally and at a dose of 1.0 ml/kg b.w. for 14 days. Group II cyclophosphamide (CPA): Cyclophosphamide at a dose of 10 mg/kg day by day through i.p. to rats for 14 days. Group III Fluorouracil (5-FU): 5-Fluorouracil at a dose of 10 mg/kg day by day in saline was given through i.p. to rats for 14 days. Group IV (CPA+5-FU): Rats were given CPA followed by 5-FU at a dose of 10 mg/kg per day (day by day) through i.p. to rats for 14 days. At the end of the experimental period, rats were anesthetized using light ether. Blood samples were taken and prepared for biochemical measurements. Results: Serum total protein, albumin, and globulin concentration significantly reduced in animal groups that received cyclophosphamide. 5-FU and CPA combination reduced the changes in total protein, albumin, and globulin compared to CPA treated group. A significant increase in LDH serum concentration was found in CPA, 5-FU, and their combination-treated animals. The mean values of the combination of chemotherapy were above that in CPA followed by 5-FU treatment. Administration of CPA, 5-FU resulted in a significant increase in serum AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin compared to the control. Co-treatment 5-FU with CPA significantly attenuated the increase in serum AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin when compared to CPA – treated rats. Compared to controls, urea and creatinine levels were increased in CPA-treated rats, while uric acid was reduced in CPA, 5-FU, and their combination. The changes in urea and creatinine produced by the chemotherapy were restored when rats received CPA in combination with 5-FU. Conclusion: It could be concluded that the treatment of mammals with chemotherapy is associated with the production of free radicals that lead to hazardous alterations in biochemical parameters. However, 5-FU and CPA combination could produce a significant amelioration in most cases for these changes, and it may be considered as a potentially useful candidate in the combination chemotherapy with CPA to combat oxidative stress-mediated non-target organ injury even if it was not complete protection. Future work should consider combined chemotherapy regimens, as two or more mechanisms of action of chemotherapeutic drugs could be more powerful than one mechanism. Toxicological studies must be performed before using drugs as a combination before application. Further research is required on the toxicological impacts of drugs and pollutants mixtures.

Effect of Cypermethrin on Blood Hematology and Biochemical Parameters in Fresh Water Fish Ctenopharyngodon idella (Grass Carp)

The insecticide, cypermethrin, adversely affects biochemical parameters in blood and behavior in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish were obtained from hatchery, reared in the laboratory. Different concentration of cypermethrin were applied. Blood was collected and hematological and biochemical parameters were measured. Biochemical parameters such as, protein levels, cholesterol, phosphorous and calcium in both acute and chronically cypermethrin treated groups decreased, with increasing exposure time from 24h to 15 days with more pronounced effects in the acute groups. Increased glucose, urea, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), creatinine, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were found in both acute and chronic groups with the increasing exposure time. Hematological parameters, such as red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MHCH), and red cell distribution width (RDW) were significantly reduced in both groups as the exposure time increases. However, the numbers of white blood cells (WBC) and platelets were increased. This study established both the acute and chronic toxicity of cypermethrin in grass carp, which likely occurs secondary to altered biochemical and blood parameters.

Biochemical Parameters as Prognostic Markers in Severely Ill COVID-19 Patients.

BackgroundPrognostication plays a pivotal role in critical care medicine. Its importance is indisputable in the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as the presentation of this disease may vary from docile, self-limiting symptoms to lethal conditions. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, much emphasis was initially placed on molecular and serological testing. However, it was realized later that routine laboratory tests also provide key information in terms of the severity of the disease and thus could be used to predict the outcome of these patients.MethodologyThe aim of our study was to evaluate the biochemical parameters as prognostic markers in severely ill COVID-19 patients. We carried out a retrospective, case-control study. The study population was comprised of all severely ill COVID-19 patients admitted between October 2020 and January 2021 at our level 3 COVID hospital. Cases were defined as the patients who expired despite treatment and all resuscitative measures as per the standard operating procedures (SOPs) of our COVID intensive care unit (ICU) while controls were defined as the patients that were transferred out of the COVID ICU for further recovery. The detailed history, findings of physical examination, vitals recorded by point of care testing (POCT) devices at our ICU, clinical diagnosis, and the results of the biochemical analysis were recorded in a specially designed pro forma. The biochemical parameters recorded at the time of admission were compared between the groups of controls and cases in order to evaluate their role as predictors of mortality using appropriate statistical methods. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. For all the parameters that showed a statistically significant difference, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was done to assess the utility of biochemical parameters as predictors of mortality or survival. Areas under the curve (AUCs) of 0.6 to 0.7, 0.7 to 0.8, 0.8 to 0.9, and >0.9 were considered acceptable, fair, good, and excellent for discrimination, respectively.ResultsOf the 178 severely ill COVID-19 patients enrolled in the study, 86 were controls and 92 were cases (52% mortality). Serum urea (p<0.0001), creatinine (p=0.0019), aspartate transaminase (AST) (p=0.0104), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (p=0.0001), procalcitonin (PCT) (p=0.0344), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) (p=0.0311) levels were significantly higher (p<0.05), while total protein (p=0.0086), albumin (p<0.0001), and indirect bilirubin (p=0.0147) levels were significantly lower (p<0.05) in cases as compared to controls. The difference was statistically insignificant (p>0.05) for serum sodium, potassium, total and direct bilirubin, globulin, alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), D-dimer, and ferritin. On ROC analysis, urea was fair (AUC=0.721), creatinine (AUC=0.698) and IL-6 (AUC=0.698) were acceptable predictors of mortality, while albumin (AUC=0.698) was an acceptable predictor of survival in severely ill COVID-19 patients during their intensive care stay.ConclusionUnderstanding the pathophysiological changes associated with the severity of COVID-19 in terms of an alteration of biochemical parameters is a pressing priority. Our study highlights the importance of routine laboratory tests in predicting outcomes in severely ill COVID-19 patients.

Effect of Spirulina (Formerly Arthrospira) Maxima against Ethanol-Induced Damage in Rat Liver

Spirulina (formerly Arthrospira) maxima (SP) is a cyanobacterium reported to have great nutritional and pharmacological potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protective properties of SP against ethanol-induced toxicity. Male Wistar rats were used in the study and subjected to a 70% partial hepatectomy (PH); they were then divided into five groups. During the experiment, animals in two groups drank an aqueous solution of ethanol (EtOH) (40%, v/v). Additionally, they were administered an SP extract daily at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight intragastrically. To explore possible mechanisms of action, we examined antioxidant defense enzymes, as well as serum biochemical parameters and histopathological changes in the liver. SP administration normalized elevated glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, in addition to increased catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzymes. Alterations in biochemical parameters were observed in the groups with PH treated with EtOH associated with a reduction in cholesterol and albumin levels, while glucose and triglyceride levels increased. The histological study supported the protective activity of SP, reducing apoptosis, necrosis, and congestion in the liver. Our findings demonstrated a protective effect of SP against EtOH that is related to less inflammation, a lesser antioxidant effect, and less free radical scavenging activity.

The role of Bax/Bcl-2 and Nrf2-Keap-1 signaling pathways in mediating the protective effect of boric acid on acrylamide-induced acute liver injury in rats

IntroductionThis study aims to investigate whether boric acid (BA) can protect rats from acrylamide (AA)-induced acute liver injury. Materials and methodsAA was used to induce acute liver injury. Thirty rats were divided into five group including Group 1 (saline), Group 2 (AA), Group 3 (20 mg/kg BA), Group 4 (10 mg/kg BA+AA) and Group 5 (20 mg/kg BA+AA). Their blood and liver were harvested to be kept for analysis. Liver function enzyme activities were performed by spectrophotometric method. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde levels were determined by colorimetric method. The in-silico studies were performed using the “blind docking” method. ResultsAdministration AA to rats, biochemical parameters, liver histology, and expression levels of apoptotic markers were negatively affected. However, after the administration of BA, the altered biochemical parameters, liver histology, and expression levels of apoptotic markers were reversed. Moreover, the mechanisms of AA-induced deterioration in the levels of SOD, CAT, and Nrf2-Keap-1 and the mechanisms of the protective effect of BA against these deteriorations were explained by in silico studies. ConclusionThus, the present study could explain the interactions between AA and thiol-containing amino acid residues of Keap-1, the effect of BA on these interactions, and the biochemical toxicity caused by the AA. In this sense, this work is the first of its kind in the literature. Based on the biochemical, histopathological, and in silico results, it can be suggested that BA has the potential to be used as a protective agent against AA-induced liver injury.

Effects of ethanol extracts of Diodia sarmentosa leaves on biochemical and histopathological indices of monosodium glutamate-induced uterine leiomyoma in rats

Background: Diodia sarmentosa leaves have gained application in the local treatment of certain ailments. This study evaluated the effect of ethanol extracts of Diodia sarmentosa leaves on biochemical, antioxidant, and histopathological indices of monosodium glutamate-induced uterine leiomyoma in albino rats. Methods: Twenty-one (21) female adult albino rats were acclimatized for 10 days and then classified into three treatment groups, each containing seven rats. Group 1 was the normal control (NC) without any induction, Group 2 was the positive control (PC) and was induced with 200 mg/kg body weight of monosodium glutamate (MSG) without treatment, and Group 3 was the treated group (TG), induced with 200 mg/kg body weight of MSG, then treated with 400 mg/kg body weight of ethanol extract of Diodia sarmentosa leaves for 30 days. Results: The results of the study showed an impaired antioxidant system in the positive control (untreated group). Some biochemical parameters were also altered in the positive control, mostly revealing a relationship between uterine leiomyoma and renal impairment, or kidney damage. Treatment with ethanol extracts of Diodia sarmentosa leaves significantly (P &lt; 0.05) improved the altered biochemical and antioxidant parameters. These findings were also supported by a histopathology result, which revealed the extent of tumors in the affected tissues. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Diodia sarmentosa (Sw) leaves mitigated oxidative stress and improved the impaired antioxidant system caused by uterine leiomyoma induction.

Chemical Composition and Valorization of Broccoli Leaf By-Products (Brassica oleracea L. Variety: Italica) to Ameliorate Reno-Hepatic Toxicity Induced by Gentamicin in Rats

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) is reported to possess antioxidant activity that could potentially prevent oxidative damage to tissues caused by many diseases. In the present study, we investigated the preventive effect of broccoli leaf by-product extract (BL) on gentamicin-induced renal and hepatic injury by measuring tissue antioxidant activities and morphological apoptotic changes. Broccoli leaf was thoroughly extracted with 70% methanol to yield the total methanol extract (TME). The total phenolic content (TPC) was determined. Thirty male rats were divided into five groups (six animals/group). Group I received phosphate-buffered saline orally, while group II was treated with gentamicin (100 mg/kg i.p. intraperitoneal) for ten days. Group III and group IV animals were given BL (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, respectively) plus gentamicin treatment. Group V received L-cysteine (1 mmole/kg) plus gentamicin. Antioxidant and biochemical parameters, such as transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, and urea, and mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) were determined in various groups, along with the quantification of inflammatory and apoptotic cells in hepatic and renal tissues. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were determined in liver and renal samples. Histopathological studies of the liver and kidneys were also carried out. The TME was subjected to various and repeated techniques of chromatography to yield caffeic acid, gallic acid, and methyl gallate. The TPC was 6.47 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent/g of dry extract. Gentamicin increased the levels of serum AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine, and urea. The MDA and GSH contents and theactivity levels of the antioxidant enzyme SOD decreased in liver and kidney samples with gentamicin administration. BL administration dose-dependently prevented the alteration in biochemical parameters and was supported by low levels of tubular and glomerular injuries induced by gentamicin. This study valorizes the potential of BL as a preventive candidate in cases of gentamicin-induced liver and kidney toxicity and recommends further clinical studies using BL to validate its utilization for human consumption and as a source of phenolics for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical purposes.

Effect of Teneligliptin, and Teneligliptin Combined with Gabapentin on Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Neuropathy in Albino Mice

Diabetic neuropathy is a nerve disorder manifested by different faceted condition affecting up to half of individuals with persistent diabetes. Symptoms associated with this disease such as nerve palsy, painful polyneuropathy, thoracoabdominal neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, diabetic amyotrophy, mononeuropathy multiplex, caused by motor, sensory, and autonomic nerve dysfunction which affects peripheral nervous system, gastrointestinal, pain receptors, urogenital, and cardiovascular system. In this study, type 2 diabetes was induced with alloxan in albino mice. After induction, drug treatment was initiated on the day 15, with different regimen on different group of mice that is teneligliptin, sitagliptin, combination of teneligliptin, and gabapentin. After investigation on day 21, 28, 35, and 42 found significantly improved glycemic control, paw jumping response, and grip strength (P &lt; 0.001). Mice treated with different regimen on day 21, 28, 35, and 42 were observed significant increase in blood protein (P &lt; 0.001). Alloxan caused marked nerve cell degeneration, teneligliptin and sitagliptin showed tissue regeneration and neutral effect on body weight. In the conclusion, treatment with teneligliptin and teneligliptin combined with gabapentin results an increase in pain sensitivity, grip strength, neural protection, and reverses the alteration of biochemical parameters but neutral effect on body weight in alloxan-induced type 2 diabetic mice.

Toxicological Effects of Malathion at Low Dose on Wister Male Rats With Respect to Biochemical and Histopathological Alterations

The toxicity of organophosphorus insecticides is considered a major global health problem, and the target of the toxic action of these compounds in humans and pests is the same. Malathion is the most commonly used organophosphate, and its danger lies in prolonged exposure to low doses. Based on a review of the literature, little is known about the toxicological and clinicopathological effects of low doses of malathion on animal enzyme activity, such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Furthermore, the histopathological changes in the organs being studied (liver, kidney, brain, and lung) in treated rats were described. Three groups of experimental animals were created (each with eight rats): two experimental groups and one control group. The first group of rats received a dose of 5 mg/kg malathion orally for 24 h, the second received a dose of 5 mg/kg malathion for 21 days, and the third served as a control. Surprisingly, ALP, GPT, GOT, and GST enzymatic activities increased significantly in both malathion-treated groups (24 h or 21 days), while those of AChE significantly decreased. The histopathological changes were minimal and almost negligible in rats treated with malathion for 24 h. However, multiple histopathological changes were reported in rats treated with malathion for 21 days, including focal hepatocellular necrosis, chronic pyelonephritis, cerebral malaria, interstitial pneumonia, and testicular degeneration. Interestingly, there was a direct correlation between the alterations in biochemical parameters and histopathological lesions with the prolonged time of low malathion dose administration in rats. The study highlights the importance of research involving malathion’s chronic toxicity by non-lethal low concentrations of malathion to which most people and animals are exposed, whether as residues in water, air, or food.

Primary stress response and biochemical profile of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) experimentally parasitized with Argulus bengalensis (Ramakrishna, 1951).

Argulosis is a major problem that causes huge economic loss in aquaculture. In a microcosm, an infested condition was developed upon Labeo rohita with 100 ± 10 adult morphs of Argulus bengalensis per fish. Primary stress response and biochemical profiles of the host were evaluated to underscore the pathogenicity of the parasites. Significant alterations in biochemical parameters were monitored at four different post-infestation time points: days 1, 3, 6 and 9. The overall increasing trends of both plasma cortisol and plasma epinephrine indicate parasite-induced primary stress response among experimental fish. The study revealed a hyperglycaemic trend throughout the infestation period, which has been correlated with hypoxia-associated glycogenolysis. Decreasing level of plasma cholesterol has also been correlated with the development of anaemia and subsequent hypoxia among the infested fish. Plasma protein of the experimental fish initially increases as an outcome of the immediate innate immune response against Argulus infestation, whereas the decrease in plasma protein at the later period of infestation results from less-dietary protein intake due to loss of appetite, reduced digestibility and metabolic proteolysis. Plasma Na+ concentration showed an overall decreasing trend throughout the infestation period, which may be due to excess production of catecholamine under stress. Nonetheless, plasma K+ concentration showed an increasing trend up to day 6 of infestation, and thereafter the value declined to the control level. Plasma ionic imbalances reflect changes in cell permeability under tissue hypoxia and the wounds produced on the skin for intensive feeding activity of the parasites. Both serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase activities were significantly elevated throughout the infestation period, which indicates excess synthesis or release of those enzymes from the damaged cells of the tissues. Activities of some renal, hepatic and branchial antioxidant enzymes, viz., superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase, increased in the infested fish. The fact is explained as an effort of the fish for gaining adaptive adjustment to neutralize the oxidative stress generated under the parasitic stress. The overall experimental result points towards the generation of potential stress upon host fish by this branchiuran parasite. The biochemical alterations of the fish under argulosis are centred around the two stress-sensitive hormones, cortisol and epinephrine. The outcome of the study will be the important physiological determinants in adopting a suitable control measure as well as assessing the nutritional value of the fish under diseased condition.

Efficacy and Safety of Kleeb Bua Daeng Formula in Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients: A Phase I Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were at increased risk of conversion to dementia. The Kleeb Bua Daeng (KBD) formula could be the alternative treatment option for MCI through multitarget activities. Lacking of clinical trial information brought about the study in our research. Forty patients with MCI were randomly assigned to receive the KBD capsule or placebo at a dose of 1,000 mg twice a day for three months. Their cognitive functions were monitored by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and blood chemistry assessment every one month. We found that the KBD-treated group had no significant differences in the MoCA test compared to placebo. Moreover, there was no alteration in biochemical parameters of the liver and renal function was observed which could confirm the safety of this KBD formula.