Altaic Research Articles

Причинно-следственные полипредикативные конструкции алтайского языка (на материале художественных и научных текстов)

The structural and semantic types of causal polypredicative constructions of the Altai language and their functioning in artistic and scientific texts are considered. The study material includes artistic works of famous Altai writers and scientific monographs of researchers of folklore and literature in the Altai language. Compared to other conditionality relations, causal relations in the Altai language are expressed by the widest variety of means, including monofinite and bifinite polypredicative constructions. In total, 23 models of causal polypredicative constructions have been identified, with 11 models found in scientific texts. With all the multiplicity of causal indicators, the basic coding tools are constructions with general causal semantics. In literary texts, in oral speech, such construction is a participial construction with a causal-purpose postposition učun ‘because of, for’, in scientific texts - a construction with the causal union neniŋ učun deze ‘because of.’ Depending on the actualization of the semantics of cause or effect, two semantic blocks are distinguished: causal and investigative. Causal constructions are divided into proper causal and non-causal constructions. The actual causal constructions represent real relations that objectively exist regardless of the subject of the action. They include constructions with general causal semantics that can be neutral or complicated by positive or negative evaluative semantics. Non-causal constructions include alternative motivation, emotional and physical response to a stimulus, with the meaning of sanctions and with an inferential meaning. Special attention is paid to constructions conveying mainly temporary, conditional, target, explanatory relations, and only sometimes causal relations.

Южно-кёнсанский консонантизм в контексте диалектов корейского языка и языков алтайской макросемьи

This paper compares the data of our acoustic study on the South Kyungsang Korean consonant system with information about consonants of other Korean language dialects (North Korean, Seoul Korean, and Jeju Korean) and languages of hypothetic Altaic language family (Turkic languages of Siberia: Altaic, Teleut, Telengit, Kumandin, Tubin, Chelkan, Shor, Baraba-Tatar, Yakut, Dolgan) found in the scientific literature. The purpose of this study was to reveal the specifics of the South Kyungsang Korean consonant system within the system of Korean dialects and in comparison with the languages of the Altaic language family using comparative and typological analysis. The material of our study includes 1050 Korean words recorded on a voice recorder from 10 speakers of South Kyungsang Korean. Following the methodology used at the Laboratory of experimental phonetic studies of the Institute of Philology, SB RAS, each word was pronounced by each of the informants four times. We analyzed only the second and the third repetitions in the computer program Speech Analyzer, taking into account the data of oscillograms, spectrograms, f0, and intensity. We have noticed the similarity of the South Kyungsang consonant system with the consonant system of North Korean dialects, suggesting that the South Kyungsang and North Korean dialects have preserved some elements of the ancient Korean language. In addition, we have found the similarity with some consonant systems of Turkic languages due to the opposition of noisy consonants on a quantitative basis and to the blurred boundaries between sonority and noisiness.

Сложные трехкомпонентные конструкции деепричастно-причастного типа в алтайском языке

Analytical constructions are common in the Altai language. The verbal analytic constructions are very diverse, including adverbial participle, participle, and infinitive ones. This paper examines three-component “adverbial participial - participial” constructions: adverbial participle on =p; auxiliary verbs of being in the participle form on =Ar and =GAn; and auxiliary verb bol= (to be) in different grammatical forms. Four subtypes of multi-component constructions were studied. The analysis revealed the analytical construction to be the most frequent, with the first component being the free verb adverbial participle and the second component represented by the verbs of being tur= (to stand), otur= (to sit) and d’at= (to lie), d’ür= (to walk), fully grammaticalized and appearing as =GAn, and the third component, the verb bol=, used as a service predicate bolor (probably) expressing a high probability of the action. The semantics of an analytical construction proved to depend on its semantic components. Each grammatical element contributes its shade depending on: a) what verb is used as the first free component; b) what auxiliary verb is used as the second component and what is the temporal form of the verb; c) the grammatical form of the modal verb bol=. The analytical constructions studied demonstrate the following pattern: if the form with =DY of the final component bol= takes on the personal affixes, then the meaning of the action credibility in the past does not come first, the meaning of the admonitive becomes apparent, expressing a warning to the addressee about possible negative actions.

Проблемы нормализации алтайских топонимов на русском языке

The paper deals with problematic aspects of the standardization of Altai toponyms of the Altai Republic in Russian. The State Catalogue of Geographical Names, legislative acts, topographical maps, and three guidelines for rendering Altai geographical names into Russian were used as research materials. The author considers revisions in different guidelines for rendering Altai geographical names into Russian, namely, the length of Altai vowel sounds, iotated vowels, and compound Altai toponyms. Different considerations are given with regard to the necessity of preserving the length of Altai vowels and on methods of transcribing the iotated vowels. It is noted that the spelling of compound Altai toponyms in Russian was closely connected for a long time with the problem of rendering compound Turkic toponyms into Russian in general. It is also noted that the spelling of compound Altai toponyms in the modern Altai language needs to be clarified. In addition, the author raises a question of the fused spelling of compound toponyms in the Altai language. The paper presents quantitative information about the Russian spelling of Altai toponyms with the phenomena in question. The study of guidelines mentioned above revealed a strong tendency to render linguistic specificity of Altai toponyms in Russian by means of practical transcription. The modern toponymy of the Altai Republic includes numerous geographical names non-compliant with the guideline in force. The spelling of these names reflects the evolving views on practical transcription, the evolution of the Altai alphabet and orthography.

The token mal 'cattle' in the Altai language in comparison with other Turkic and Mongolian languages

The token mal 'cattle' in the Altai language in comparison with other Turkic and Mongolian languages

Концепт ырыс ‛счастьеʼ в языковой картине мира алтайцев

The concept «yrys» in the linguistic worldview of the Altaians, as one of the Turkic peoples, is one of the defining characteristics of the spiritual and emotional essence of man.In the Altaic linguistic worldview, the concept «yrys», despite its ideological and psychological significance, has not been studied in Altaic linguistics. This article discusses the semantic and functional properties of the lexical units of the Altai language, which verbalize the idea of happiness among its speakers. The specific objectives of the study also include the analysis of linguacultural specifics and the semantic structure of the concept of happiness in the linguistic worldview of the Altaians.The concept yrys «happiness» is objectified in the Altai language by ready-made lexemes, phrase combinations from the lexico-phraseological system of the language; proverbs and sayings, structural and positional schemes 94Л.Н. Тыбыкова Turkic Studies Journal 1 (2022) 86-94of sentences that carry typical propositions (syntactic concepts); texts and collections of texts (if necessary, explication or discussion of the content of complex, abstract or individually – author’s concepts).Analysis of these values, as well as the values of this word presented in the dictionaries and in the surveys of informants, provides a reason to conclude that in the mentality of the Altaians, happiness is understood as luck and as a happy proportion when various life circumstances are successfully folded. The concept of «yrys» happiness is associated with the deep internal satisfaction of man with his life. The study of respondents makes it possible to conclude that modern Altaians have a clear idea of happiness and that education affects the hierarchy of the components of happiness. For the younger generation, love, mutual understanding and success are more important than Altaians of the older generation for health, prosperity and well-being

Pseudo-conditional patterns in Altai language

Pseudo-conditional patterns in Altai language

Čök/Sök Ritual in Altaic Shamanism from Ancient Turks to Present Day

The word čök which has only been found in Tepsey VI, Tuba II and one inscription from Adrianov’s collection, and has been interpreted differently by Turcologists such as Malov, Kyzlasov, Klyashtorny, Erdal, Orkun, Barutcu-Özönder and Aydın. In this study, the word čök identified in the Turkic runic texts of Siberia, and the associated ritual of libation have been evaluated as an ancient and common element in the Shamanism of Altaic peoples for the first time in Turcology. For this reason, traces of the concept have been searched in Tungus-Manchu, Korean and Mongolian as well as Turkic languages belonging to the Altaic language family. It has been emphasized that this word, which was recorded in different forms among Turkic and Mongolic peoples, can be an old and common Altaic word. In this way, the existence of Shamanism among the ancient Turks living in the Yenisei region has been exemplified with this word, and it’s been seen that this concept has been preserved until the 21st century in societies speaking Turkic, Mongolic and Manchu-Tungusic languages and perpetuating traditional Shamanism. And results of this research have been presented to the service of Turcology.

Диалектные названия посуды башкирского языка, восходящие к алтайской эпохе

This article discusses the Altai layer of names of dishes in the etymological aspect. The established volume of the article does not allow to analyze all the names of household vessels of 47М.Р. Валиева Turkic Studies Journal 2 (2022) 35-47the Bashkir language dating back to the Altaic era, therefore, polysemantic lexemes were chosen – ыҙыс/ыҙас ‘dishes’, күнәк ‘milk pail; bucket’, ҡупы ‘small bowl; bowl’, ҡap ‘bag, sack (matting); box, container, receptacle, case; cup, vessel; pod, shell, coating, rind, skin, scales (of reptiles); placenta’ and other cognates that refer to this ancient lexical stratum of the Turkic languages. Comparative historical studies, lexico-semantic, semantic-structural and etymological analyzes of the names of containers make it possible to discover ancient roots and foundations dating back to the reconstructed Altai forms, which are contained in the well-known dictionary of S.A. Starostin, A.V. Dybo, O.A. Mudrak «An Etymological Dictionary of Altaic Languages». Structurally, many household terms consist of monosyllabic and disyllabic roots. The Bashkir layer itself was formed on the basis of the ancient Turkic vocabulary, phonetic transitions, changes and derivational potential of the Bashkir language. Research on the original forms and etymons of modern names of dishes ыҙыс/ыҙас, күнәк, ҡупы, ҡапmade it possible to establish a chronological connection between the ancient Turkic, Proto-Turkic, Altai forms: ыҙыс < *ïðïš < *ēdiĺ ‘ware’; kүnәk < *kȫjnek ‘bucket, vessel’ < *k ̔ōńi – ‘ladle’; ҡap // ҡab(ы) // ҡуп(ы) < *qav, *kab and the Proto-Altaic form *k ̔àp ̔à in the meanings ‘box, package, chest, bag, vessel, dugout hollow tree, dugout boat’.Also the article pays special attention to the description of various areal and dialect semantics, everyday functions and forms of vessel names, which are recorded and stored in the card stock of the Linguistics Department of the Order of the Badge of Honor of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and are also presented in the consolidated «Dialectological Dictionary of the Bashkir Language» (see lit.). In addition, various dictionaries of the Turkic, Mongolian and Finno-Ugric languages, various dialectological studies, reports, scientific works on ethnography, folklore and multi-volume books of Bashkir folk art were used as comparative material.

Интонационное оформление диктальных вопросов со словом кем ‘кто’ в алтайском языке

This paper presents the experimental phonetic analysis of the Altai language intonation in terms of a communicative focus of the utterance. The interrogative intonation implementation was studied in sounding texts recorded from six informants, all representatives of the Altai-Kizhi dialect. In Altai, as in other Turkic languages, interrogative utterances are mainly expressed in lexical-grammatical and intonational ways. The first involves using interrogative pronouns such as kem “who,” ne “what,” kandyy “what, which,” kancha “how much,” and others, and the interrogative particle ba. The phonetic analysis revealed a wide intonational variability of dictum interrogative utterances with the interrogative pronoun kem. The intonation was found to depend on the interrogative word position. With kem at the beginning, the utterance has an even tone or is marked by an ascending-descending change in the frequency of the basic tone. With kem in the end, the ascending movement of the tone is observed, suggesting the utterance incompleteness and the expectation of the listener’s response. With kem in the middle position, a descending tone is observed, the intonational contour being wavelike: ascending-descending-ascending-descending. Overall, the intonational contour of questions with the word kem can be characterized as descending-rising, but with kem at the very end, the tone is ascending, the frequency difference of the basic tone in all the examples ranging from 5 to 7 pt. The next step will be to specify the trends identified by expanding the research corpus and describing the general pattern of intonation of dictum questions in statements with different interrogative words.

Lexical meanings and folklore interpretation of stones in Boris Ukachin's Poetry

The article is devoted to the study of the names of stones in the Altai language and its dialects; the lexical and semantic classification of stones is identified and described; folklore research and interpretation of stones in the literary texts of Altai writers, in particular in the poem by Boris Ukachin, is carried out. Based on the material of his poem, a historical and linguistic analysis of the ethnocultural vocabulary of the Altai language is given. The cult of stones is one of the most ancient in the history of mankind. This problem has been little studied and requires further research. There are about fifty types of stones in the Altai language. All of them have names depending on their purpose, use. In many Altai legends and legends, they play an important role, have magical and medicinal properties. According to the authors, the names of stones are widely and variously represented in the work of B. Ukachin. Many of them are common for the vast majority of Turkic languages, which is quite justified historically and testifies to cultural traditions

The correlation of linguistic and geographic distance: A sampling of Altaic languages

In this paper, a group of languages (Turkish, Mongolian, Evenki, Korean and Japanese in comparison with Arabic, English and Chinese) will be investigated in terms of how linguistically and geographically distant they are according to the related data of these well-defined language samples in WALS. Then, depending on Holman et al. (2007) and applying a counting method offered by Uzun (2012b) we will investigate how much their linguistic differences are in correlation with geographic distances. With reference to the acquired findings, the aim of this study is to discover whether the differentiation of these languages is closer to the related languages or to the unrelated ones, and to make a contribution to the Altaic debates.

The interactions between factivity and politeness in Korean discourse: An experimental approach

Factivity is often taken advantage of in politeness, as ‘believe’ can be interpreted politely as ‘know’ given contextual considerations. Korean has the distinction of being a language that has a productive non-factive ‘know’ (found in Altaic languages), -uro al-, which does not embed a factive presupposition complement, that is nonetheless supported by limited evidential justification (‘believe’ is not). In terms of politeness, this is an excellent way to indicate disagreement with a social superior, as it works both the negative and positive face of the superior. Therefore, this research aims to understand how non-factive ‘know’ is interpreted as compared to other expressions in terms of politeness and appropriateness, in different power situations. It is clearly demonstrated that non-factive ‘know’ is considered to be the most polite way to indicate disagreement. Moreover, participants’ politeness levels were measured psychometrically, revealing how their choices were influenced by their individual politeness characteristics. This factivity phenomenon is given a clear theoretical treatment in relation to politeness. In sum, researching the relationship between factivity and politeness opens new research avenues in languages which take advantage of the non-factive ‘know’ phenomenon.

Triangulation supports agricultural spread of the Transeurasian languages

The origin and early dispersal of speakers of Transeurasian languages—that is, Japanese, Korean, Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic—is among the most disputed issues of Eurasian population history1–3. A key problem is the relationship between linguistic dispersals, agricultural expansions and population movements4,5. Here we address this question by ‘triangulating’ genetics, archaeology and linguistics in a unified perspective. We report wide-ranging datasets from these disciplines, including a comprehensive Transeurasian agropastoral and basic vocabulary; an archaeological database of 255 Neolithic–Bronze Age sites from Northeast Asia; and a collection of ancient genomes from Korea, the Ryukyu islands and early cereal farmers in Japan, complementing previously published genomes from East Asia. Challenging the traditional ‘pastoralist hypothesis’6–8, we show that the common ancestry and primary dispersals of Transeurasian languages can be traced back to the first farmers moving across Northeast Asia from the Early Neolithic onwards, but that this shared heritage has been masked by extensive cultural interaction since the Bronze Age. As well as marking considerable progress in the three individual disciplines, by combining their converging evidence we show that the early spread of Transeurasian speakers was driven by agriculture.

A Comparative Study on Tamil and Korean Language & Customs: the Similarity and its Origin

Many theories have been proposed to explain the origin of the Korean language. The most prominent of these link Korean to the Altaic languages of central and east Asia, a family that includes Turkish, Mongolian, and Japanese. Although not definitively proven, this affiliation is accepted by most Korean linguists and deemed likely by Western linguists as well.

ЦВЕТООБОЗНАЧЕНИЯ В МИФОЛОГИЧЕСКОМ ДИСКУРСЕ АЛТАЙЦЕВ

Аннотация: В статье впервые анализируются цветообозначения в мифологическом дискурсе алтайцев. На материале фольклорных текстов — мифов, легенд, сказаний, шаманских текстов — выявлены характерные для мифов базовые традиционные цветообозначения. Цветообозначения рассматриваются как образные признаки мифологических концептов, в семантике которых лежат древние архетипы, возникшие в языке в результате ассоциативно-метафорического переноса. The paper first considers the specifics of color designations in the Altai mythological discourse. The factual material of the research was published and unpublished folklore texts, in particular, myths, legends, tales, shamanistic campaigns in the Altai language. The color code is important in the conceptualization of the mythological picture of Altaians. The national-cultural specificity of color designations in the mythological discourse is due to their compatibility with concepts-nominations, designating various objects and phenomena of the invisible world. Color designations can be the first component of naming the various names of supernatural beings, deities, spirits, or their clothes. The basic colors revealed in the traditional mythological picture of Altaians — ak “white”, kara “black”, kyzyl “red”, sary “yellow”, kÿreң “brown”, kök “blue” and jazhyl “green” — in the conceptualization of mythological, mythical images, objects of the unreal (invisible) world on the basis of their deepest archetypal signs that arose as a result of associative-metaphorical transfer. In combination with mythological concepts related to the Upper World, white is a sign of divine purity, holiness, blue is a sign of heaven, green is a sign of greenery and lighted sky, red and yellow are a sign of the shining sun. In combination with the mythological images of the Lower World, black as the antipode of white symbolizes darkness, death, red symbolizes blood, hellish hell, yellow means withering, disease, evil, blue means cold, ice, water, green — dim light in darkness. When mythological archetypes were refracted into the system of folk ethics, the transformation of the signs “light — dark” into the signs “good — evil” occurred. In addition to the color code, the zoomorphic code of the Altai culture is used in the conceptualization and structuring of the mythological other world, in the modeling of its geographical landscape and the conceptualization of the world.

Genomic Insights Into the Admixture History of Mongolic- and Tungusic-Speaking Populations From Southwestern East Asia.

As a major part of the modern Trans-Eurasian or Altaic language family, most of the Mongolic and Tungusic languages were mainly spoken in northern China, Mongolia, and southern Siberia, but some were also found in southern China. Previous genetic surveys only focused on the dissection of genetic structure of northern Altaic-speaking populations; however, the ancestral origin and genomic diversification of Mongolic and Tungusic–speaking populations from southwestern East Asia remain poorly understood because of the paucity of high-density sampling and genome-wide data. Here, we generated genome-wide data at nearly 700,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 26 Mongolians and 55 Manchus collected from Guizhou province in southwestern China. We applied principal component analysis (PCA), ADMIXTURE, f statistics, qpWave/qpAdm analysis, qpGraph, TreeMix, Fst, and ALDER to infer the fine-scale population genetic structure and admixture history. We found significant genetic differentiation between northern and southern Mongolic and Tungusic speakers, as one specific genetic cline of Manchu and Mongolian was identified in Guizhou province. Further results from ADMIXTURE and f statistics showed that the studied Guizhou Mongolians and Manchus had a strong genetic affinity with southern East Asians, especially for inland southern East Asians. The qpAdm-based estimates of ancestry admixture proportion demonstrated that Guizhou Mongolians and Manchus people could be modeled as the admixtures of one northern ancestry related to northern Tungusic/Mongolic speakers or Yellow River farmers and one southern ancestry associated with Austronesian, Tai-Kadai, and Austroasiatic speakers. The qpGraph-based phylogeny and neighbor-joining tree further confirmed that Guizhou Manchus and Mongolians derived approximately half of the ancestry from their northern ancestors and the other half from southern Indigenous East Asians. The estimated admixture time ranged from 600 to 1,000 years ago, which further confirmed the admixture events were mediated via the Mongolians Empire expansion during the formation of the Yuan dynasty.

Sobre a literatura russa em tradução no Brasil: Entrevista com Denise Regina de Sales

Apresentamos uma entrevista com Denise Regina de Sales, professora, pesquisadora e tradutora cujo repertório de traduções do russo ao português incluem obras de autores renomados, tais como: Fiódor Dostoiévski, Anton Tchékhov e Ivan Turguêniev. Além das obras desses autores, seu repertório inclui ainda traduções de escritores como Mikhail Zóchtchenko, Vladímir Voinóvitch, Valentin Katáiev, Aleksandr Grinevsky e Varlam Chalámov, as duas últimas em parceria com Graziela Schneider e Elena Vasilevich, respectivamente. Entre suas traduções do russo, figura ainda A revolução das mulheres, volume organizado por Graziela Schneider com artigos, atas, panfletos e ensaios escritos por autoras russo-soviéticas sobre a emancipação e a condição das mulheres. Do português ao russo, Denise Regina de Sales traduziu, em parceria com Elena Vasilevich, o conto “O mate do João Cardoso”, de Simões Lopes Neto. No momento, realiza a tradução, a partir do russo, de trechos de uma novela de Galina Keptuké (1951-2019), escritora e tradutora cuja língua pertence ao ramo tungúsico da família altaica, falada pelos evenques, povo nômade que vive no Norte da Ásia, na região fronteiriça da Rússia, China e Mongólia. A entrevista nos foi concedida por e-mail de junho a agosto de 2020 e aborda questões que perpassam a tradução do russo ao português. Regina nos falou também de suas experiências acadêmicas e sobre sua posição teórica no que concerne o fazer tradutório. Nosso objetivo duplo foi conhecer um pouco mais sobre as questões que envolvem o mercado de tradução das obras escritas em língua russa e seus estudos e ensino no Brasil.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF PREPOSITONS IN JAPANESE AND UZBEK LANGUAGES

In linguistics, the comparison of languages has always been in the center of attention. Although it is recognized by scholars that Japanese and Uzbek belong to the same language family, the Altaic language family, grammatical phenomena in both languages are not the same. While both languages have similarities, they also have differences. Comparing languages belonging to the same language family involves studying the phenomena that occur in that language. The category of agreement is widely observed in both languages, but there are some agreements between Japanese agreement agreements, which are given with one agreement in Uzbek, and the scope of application is narrow. The category of consonants is widely observed in both languages, but there are some consonants among the Japanese suffixes, which are given with one consonant in Uzbek, and the scope of application is also narrow. This article provides a comparative analysis of the Uzbek suffix of the accusative case and the differences between them

СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИЕ ТИПЫ КАУЗАТИВНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ В ТЕКСТАХ ХАКАССКИХ ГЕРОИЧЕСКИХ СКАЗАНИЙ

Рассматриваются семантические типы каузативных глаголов хакасского языка, нашедшие отражение в текстах хакасских героических сказаний «Алтын Арыг» и «Ах Чибек Арыг», записанных от популярного народного сказителя Хакасии С. П. Кадышева (1885–1977), «Ай Хуучын» и «Айдолай», записанных от сказителя П. В. Курбижекова (1910–1966), «Хара Хусхун», записанного от сказителя П. В. Тоданова. Актуальность данного исследования связана с тем, что каузативные глаголы активны в употреблении и представляют большой интерес для исследователей-лингвистов. Необходимость изучения семантических типов каузативных глаголов в текстах хакасских героических сказаний вызвана неразработанностью данного вопроса на сегодняшний день, чем и определяется новизна исследования. Целью статьи является выявление семантики и функционирования каузативных глаголов в текстах хакасских героических сказаний. В задачи исследования входит выявление всех каузативных глаголов, встречающихся в текстах героических сказаний; определение и анализ каузативных аффиксов, участвующих в образовании каузативных глаголов; выявление словообразовательных моделей каузативных глаголов, представленных в текстах героических сказаний. Анализ фактического материала проводился с использованием комплекса лингвистических методов и приемов. Наиболее перспективным при решении поставленных задач были признаны метод сплошной выборки примеров, предусматривающий подбор примеров для анализа и выписывание из текстов героических сказаний подряд всех встречающихся в нём примеров анализируемого типа, описательный метод для выявления каузативных глаголов и их последовательного описания с точки зрения их структуры и функционирования. Метод дистрибутивного анализа позволил выявить валентность каузативного глагола. В результате исследования выявлены и проанализированы семантические типы каузативных глаголов, а именно, фактитивный, пермиссивный и фактитивно-рефлексивный, пермиссивно-рефлексивный типы; определены актуальные для языка героического эпоса словообразовательные модели каузативных глаголов. Для глаголов с фактитивной семантикой выявлено пять словообразовательных моделей; для пермиссивной – три модели; фактитивно-рефлексивный и пермиссивно-рефлексивный по одной модели. Исследование также показало, что в текстах хакасских героических сказаний часто используется двойной каузатив, который выражает как фактитивное, так и пермиссивное значение. Полученные результаты могут найти применение при чтении лекционных курсов по хакасскому языку на филологических факультетах вузов, при составлении учебных и учебно-методических пособий, словарей. В перспективе интересные результаты могут дать исследования каузативных конструкций, характерных для текстов героических сказаний, в сопоставительном и сравнительно-типологическом освещении.