Alpinia Galanga Research Articles

Evaluation of Phenolic Content Diversity along with Antioxidant/Pro-Oxidant, Glutathione Transferase Inhibition, and Cytotoxic Potential of Selected Commonly Used Plants.

The function of antioxidant polyphenols has been demonstrated for their ability to protect against a variety of diseases. However, some antioxidants have been shown to be pro-oxidant. Some of the important antioxidant enzymes are glutathione transferases (GST), which are involved in maintaining redox homeostasis. GST class Pi (GSTP1-1) hyper-activation is a feature that is found in cancer. This work aims to demonstrate the relationship between the phytochemicals of 18 plants and their ability to act as antioxidant/pro-oxidant agents, as well as their effects on the activity of GSTP1-1 and their cellular toxicity. Tamarindus indica, Cinnamomum verum, and Alpinia galanga extracts had high phytochemical contents, moderate heavy metal levels, and antioxidant/pro-oxidant activities. Among the main plant components identified using high-performance liquid chromatography, only chlorogenic acid, catechin, and quercetin can function as antioxidants and pro-oxidants. Hibiscus sabdariffa, C. verum, A. galanga, T. indica, Gossypium arboreum, and Punica granatum were among the plant extracts examined that inhibited the activity of the purified recombinant GSTP1-1, with the inhibition constant values ranging from 0.48 to 1.67 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g. The level of cytotoxicity was also studied to determine the effects of these extracts on human Caucasian breast cancer. The findings revealed that plants with high phenol content had an antioxidant/pro-oxidant capacity as well as inhibition of the activity of GST. However, the cytotoxic effect was not associated with all of the extracts, which indicates that polyphenols interact with other components that may influence their observed behavior.

Kajian Etnobotani, Fitokimia Dan Bioaktifitas Tumbuhan Obat Kabupaten Sukoharjo, Jawa Tengah

The people of District Sukoharjo in the Midle Java Province have traditionally use medicinal plants for maintaining their health and to cure their illness by using what so called Jamu Gendong. The verification, validation and standardization of these medicinal plants in general, as yet, are not satisfactory. In order to obtain the better understanding of this Jamu Gendong, the Study of Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Bioactivity of Sukoharjo District has been carried out in 3 Sub-Districts in March 2021 started with an interview with 9 randomly selected traditional heales then continued by literature review, to find correlatioin between traditional use, chemical constiuents and bioaktivities of those medicinal. 12 medicinal plants samples with the the highest Use Value (UV) 1 owned by Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Galangal (Alpinia galanga), the highest Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) Value 1 was owned by Kencur (Kaempferia galanga) and (Zingiber officinale) b and the highest Relative Importance (RI) 0.75 belonged to White Turmeric (Boesenbergia rotunda) and Lengkuas (Alpinia galanga) were obtained. In general it can be concluded that most of medicinal plants used by people from the Sukoharjo District contained chemical consttiuents and bioactivities closely related to their traditional use. It is hoped that this work can be continued for more detailed work related to dosage, validatioan of the the usage, and state the standar of safety in order to obtain what is called verification, validation and standtrdization of traditional medicines

IDENTIFIKASI JENIS TUMBUHAN FAMILY ZINGIBERACEAE DI KEBUN RAYA SRIWIJAYA KABUPATEN OGAN ILIR PROVINSI SUMATERA SELATAN

Zingiberaceae is a family of spice plants that are commonly found in the Sriwijaya Botanical Gardens, this type of plant is often used as medicine, cooking spices, ornamental plants and hair medicine. Families of Zingiberaceae are still not well identified. This study aims to determine the species of the Zingiberaceae families in the Sriwijaya Botanical Gardens. This research uses descriptive qualitative research and uses the method of exploring the location in the Kebun Raya Sriwijaya. The identification results obtained six species of plant species from the Zingiberaceae family, namely galangal: Alpinia galanga (L.) Wild., yellow turmeric: Curcuma longa L., kencur: Kaempferia galanga L., white turmeric: Curcuma zeodaria (Christem.) Roscoe., ginger white : Zingiber officinale var. amrum., and forest galangal : Alpinia malaccensis.

Stability Study of Alpinia galanga Constituents and Investigation of Their Membrane Permeability by ChemGPS-NP and the Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay.

Alpinia galanga Willd., greater galangal, has been used for thousands of years as a spice as well as in traditional medicine. Its central nervous system (CNS) stimulant activity and neuroprotective effects have been proved both in animal models and human trials. However, the compounds responsible for these effects have not been identified yet. Therefore, the main constituents (p-OH-benzaldehyde (1), trans-p-coumaryl-alcohol (2), p-coumaryl-aldehyde (4), galanganol A (5), galanganol B (6), trans-p-acetoxycinnamyl alcohol (7), 1′S-1′-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA, 9), and 1′S-1′-acetoxyeugenol acetate (AEA, 10)) were isolated to investigate their aqueous stability and passive diffusion across the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) membrane and the blood–brain barrier (BBB) by the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA). Our positive results for compounds 1, 2, 4, 7, 9, and 10 suggest good permeability, thus potential contribution to the effects of greater galangal in the CNS. The results of the PAMPA-BBB were corroborated by in silico chemography-based ChemGPS-NP framework experiments. In addition, examination of the chemical space position of galangal compounds in relation to known psychostimulants revealed that all the molecules in proximity are NET/SERT inhibitors. As ACA and AEA did not show much proximity to either compound, the importance of further investigation of their degradation products becomes more pronounced.

Antibacterial and Anticancer Properties of Microbispora sp., AL22: An Endophyte of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> The AL22 strain was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of <i>Alpinia galanga</i> (L.) Willd (Zingiberaceae) and identified as <i>Microbispora</i> sp., by analysing its morphology, chemotaxonomy and 16S rDNA sequence. Previous studies demonstrated the bactericidal effects of its crude extract against <i>Bacillus cereus</i>, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. The present study aimed to isolate the major compounds and evaluate their biological properties. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Silica gel column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography were used for the purification and identification of 3,4-dihydro-lactucin (compound <b>1</b>) and umbelliferone (compound <b>2</b>) by NMR and mass spectrometry, respectively. Antibacterial and anticancer activities were carried out. <b>Results:</b> The bioassay studies illustrated that compound <b>1</b> had antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria, with its minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of 16-32 and 64-128 μg mL<sup></sup><sup>1</sup>, respectively. The crude extract and purified compounds showed weak cytotoxic activity on the L929 and Vero cells with IC<sub>50</sub> values >512.00 μg mL<sup></sup><sup>1</sup>. The cytotoxicity of compound <b>1</b> was observed in the MDA-MB-231 and HeLa cells with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 37.62 and 75.34 μg mL<sup></sup><sup>1</sup>, respectively, while its IC<sub>50</sub> value against the HepG2 cells was 456.67 μg mL<sup></sup><sup>1</sup>. <b>Conclusion:</b> These findings showed that compound <b>1</b> of <i>Microbispora</i> sp., AL22 exhibited antibacterial and anticancer activities. Extensive studies on 3,4-dihydro-lactucin could lead to the development of beneficial approaches for managing bacterial infections and cancer.

INHIBITION OF WHITE GALANGAL EXSTRAC (Alpinia galanga L.) ON THE GROWTH OF Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylocccus epidermidis are bacteria that can cause disease in humans. Alternative control efforts are very important because the use of antibiotics can cause adverse side effects. This study aims to obtain extracts of white galangal (Alpinia galanga L.) in inhibiting the growth of E. coli O157:H7 and S. epidermidis. In this test, white galangal extract was macerated with three solvents at different polarity levels (96% ethanol, n-hexane and ethyl acetate). The ability of white galangal extract in inhibiting bacteria was tested using the Kirby Bauer method (paper disc). The concentration of galangal extract tested was 0%; 5% ; 10% ; 15%; 20% (w/v), control (ciprofloxacin) and MIC (Minimum Inhibition Concentration). To determine the toxicity of the extract, the LC50 test was carried out. Meanwhile, to determine the class of compounds contained in the galangal extract, phytochemical tests were carried out using the phytochemical screening method. The results showed that white galangal extract with 96% ethanol as solvent and n-hexane was able to inhibit the test bacteria. Inhibition against E. coli O157:H7 was most effective in n-hexane solvent with an extract concentration of 20% (inhibition zone diameter 20.2 mm). while for S.epidermidis was n-hexane solvent with a concentration of 20% (inhibition zone diameter 23.5 mm). LC50 against E. coli O157:H7 with 96% ethanol and n-hexane as solvents 11.2% and 10.4%, respectively. Meanwhile, the LC50 of S. epidermidis with 96% ethanol and n-hexane solvents were 9.9% and 9.3%, respectively. Qualitatively, white galangal plant extract contains a class of flavonoid compounds, saponins, terpenoids, and tannins.

Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Enzyme Inhibitory, and Anticancer Activities and Chemical Composition of Alpinia galanga Flower Essential Oil.

Alpinia galanga is widely cultivated for its essential oil (EO), which has been used in cosmetics and perfumes. Previous studies of A. galanga focussed mostly on the rhizome but seldom on the flower. Therefore, this study was designed to identify the chemical composition of A. galanga flower EO and firstly estimate its antioxidant, antibacterial, enzyme inhibitory, and anticancer activities. According to the results of the gas chromatography with flame ionization or mass selective detection (GC-FID/MS) analysis, the most abundant component of the EO was farnesene (64.3%), followed by farnesyl acetate (3.6%), aceteugenol (3.2%), eugenol (3.1%), E-nerolidol (2.9%), decyl acetate (2.4%), octyl acetate (2.0%), sesquirosefuran (1.9%), (E)-β-farnesene (1.7%), and germacrene D (1.5%). For the bioactivities, the EO exhibited moderate DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging effects with IC50 values of 138.62 ± 3.07 μg/mL and 40.48 ± 0.49 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the EO showed strong-to-moderate antibacterial activities with various diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) (8.79–14.32 mm), minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) (3.13–6.25 mg/mL), and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) (6.25–12.50 mg/mL) values against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Proteus vulgaris. Interestingly, the EO possessed remarkable α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 = 0.16 ± 0.03 mg/mL), which was equivalent to that of the positive control acarbose (IC50 = 0.15 ± 0.01 mg/mL) (p > 0.05). It showed moderate tyrosinase inhibition (IC50 = 0.62 ± 0.09 mg/mL) and weak inhibitory activity on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (IC50 = 2.49 ± 0.24 mg/mL) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (IC50 = 10.14 ± 0.59 mg/mL). Furthermore, the EO exhibited considerable selective cytotoxicity to K562 cells (IC50 = 41.55 ± 2.28 μg/mL) and lower cytotoxicity to non-cancerous L929 cells (IC50 = 120.54 ± 8.37 μg/mL), and it induced K562 cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Hence, A. galanga flower EO could be regarded as a bioactive natural product with great application potential in the pharmaceutical field.

Kajian Etnobotani Tanaman Rempah sebagai Bumbu, Obat dan Kias

Traditional market has been the main provider of various spices and herbs. This research aims to describe spices and herbs being traded in Warungkondang traditional market, West Java. It also aims to describe how people use those spices and herbs for various purposes such as seasonings, traditional medicine, as well as kias (amulet). This research was conducted using a qualitative method, in particular ethnography. Data were collected through participant observation and semi-structured interviews. This research identifies 32 species of spices and herbs being traded in the market. Among those, 21 species have been used not only for seasonings but also as traditional medicines, and kias. Cikur (Kaempferia galanga), honje (Etlingera elatior), jahe (Zingiber officinale), koneng (Curcuma longa), and laja (Alpinia galanga) are the most widely used spices and herbs. Parents and family members as well as electronic mass media have been the main sources of knowledge about spices and herbs, and its benefit. In Warungkondang market, knowledge about spices and herbs has been exchanged among buyers and sellers. This indicates the crucial role of traditional market which is not only serves as provider of spices and herbs, but also as the place where knowledge about it has been preserved and exchanged.

Penyaring Air dengan Biolarvasida Nabati Ekstrak Rimpang Lengkuas sebagai Upaya Pengendalian Vektor Demam Berdarah

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever is a serious problem in Central Java with an Incidence Rate (IR) of 10.2/100,000 population in 2018. Efforts to reduce the number of dengue fever cannot be separated from efforts to control the Aedes aegypti vector. Alternative vector control that is safer and more environmentally friendly can be done by utilizing compounds derived from plants that have biologically active properties. The plant that has the potential to be developed as a natural insecticide is galangal (Alpinia galanga). The amis of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a water filter added with biolarvicides from galangal rhizome extract. The research method used was a quasi-experimental method with 4 different concentrations of galangal extract (0.1%; 0.2%; 0.3% and 0.4%) and used a negative control without the addition of galangal extract. The results showed that in water filter treatment with galangal rhizome extract, there was death in Ae. aegypti mosquito larvae, while in negative control there was no larval death. The results showed that mortality of Ae. aegypti mostly occurred at a concentration of 0.4% as many as 25 larvae. Water filter with galangal rhizome extract biolarvicide has the potential to kill Ae. aegypti larvae.

NATURAL SOURCES SCREENING FOR ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT OF HERBS, SPICES, AND EXTRACTS: A SEMI-QUALITATIVE STUDY

Indonesia has been recognized for its rich natural ingredients such as spices, herbs, and extracts for decades. Furthermore, these components also have been used as an herbal medicine for a long time ago. Meanwhile, the apparent capability comparison of several components on antimicrobial activity has not been updated yet. This study was conducting the comparison of antimicrobial activity for several materials such as noni (Morinda citrifolia), garlic (Allium sativum), celery (Apium graveolens), galangal (Alpinia galangal), ginger (Zingiber officinale), yellow turmeric (Curcuma longa), lime (Citrus aurantifolia), papaya (Carica papaya) leaf, betel (Piper betle) leaf, and cutcherry (Kaempferia galangal) using agar dilution method. Two types of bacteria are used for the test, namely gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria, with a total of seven bacteria. The media used were TSA (Trypticase Soy Agar) media for gram-negative bacteria and MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) media for gram-positive bacteria. This study had been conducted by using a fast screening method, which referred to a semi-qualitative method. Several components, such as noni, lime, and betel leaf, showed a significant result of antimicrobial activity. Otherwise, other compounds, surprisingly, could not suppress bacterial growth.

Diversity of herbs and spices plants and their importance in traditional medicine in the South Aceh District, Indonesia

Abstract. Adnan, Navia ZI, Silvia M, Antika M, Suwardi AB, Baihaqi, Yakob M. 2022. Diversity of herbs and spices plants and their importance in traditional medicine in the South Aceh District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 3836-3843. Kluet people are one of the ethnic communities living in Southern Aceh, Indonesia. Various herbs and spices plants are used by the Kluet people as a traditional medicine in treating diseases and disorders. The study aimed to investigate the diversity of herbs and spices plants and their importance in the traditional medical system. It was based on field surveys, plant collection, and semi-structured interviews with the local people. Interviews were performed with 355 informants selected by using the random sampling technique. A total of 30 medicinal plant species, consisting of 18 families, have been documented. Curcuma longa, Kaempferia galanga, Zingiber officinale, Citrus x aurantiifolia, Alpinia galanga, Averrhoa bilimbi, Elettaria cardamomum, Allium sativum, Cocos nucifera, and Syzygium aromaticum are the most popular medicinal plants known by Kluet people. More than 40% of traditional knowledge related to the use of herbs and spices as traditional medicine was obtained from their families/friends/neighbors. Traditional knowledge is thought to decline among generations. It is supposedly due to lifestyle changes as a result of modernization. The documentation and promotion of traditional medicine systems through formal and non-formal education may contribute to the conservation of biodiversity and traditional knowledge.

Study of Ethnopharmaceutical Plants with Anti-Inflammatory Properties In Loa Lepu Village, Kutai Kartanegara

Medicinal plants is mostly used by tribes in Indonesia, one of them is the Loa Lepu Village community. Excavation of information on the use of medicinal plants can be done by using the ethnopharmaceutical method. This study was conducted to determine the use of plants as anti-inflammatory drugs, how to make them, how to use plants as anti-inflammatory drugs in Loa Lepu Village. Determination of informants in the Loa Lepu Village Community using the Snowball method and purposive sampling of 15 informants, followed by semi-structured interviews. The results obtained 15 types of medicinal plants used for anti-inflammatory by the people of Loa Lepu village which were divided into 10 families. The most widely used plant family was the Zingiberaceae family with 5 plants, namely ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), laos (Alpinia galangal L. Willd), kencur (Kaempferia galangal L.), temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza) and turmeric (Curcuma domestica). The most widely used plant parts are the leaves and rhizomes, then the method of use that is most often done is boiled

In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Tropical Plant Extracts Against Fish Pathogens in Vietnam

Crude methanol extracts of 43 Vietnamese plants were screened in vitro for their antibacterial activity against three common freshwater fish pathogens, including Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella ictaluri and Streptococcus agalactiae. The agar disc diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity, followed by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using the broth dilution method. Among the 43 plants screened, eight plant extracts (Bouea oppositifolia, Wedelia chinensis, Terminalia catappa, Punica granatum, Sonneratia caseolaris, Sonneratia ovata, Ludwigia hyssopifolia and Phyllanthus urinaria) exhibited wide-spectrum antibacterial activity to all three common freshwater fish pathogens. Six plant extracts (Ageratum conyzoides, Alpinia galanga, Borassus flabellifer, Abutilon indicum, Eupatorium odotatum, and Scoparia dulcis) might be good candidates for the prevention of co-infection of E. ictaluri and S. agalactiae in tilapia whereas Muntingia calabura and Camellia sinensis could be applied to striped catfish to combat E. ictaluri and A. hydrophila. Through MIC and MBC determination, L. hyssopifolia, A. galanga, Ageratum conyzoides extracts showed a bactericidal activity to A. hydrophila, E. ictuluri and S. agalactiae, respectively, while the other extracts could prevent the growth of tested bacteria. The screening results suggested the potential application of plant extracts as alternative therapeutic agents against bacterial infections in aquaculture.

Bioactive Compounds from the Zingiberaceae Family with Known Antioxidant Activities for Possible Therapeutic Uses.

The Zingiberaceae family is a rich source of diverse bioactive phytochemicals. It comprises about 52 genera and 1300 species of aromatic flowering perennial herbs with characteristic creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes. Notable members of this family include ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), Javanese ginger (Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb.), and Thai ginger (Alpinia galanga L.). This review focuses on two main classes of bioactive compounds: the gingerols (and their derivatives) and the curcuminoids. These compounds are known for their antioxidant activity against several maladies. We highlight the centrality of their antioxidant activities with notable biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects. We also outline various strategies that have been applied to enhance these activities and make suggestions for research areas that require attention.

Evaluation of Wound Healing Activity (Excision Wound Model) of Ointment Prepared from Infusion Extract of Polyherbal Tea Bag Formulation in Diabetes-Induced Rats

In the present investigation, Ichnocarpus frutescens, Ficus dalhousiae, Crateva magna, Alpinia galanga, and Swertia chirata plants were selected to formulate polyherbal tea bag. The infusion obtained from these polyherbal tea bags was used to formulate 5% and 10% ointment formulation to perform its wound healing activity. The excision wound model was used to assess the wound healing activity in diabetic as well nondiabetic rats. The mean percentage closure of wound area was calculated on the 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, 15th, 18th, and finally 21st day. The wound healing activity of formulation was found to be significantly compared with that of the reference standard and untreated groups. The percentages of closure of excision wound area on the 21st day in diabetic animals treated with ointment formulations (F1 and F2) were found to be 93.91 ± 1.65% and 99.12 ± 5.21% respectively, whereas the chloramphenicol sodium drug solution was found to be 99.81 ± 3.16%. The percentages of closure of excision wound area in nondiabetic animals treated with ointment formulations (F1 and F2) were found to be 96.81 ± 2.04% and 98.13 ± 1.14%, respectively, whereas the chloramphenicol sodium drug solution was found to be 99.15 ± 1.41% at 21st day. Therefore, from the above results, we have concluded that this polyherbal ointment can be used clinically for the treatment of diabetic and nondiabetic wounds.

The effectiveness of fermented and boiled solution of various medicinal plants in drinking as phytobiotics on broiler performance

Medicinal plants research as phytobiotics in poultry continues to be developed. Its aim to maintain body health so that it can produce good performance without relying on the use of antibiotic growth promoters which are often added to commercial animal feed. This study used various medicinal plants as phytobiotics in drinking using a CRD with 9 treatment and 3 replications. Parameters observed were feed intake (g/head), body weight gain (g/head) and feed conversion ratio. The treatment given was drinking water with: D0 (control), D1-D4 is boiled medicinal plant and D5-D8 is fermented medicinal plant of: Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Coriandrum sativum, Kaempferia galanga, Alpinia galanga, etc. The concentration of the active ingredient as phytobiotics in drinking water treatments given was 1.06%/L of broilers daily drinking water requirement. The results showed that the giving of various medicinal plants had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on all parameters research of 5 weeks. It can conclude that the best use of medicinal plants is to use garlic (Allium sativum) boiled (D1) because it is very effective in producing the low feed conversion value andhigh body weight gain compared to others treatments.

Medicinal plants used by the community of Lipulalongo Village, Banggai Laut District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract. Haruna MF, Kenta AM, Herawati. 2022. Medicinal plants used by the community of Lipulalongo Village, Banggai Laut District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Asian J Ethnobiol 5: 62-68. Plants have been traditionally used for medicinal purposes to cure diseases or maintain body wellness and health. However, the utilization of medicinal plants by a particular community is unique and specific to the context of area, thus it might differ from one community to another. This study aimed to document the diversity of plant species used by the community in Lipulalongo Village, Labobo Sub-district, Banggai Laut District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, as well as to reveal the method of use of such plants in their medication practices. The research used a cruising survey method, and data collection used interviews, field observation, and identification. The study recorded 21 species of medicinal plants, namely Phaleria macrocarpa Boerl, Andrographis paniculata Burm.f., Orthosiphon stamineus Bent, Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth., Averrhoa bilimbi L., Psidium guajava L., Capsicum annum L., Annona squamosa L., Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. &amp; L.M.Perry, Morinda citrifolia L., Gossypium arboreum L., Sesbania grandiflora (L) Pers., Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Curcuma domestica Valeton, Curcuma zedoria (Christm.) Roscoe), Areca catechu L, Alpinia galangal (L.) Willd), Carica papaya L., Theobroma cacao L., Chamaedaphne sp., and Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. The leaf was the most utilized plant organ rather than fruit, stem, bark, rhizomes, or tubers. Boiling and drinking was the most common method of preparation and mode of application, respectively. Diseases that can be prevented and treated using medicinal plants are fever, diarrhea, colds, coughs, sore teeth, skin diseases (e.g., boils, tinea versicolor, and ringworm), digestive tract diseases in the stomach, and therapy after giving birth.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the extract of Alpinia galanga rhizome and Rhus semialata fruit and their antibacterial activity

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been reported in this study using the Ethanol extract of Alpinia galanga rhizome and Rhus semialata fruit found in Nagaland, India. The black solid phase obtained after the termination of the reaction was collected as the synthesized AgNPs which were then characterized through FT-IR, UV–vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, TEM, SAED and EDX studies. XRD studies revealed the nanocrystalline phase and cubic structure of the synthesized AgNPs. The particle size of the synthesized AgNPs ranged from 10.732 nm to 34.927 nm with an average diameter of 17.625 nm for Alpinia galanga extract and 10.264 nm to 16.441 nm with an average diameter of 7.289 nm for Rhus semialata extract. The phytochemical screening and FT-IR spectra revealed the presence of carbohydrate, flavonoid, phenol, protein, and tannin. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized AgNPs was also investigated in vitro showing a comparable activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus aureus. Maximum inhibition was shown by AgNPs of Rhus semialata extract against Bacillus subtilis with an inhibition zone of 15 mm. The antibacterial study showed promising results for their possible application in the pharmaceutical and medical industries.

Assessment of fresh Alpinia galanga (A. galanga) drying techniques for the chemical composition of essential oil and its antioxidant and biological activity

This study evaluated drying characteristics, structure and essential oil chemical composition, and biological activity of A. galanga by hot air drying (HAD), vacuum drying (VD), freeze drying (FD). The results showed that HAD had the shortest drying time while FD could better maintain the microstructure and showed a higher essential oil yield than HAD and VD. In addition, E-nose, HS-GC-IMS and HS-SPME-GC–MS could effectively distinguish the essential oil chemical composition of the four samples because different drying methods induced the changes in the profile and content of the compounds. HS-SPME-GC–MS detected 43 compounds, of which alcohols, alkenes, and esters were the main substances in fresh and dry samples. In comparison, HS-SPME-GC-IMS detected 80 compounds, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, alkenes. Overall, the FD samples showed more outstanding advantages by evaluating antioxidant properties and antibacterial activities. FD was more suitable for A. galanga drying as it maintains appearance and biological activity.

Oleoresin and Color of Zingiber officinale and Alpinia galanga Powder in Three Types Packaging Material during Storage

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and galangal (Alpinia galanga) are commodities that function as seasoning and herbs. Fresh ginger and galangal have bulky properties and short shelf life, therefore need to be processed into powder. The objective of this research was to analyze the oleoresin content and color of ginger and galangal powdered during storage in a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle, polypropylene (PP) plastic bag, and aluminum foil bag bag. Ginger and galangal were processed into powder, packed, sealed, and then stored ofat 23 - 32 °C (ambient temperature). The analysis of oleoresin and the color of powder was carried out periodically for 3, 6, and 9 months. Ginger powder packaged in PP plastic and aluminum foil bag for 9 months storage had a decrease in oleoresin content of 0.88% and 2.22% respectively, while the decrease in color saturation of ginger powder packaged in aluminum foil bag, PP plastic, and PET bottle were 18.95%, 26.62%, and 22.99% respectively. Galangal powder packaged in PET bottle, aluminum foil bag, and PP plastic during 9 months of storage had a decrease in oleoresin content of 5.19%, 6.59%, and 11.21%, respectively, and a decrease in color saturation of 8.61%, 4.09%, 8.66% respectively.