Alphonse De Research Articles

The Study of Geographical Distribution in the Analysis of Domestication as an Evolutionary Process: Tensions in Alphonse de Candolle’s Approach

Interest in the study of domesticated plants increased near the end of the 18th century, mainly because of their economic potential. In the 19th century, there was a new focus on the historical understanding of species, their origin, changes in their distribution, and their evolutionary history. Charles Darwin developed an extended interpretation of species domestication, considering variations, reproduction, inheritance, and modification as standard processes between wild and domesticated organisms. In this context, one relatively neglected aspect was the geographical distribution of domesticated species. Alphonse de Candolle addressed and developed in detail the question of the geographical origin of cultivated plants. Since 1836 Alphonse de Candolle had been studying the topic and obtained evidence that contributed to understanding aspects such as the center of origin, dispersion, competition, selection, and time of domestication. Although Darwin himself admitted that Géographie botanique raisonnée (de Candolle, Alphonse,de. Géographie botanique raisonnée; ou, exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’epoque actuelle, 2ème tome. Paris: Masson.) was of great help to him in the development of his evolutionary theory, the importance of de Candolle’s contribution is seldom recognized. Our purpose is to detail the dialogue between Alphonse de Candolle and Darwin on the geography of domesticated plants, to understand some of the most critical discussions that contributed to the reinterpretation of domestication under the Darwinian proposal of modified descent.

The 1848 Revolution and the Rise of Nationalism in France

This study embarks on a journey to explore the intricate relationship between the 1848 Revolution and the growth of nationalist sentiments in France. The research question that guides this inquiry is: "To what extent did the 1848 Revolution contribute to the emergence and development of nationalism in France?" By unraveling the multifaceted interplay between revolutionary movements and the burgeoning sense of national identity, this study seeks to illuminate a crucial chapter in European history. Through the passionate speeches of Alphonse de Lamartine and Louis Blanc, we witness the multifaceted nature of this nationalist sentiment, shaped by political, social, and economic factors. Besides, the significance of this paper lies in its potential to provide insights into how revolutionary fervor and the quest for political change nurtured the growth of nationalist ideologies, ultimately reshaping the political and cultural landscapes of France.

Alencar e Lamartine, uma correspondência

Transcription and translation of a letter (dated August 27, 1856) from Alphonse de Lamartine to Leonel de Alencar, Brazilian writer José de Alencar’s brother.

A Logical Proof of the Polignac's Conjecture Based on Partitions of an Even Number of a New Formulation

Polignac's Conjecture, proposed by Alphonse de Polignac in the 19th century, is a captivating hypothesis that extends the notion of twin primes to a broader context. It posits that for any even positive integer 2k, there exist infinitely many pairs of consecutive prime numbers whose difference is 2k. This conjecture is a natural generalization of the Twin Prime Conjecture, which focuses solely on pairs of primes differing by two. The conjecture has significant implications for our understanding of the distribution of prime numbers and the nature of their gaps and its exploration serves as a testament to the enduring fascination and mystery surrounding prime numbers and their properties. However, despite extensive efforts by mathematicians over the years, Polignac's Conjecture remains unproven, standing as one of the many unsolved problems in number theory. This study utilizes a set of all odd partitions generated from an even number of a new formulation, and we show that from this set of all pairs of odd numbers, there exist proper subsets containing infinitely many pairs of prime numbers whose differences is a fixed even gap. Finally, using these results and the facts that the difference of any two prime numbers is even and there exist infinitely many prime numbers, a logical proof of the Polignac's Conjecture is provided.

L’Île du Géographe’ Revisited: Unofficial Diplomacy in Post-Federation French-Australian Relations

Matthew Graves considers the role of those private individuals who, on their own initiative, strive to represent and promote the interests of their country—often in fields neglected by official priorities. In this case, learned geographical societies in both France and Australia supported Alphonse de Fleurieu’s initiatives.

Mother’s Milk and Male Fantasy in Nineteenth-Century French Narrative. Lisa Algazi Marcus

Although the wet-nursing industry may have long faded into the past, the debate around breastfeeding remains a fascinating and salient subject in the twenty-first century. Indeed, while perusing the wealth of striking historical and literary examples offered up in this study, one cannot help but reflect on their connection with divisive issues in our own time. Lisa Algazi Marcus perceptively addresses a powerful political imaginary of the mothering body that continues to intensify bodily autonomy debates today — not only those most obviously implied by the subject of her study, concerning the use of formula milk and public breastfeeding, but also those around abortion and LGBTQ+ rights. This book, then, feels important and timely, and addresses a significant gap within nineteenth-century French studies. It begins with a thorough account of attitudes to breastfeeding in eighteenth-century France, including moving statistics on the prevalence of wet-nursing and the associated infant mortality rates despite the period’s abundance of idealistic discourse on the value of nursing one’s own child. This sets the stage for the second chapter to consider the reasons for a decline in portrayals of breastfeeding in the Romantic era, stressing the impact of Napoleon’s regressive attitudes towards women and his associated public policy. Algazi Marcus examines a very wide range of authors here: Gabriel Legouvé, Chateaubriand, Hugo, Alphonse de Lamartine and George Sand, alongside a selection of early nineteenth-century paintings. The final two chapters explore realist and naturalist authors’ renewed interest in both breastfeeding and the allegorical Republican figure of Marianne, moving between Balzac’s Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées (1841), Alexandre Hepp’s Le Lait d’une autre (1891), and Zola’s Fécondité (1899). Algazi Marcus’s primary interest in these chapters is in the curious proximity of the maternal and the sexual. Whereas in the eighteenth century it was acceptable to cite sensual pleasure as an incentive for women to nurse, she argues, after the relegation of the maternal breast to the private sphere under the Empire, discussion of such pleasure could only later return via the (often pathologizing) eroticization of mothers and wet-nurses by anxious male authors. The fourth chapter investigates, in particular, Hepp’s and Zola’s politicized deployment of characters named Marianne during the Third Republic. The fictional passages Algazi Marcus cites are always intriguing, and occasionally astonishing — helping to make this study a genuinely compelling read. They also provide fertile ground for her psychoanalytic readings, which propose that these authors’ own processes of subconscious desire and identification are what motivate their depictions of the mother–infant dyad. However, the discussion of psychoanalytic theory itself (Freud and Kristeva) in Chapter 3 feels too brief, and one might have expected a rationale for why other interpretive paradigms were left aside. In particular, given that this study is centrally concerned with the political uses of biological essentialism, a response to gender theory since Judith Butler would have been welcome, even if only to clarify the author’s chosen approach. Nevertheless, Algazi Marcus’s clear-sighted analysis and impressive range of sources ensure that this is valuable and thought-provoking research.

Mother's Milk and Male Fantasy in Nineteenth-Century French Narrative: Representations of Breast-feeding in Nineteenth-Century France by Lisa Algazi Marcus

Reviewed by: Mother's Milk and Male Fantasy in Nineteenth-Century French Narrative: Representations of Breast-feeding in Nineteenth-Century France by Lisa Algazi Marcus Tessa Ashlin Nunn Marcus, Lisa Algazi. Mother's Milk and Male Fantasy in Nineteenth-Century French Narrative: Representations of Breast-feeding in Nineteenth-Century France. Liverpool UP, 2022. ISBN 978-1-802-07064-4. Pp. viii + 176. This monograph examines representations of breast-feeding in literature, art, politics, and medical treaties from the late eighteenth century to 1900. Comparing depictions of nursing from various literary genres to statistics on wet-nursing, Marcus shows how male writers represented breast-feeding as a cultural signifier of motherhood despite the paucity of Frenchwomen actually nursing their own children. Marcus explains how Rousseau's writings on breast-feeding as a cure for social problems influenced authors' idealization of breast-feeding mothers. Contrasting men's texts with the midwife Marie-Angélique Le Rebours's 1767 breast-feeding manual, Marcus asserts that likening breast-feeding to a patriotic duty aimed to confine women to the domestic sphere without imparting any practical knowledge about nursing. With the rise of Romanticism, literary and visual descriptions of breast-feeding became rare. Marcus attributes this change to the Napoleonic Code's reduction of women to reproductive machines and the disappearance of the maternal icon of the Republic in favor of the masculine symbols of the Empire. Works by Chateaubriand, Victor Hugo, and Alphonse de Lamartine represent nursing mothers as marginal, racialized, or grieving, and portray motherhood as superseding women's selfhood. In realist and naturalist novels, breast-feeding is associated with sexual pleasure or political agendas. Balzac, Flaubert, and Zola depict nursing through the male gaze either to present maternal nursing as crucial for the infant or to reveal a regressive identification with the suckling child. Drawing on the psychoanalytical theories of Sigmund Freud, Julia Kristeva, and Luce Irigaray, Marcus considers what is at stake when the male gaze constructs and controls maternal desire. The monograph offers an in-depth analysis of how Balzac compares motherhood to sexual gratification in Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées (1841) and how Zola separates sexuality from motherhood in Fécondité (1899). In these novels, maternal jouissance, Marcus argues, exists for the pleasure of the male spectator. During the Third Republic, moralists, politicians, and novelists reclaimed the nursing mother as a symbol of Republican virtues and censured mercenary nursing as immoral and unsafe, though wet-nursing remained the norm in France until 1918 when pasteurized milk became readily available. Marcus examines the intertextuality between Fécondité and lesser-known texts, namely Alexandre Hepp's 1891 novel Le lait d'une autre, François Coppée's 1872 poem "La nourrice," and Eugène Brieux's 1901 play Les Remplaçantes, to investigate how these texts took part in political dialogues on depopulation, women's civic roles, and public assistance programs. The monograph's analysis of Marianne's breast as a Republican icon highlights how literature and art idealize or demonize the female body to advance political [End Page 282] goals. Though this book focuses predominantly on male authors, it points out that late-nineteenth-century feminists advocated for maternal breast-feeding and George Sand, who nursed her two children, represented breast-feeding as a normal aspect of life in three novels. Scholars researching or teaching the relationship between literature and politics in the nineteenth century as well as scholars in feminist studies will find this book a valuable resource. This accessible monograph could serve as supplemental reading for undergraduates studying Rousseau, Zola, or Balzac. [End Page 283] Tessa Ashlin Nunn Independent Scholar Copyright © 2023 American Association of Teachers of French

First report of Lasiodiplodia mahajangana causing canker of mango (Mangifera indica) in Puerto Rico.

Mango originated in the Indo-Burmese region (Alphonse de Candolle, 1885). In the Caribbean, Puerto Rico currently produces and exports mangoes to the United States and Europe. Globally, an important disease affecting mango production is dieback, caused by fungi belonging to Botryosphaeriaceae family. During a one-year survey from 2019 to 2020, conducted at the mango germplasm collection of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Puerto Rico, located at Juana Díaz, PR, symptoms of dieback were observed in shoots, descending towards the woody part, and vascular necrosis. We sampled bimonthly, 35 Keitt trees for one year. At the end of the evaluation, we detected that a 74% disease incidence was caused by Botryosphaeriaceae. Lasiodiplodia mahajangana (syn. L. caatinguensis) was associated with 4% disease incidence. In addition, we identified other Botryosphaeriaceae species causing 70% of disease incidence. To identify the causal agent, sections of symptomatic tissue (4mm2) were surface disinfected by immersion in 70% ethanol, 10% sodium hypochlorite and rinsed with sterile-distilled water for 1 minute at each solution. Sections were transferred to petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar acidified with 85% lactic acid (aPDA). Ten fungal isolates were obtained with similar morphological characteristics such as colony color and texture, after 12 days. Of these, one representative (isolate 17) was selected and identified as L. mahajangana (Lm) using morphological parameters and sequences of four nuclear genes (Zhang, W. et al., 2021). In aPDA, Lm colonies showed sparse and slow-growing aerial mycelium with dark gray-greenish color at the center and light gray edges. Black pycnidia were observed after 15 days of incubation at 28°C and dark conditions. Hyaline, ovoid to ellipsoid immature conidia (n=40) with average size of 22 µm long and 12 µm wide were observed. Mature bicellular pigmented conidia (n=40) had longitudinal striate and its average size was 23 µm long and 12 µm wide. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS), β-tubulin (βtub), elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) and large ribosomal subunit (LSU) genetic regions were amplified by PCR from the original and pathogenicity test recovered isolates. Sequences of PCR products were compared with NCBI database BLAST tool with other Lm sequences. Sequence accession numbers of the four genetic regions of Lm are as follows: OL375401 and OL375402 for the ITS region; OL405579 and OL405580 for β-tubulin; OL455922 and OL455923 for EF1-α; and OL375648 and OL375649 for LSU. All the sequences were grouped with the ex-type CMM1325 of Lm (BS=84). Pathogenicity tests were performed on 6-month-old mango trees of cv. Keitt. Three healthy trees were inoculated with 5 mm mycelial disks of Lm, on stems, with and without wounds. Controls were inoculated with aPDA disks only. Inoculated trees were covered for 3 days with plastic bags, keeping them in conditions of high relative humidity with constant irrigation, temperature of 28°C, and 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness for 12 days. Twelve days after inoculation, Lm isolates caused stem necrosis and canker, with differences in lesion severity from 2 to 17 mm2 with wound, and 0 to 6 mm2 without wound. Untreated controls showed no symptoms of canker. Lasiodiplodia mahajangana was re-isolated from diseased stems fulfilling Koch's postulates, and a sequence of the recovered isolate from the pathogenicity test was compared and included in the phylogenetic analysis. Lasiodiplodia mahajangana has been reported to cause stem-end rot of mango in Malaysia (Li, L. et. al., 2021). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Lm causing canker of mango in Puerto Rico. Knowing L. mahajangana as a new pathogen that causes canker of mango is important to establish an adequate and effective control management of this disease in mango producing countries worldwide.

The Impact of N.I. Vavilov on the Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources in Scandinavia: A Review

In this review we examine Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov's relationship to Scandinavia and the impact he and his ideas have had on Scandinavia. We trace the historical connections from Vavilov back to 18th century scientists, such as Carl Von Linneaus (Sweden) and 19th century European scientists such as Alphonse de Candolle (Switzerland), Henry de Vilmorin (France), and William Bateson (England). Vavilov has influenced the conservation work in Scandinavia resulting amongst other in the establishment of the Nordic Gene Bank in 1979 and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault which started operating in 2008. Vavilov travelled to Scandinavia in 1921 and in 1931 to give lectures and exchange ideas, especially with the breeders at the Swedish Seed Association (Svalöf) in Scania, Sweden, but also at the Copenhagen University in Denmark. Vavilov did not recognize Scandinavia as part of a center of origin of cultivated plants. It was only after World War II, when P.M. Zhukovsky, a scholar of N.I Vavilov, developed the concept of mega-centers of diversity of cultivated plants, that Scandinavia became part of what he termed the European-Siberian Region of Diversity. We list species domesticated in Scandinavia or Northern Europe, and we further discuss concepts related to crop evolution and highlight the great impact Vavilov has had by inspiring scientists across disciplines and over many decades.

Five Republics and One Tradition: A History of Constitutionalism in Chile 1810–2020 by Pablo Ruiz-Tagle

<i>Five Republics and One Tradition: A History of Constitutionalism in Chile 1810–2020</i> by Pablo Ruiz-Tagle

Claiming modernity in Egypt: decadent orientalism and Mayy Ziyādah’s Fleurs de rêve

ABSTRACT In the Western decadent imagination, Egypt has been figured as the site of Orientalist fantasy, a land of sphinxes, pyramids, and mummies having little to do with modernity. For a modern Arab writer in Egypt to write in a decadent mode would be to risk recapitulating Europe’s Orientalizing vision. And yet, for the poet and feminist intellectual Mayy Ziyādah (1886–1941), to write in such a mode is also to assert one’s experience of colonial modernity. In her 1911 volume Fleurs de rêve, written in French, Ziyādah ironically undercuts the Orientalist vision of European writers such as Alphonse de Lamartine, Charles Baudelaire, and Pierre Loti with a picture of the modern female Arab subject as a full participant in the drama of modern consciousness. Ziyādah sets this performance against the backdrop of Cairo, a city freighted with Europe’s belated imperial presence. Ziyādah’s playful and ironic approach to decadence asserts Egypt’s modernity, reterritorializing a decadent sensibility to Cairo and rendering her speaker a subject prone to the tumults of ennui, violent mood swings, and the horrors of living death.

Unexpected Connections. The Benedictine Abbey of Maredsous and Christian Architecture in China, 1900-1930s

Recent research has revealed that the Benedictine abbey of Maredsous exerted significant but conflicting influences on missionary architecture in China through two different channels. These influences were by no means the result of a strategy pursued by the abbey of Maredsous. After having introduced the interwoven Belgian and Benedictine missionary networks in China, this article focuses on the two architectural connections of Maredsous in China. First, the missionary-architect Father Alphonse De Moerloose, who was not a Benedictine but a Scheut Father; he exported the Gothic Revival style of Augustus Pugin and Baron Bethune to northern China in the years 1900-29 and referred to the abbey church of Maredsous for his major projects. Second, Dom Adelbert Gresnigt, a monk-artist from Maredsous who stayed in China from 1927 to 1932 and developed an indigenised architectural style. Known as the “Sino-Christian style”, it was the antithesis of the style of the abbey of Maredsous and the Belgian Gothic Revival exported to China by Father De Moerloose.

Hawthorne and Presentism: A Backward Glance

Hawthorne and Presentism: A Backward Glance

Gustave Flaubert, Trois contes. Nouvelle édition critique de Barbara Vinken, avec trois essais

The enduring appeal and challenge of Flaubert’s Trois contes make a new edition or monograph elucidating these qualities a high point for specialists and new readers of Flaubert alike. Barbara Vinken’s rich study addresses the importance of the Trois contes, in terms of their detail and wider perspectives, in two halves. The first constitutes a comprehensively annotated edition of the Trois contes, so that they may be read as independent texts or as a triptych with their critical-exegetical apparatus constantly in view at the foot of each page. The second half dedicates a reappraisal to each conte, to focus on their specifically religious polemic as the missing link for Vinken in francophone Flaubert Studies. Close critical (re)reading is therefore actively encouraged and produced in the first half of the monograph, less to emphasize and demonstrate Flaubert’s virtuoso linguistic, historical, and compositional detail, than to highlight its range of erudition (including the ironies of certain allusions). To speed-read this edition for the immediate pleasures of Flaubert’s Trois contes would mean actively to override the multiple and extensive notes. The visibly larger reward is for attentive slow-reading, dwelling on critical glosses. Vinken’s propensity to tell rather than show then ratchets up in the three essays. These offer strong, almost Bloomian, intertextual exegetical contemplations, including in the religious sense, to highlight for example the comparative importance of Alphonse de Lamartine’s Geneviève: histoire d’une servante in an understanding of Félicité as an anti–Virgin Mary in Un cœur simple; or Victor Hugo’s Légende du beau Pécopin as cousin germain of La Légende de Saint Julien l’Hospitalier, to make Julien a Nimrod figure. The didactic impulses of these essays are particularly magnified in Vinken’s study of Hérodias for its Roman ‘révélation ex negativo de l’histoire du salut’ (p. 225), to expand the provocative essay title ‘Iaokanaan, ou L’Église catholique romaine, fille de Babel’. Each critical essay then closes with reproductions of the artworks that, for Vinken, illustrate her arguments regarding the religious iconography in the conte in question. Although no conclusion attends to the connecting triptych that is the Trois contes, Vinken’s main contention that Flaubert’s work is a synoptic ‘dys-évangile’ (p. 228) will usefully stir up further responses to the question of the (anti-)religious in Flaubert. This argument pivots on Vinken’s reading of the tales and their endings as ironic, despite her quotation of Flaubert’s letter to Mme Roger de Genettes of 19 June 1876: ‘Cela n’est nullement ironique, comme vous supposez, mais au contraire très sérieux et très triste’ (cited p. 167, with incorrect note reference; the letter is found in Flaubert, Correspondance, v: Janvier 1876 – mai 1880, ed. by Jean Bruneau and Yvan Leclerc (Paris: Gallimard, 2007), p. 57). New students of Flaubert, however, often read the endings of the Trois contes in accordance with Flaubert’s touchingly serious appraisal, to understand his multiple appeal to things religious as the crucible and target of his writing. Vinken’s more prescriptive analysis then reveals other interpretative gaps in her edition. It overlooks the complex historical contexts of Flaubert’s writing of the Trois contes, such as the Franco-Prussian War and the final publication of his most religious text of all, La Tentation de Saint Antoine (1874), which he had reworked throughout his life. Her edition also strikingly omits an editorial preface to acknowledge the source text for the first part of her study, and the vital work of previous editors of the Trois contes. These include Peter Michael Wetherill’s edition (Paris: Classiques Garnier, 2018), which Vinken uses in the essays in the second half of her study. It is then rather odd that new readers of Vinken’s edition cannot refer back to Flaubert’s text in its first half to engage with the textual evidence cited in her essays in the second.

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Unravelling the complexity of Mexican biogeographical patterns by naturalists in the 19th century: From Alexander von Humboldt (1769—1859) to Francis Sumichrast (1829—1882)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Gonzalo Halffter developed the concept of a transition zone in Mexico during the mid-twentieth century, when he superimposed the distributional patterns of different groups of Coleoptera, finding that some groups share a common biogeographical history. The complexity of the Mexican biogeographical patterns had already caught the eyes of nineteenth-century naturalists, who tried to discern some kind of order within this biotic complexity. Herein, we analyse the original studies of different nineteenth-century authors on the distributional patterns of different Mexican taxa, highlighting the main explanations provided by them. The complexity of the Mexican biota was interpreted by Humboldt as the result of the interaction between northern and southern floras, as a taxonomic peculiarity by Augustin de Candolle, as a strong biotic replacement by Alphonse de Candolle and Sumichrast, and as different dispersal stages by Wallace. Before the theory of evolution was accepted, different biogeographical patterns (endemism, diversity and taxonomic replacement gradients, among others) had coexisted without contradictions. Botanical and zoological regions first acquired a connotation of independent centres of creation, and the wider distributions (mainly disjunct distributions) later became the backbone of hypotheses concerning historical relationships between biotas based on a dispersalist model. Nevertheless, during the 20th century, the explanations of 19th century naturalists such as the limits between regions and biotic transition entered the biogeographical debate again.

Pepe-Lamartine Una polemica letteraria e un duello per il Risorgimento

Il saggio ricostruisce le reazioni provocate a Firenze dalla pubblicazione di Le dernier chant du pelerinage d’Harold di Alphonse de Lamartine (1825), ispirato all'opera incompiuta di Lord Byron. Il ritratto dell'assoluta decadenza dell'Italia contemporanea, con la definizione dei suoi abitanti di "polvere d'uomini", indignò gli intellettuali, che avrebbero voluto rispondere nell'Antologia di Vieusseux, il periodico più importante dell'epoca. Pietro Giordani intendeva anche rispondere a Lamartine pubblicando un saggio sulle Operette Morali del giovane (e ancora sconosciuto) Giacomo Leopardi, interpretato come un grande e vivente italiano. La censura ha impedito questa e altre risposte, ma non un aspro riferimento contenuto in un opuscolo dell'esiliiato napoletano Gabriele Pepe. Ferito nell'orgoglio, Lamartine (all'epoca responsabile dell'ambasciata francese a Firenze) sfidò Pepe a duello. La vittoria di Pepe suscitò un grande entusiasmo a Firenze e in tutta Italia. Il tema dell'onore offeso e vendicato con una prova di valore divenne una costante e fu imitato molte altre volte, nella realtà e nella letteratura, alimentando l'immaginazione di diverse generazioni.

Собеседница поэтов Анна Готовцева

The article examines the history of the publication of some works by the little-known poetess of the first third of the 19th century Anna Gotovtseva, including her poem addressed to A.S. Pushkin, and poems by A.S. Pushkin and P.A. Vyazemsky, appealed to Gotovtseva. The author reveals some features of the historical and literary process, which influenced the poetic dialogue of writers, published in the “Northern Flowers” almanac, which marked the emergence of female professional poetry in the literature of the first third of the 19th century. A.I. Gotovtseva’s poems are analyzed in the context of the contemporary Russian poetry o that time, and the artistic originality of her works is revealed in comparison with the lyrics of poets of the elegiac romanticism. The author considers the influence of French writers such as Alphonse de Lamartin and Madame Janlis on the development of literary opinions and priorities of the provincial poetess, which predetermined the internal contradiction of the poetic dialogue between Pushkin and his admirer Anna Gotovtseva. The hypothesis about the indirect influence of “Note” by Janlis on the development of the controversy about women writers reflected both in the journalistic statements and in the artistic works by Pushkin and his contemporaries – men of letters – is tested in the article.

The French Literature of 19th century and the Public

1789년의 프랑스 대혁명 이후 19세기 프랑스의 역사는 대중을 중심으로 하여 힘들지만 꾸준하게 새로운 체제를 잡아가는 부침과 파란의 역사였다. 이 글에서는 19세기의 작가들 가운데 대중과 관련하여 시대적 사명감과 사상성이 두드러진 작가들을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 대중이란 사회계급과는 무관하게 모든 사회 집단을 통틀어 이르는 말이다. 대중문학에는 사회 현상에 따라 두 가지로 구분할 수 있는데, 부르주아 문화 체계의 일부를 이루면서 부르주아가 아닌 계급들을 기존 질서 속에 통합함으로써 고급 문학으로 흡수하는 대중문학과, 서민과 프롤레타리아의 일부를 이루면서 하층 계급의 해방을 목적으로 삼고 계급이 없는 미래의 민주주의적 문명을 상정하는 대중(민중)문학이 있다. 이 글에서 다룬 작가는 외젠 쉬, 조르주 상드, 라마르틴, 빅토르 위고, 에르크만-샤트리앙이다. 이들은 농민과 노동자 계급, 하층민의 삶을 그리며 계급 간 갈등을 해소하고 그들의 경제적 권리를 확보하면서 정치적, 문화적 의식을 고양하려고 노력했다. 특히 외젠 쉬는 대중이 현재와 미래의 요구에 직접 부응할 수 있도록 만들기 위해 대중 고유의 역사를 대중이 의식할 수 있게 만들고자 했으며, 조르주 상드는 노동자 계급의 경제적, 사회적 평등을 주장했다. 결론적으로 19세기의 프랑스 문학사는 역사가 증명하듯이 대중의 역할과 위치가 반영된 방식으로 대폭 수정되어야 하며, 19세기 프랑스 문학에 대한 새로운 해석과 정립이 필요하다.This article examines the relationship between 19th century French literature and the public, focusing on the writers who wrote for the rights of the people. The authors who are treated in this article are Eug&egrave;ne Sue, George Sand, Alphonse de Lamartine, Victor Hugo and Erkmann-Chatrian. They sought to elevate the political and cultural consciousness of the people, to resolve class conflicts and to assert their economic rights by describing the lives of the peasants, the working class and the lower class in their novels. In conclusion, the history of French literature in the 19th century must be radically modified to reflect the role of the public.

The Medium Is the Messagerie

This paper analyzes the contributions of Théodore Géricault to the second volume of Baron Isidore Taylor, Charles Nodier, and Alphonse de Cailleux’s Voyages pittoresques: Normandie (1820; 1825) within the context of French Restoration historiography. It argues that Géricault’s prints are allegorical commentaries on the production of visual history during this period as much as they are examples of it.

Chopin and His World ed. by Jonathan D. Bellman and Halina Goldberg

Reviewed by: Chopin and His World ed. by Jonathan D. Bellman and Halina Goldberg William M. Helmcke Chopin and His World. Edited by Jonathan D. Bellman and Halina Goldberg. (The Bard Music Festival.) Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017. [x, 369 p. ISBN 9780691177755 (hardcover), $80; ISBN 9780691177762 (paperback), $35; ISBN 9781400889006 (e-book), $19.25.] Music examples, illustrations, endnotes, index. Halina Goldberg and Jonathan Bellman introduce Chopin and His World by situating nineteenth-century Polish national music within the context of partitioned Poland, which did not exist politically between 1795 and 1918. Their overview points to "probably no better introduction to Chopin than one of the most famous passages in Polish literature, which describes a vision of Poland's history as expressed through music" (p. 6): the "Concert of Concerts" concluding Adam Mickiewicz's Pan Tadeusz. They deserve kudos for promoting this world-class epic poem. Goldberg's "Chopin's Oneiric Sound-scapes and the Role of Dreams in Romantic Culture" offers a compelling dream-based aesthetic of Frédéric Chopin, who created dreaming effects via "temporal distancing through auditory distortions—fading, blurring, and fragmentation" (p. 20) evoked by "soft dynamics, the use of pedal points, drones, or non-chord tones, rubato, and … the pedals" (p. 21). She traces the interest of Frühromantik writers in "liminal states" to German idealism and Naturphilosophie "that could be manifested as both the subjective and objective" (p. 26), which helps explain those qualities in Chopin's music. Goldberg links Frühromantik philosophers to Warsaw intelligentsia and Chopin's circle, keenly noting, "Chopin's teacher Józef Elsner included an iconic dream sequence in Król Łokietek, his opera about King Władysław the Short, who restored partitioned Poland at the end of the fourteenth century" (p. 35). In relation to Chopin, she discusses Karol Kurpiński's Chwila snu okropnego (A Moment of a Frightful Dream; 1820), observing "chromatic melodic lines, extremes of register, and loud dynamics" (pp. 35–36). Regarding the evolving capabilities of the piano, she points to a "variety of timbres that could be achieved through the use and various combinations of the pedals" (p. 36). Goldberg introduces "Józef Sikorski's 'Recollection of Chopin': The Earliest Essay on Chopin and His Music," expertly translated by John Comber. Sikorski believed that Chopin's wide-spanning chords "represent the boundlessness of the spirit encompassing space, penetrating infinity" (p. 53) and acknowledged the "indeterminate meaning of musical expressions" (p. 80). Anatole Leikin's "Chopin and the Gothic" detects "three cases of direct literary connections" (p. 85) in Chopin's music: Alphonse de Lamartine with the preludes, op. 28; Adam [End Page 486] Mickiewicz with the ballades; and William Shakespeare with the Nocturne in G Minor, op. 15, no. 3. Leikin argues that "Gothic fiction" (p. 85) unites those writers. He extends the Gothic aesthetic from the Dies irae–infused preludes into nocturnes and ballades by astutely recognizing that "each ballade follows the general outline of a typical Gothic story: tranquil beginning leading through abrupt plot twists and violent episodes to a calamitous denouement" (p. 99). David Kasunic's "Revisiting Chopin's Tubercular Song, or, An Opera in the Making" links "the sounds produced by a tubercular chest to the sounds produced by Chopin's piano as well as to Chopin's singing writ large" (p. 103). His point is that "Chopin as the child orphan of Polish Mother, as Orpheus, as a nightingale—all of these renderings of him index singing and death, a convergence that, in Chopin, amounts to a swan song: Chopin's tubercular song" (p. 117). Jeffrey Kallberg's "Chopin and Jews" treats that sensitive topic evenhandedly, exercising "caution when judging figures from the past by ethical and moral standards of our time" (p. 128). Kallberg conceptualizes Chopin's enigmatic Prelude in A Minor, op. 28, no. 2, as an evocation of Jewish music, "which was understood to embrace cacophony, dissonance, and incomprehensibility" (p. 130). In "Middlebrow Becomes Transcendent: The Popular Roots of Chopin's Musical Language," Bellman claims that Chopin's popularity hinges on "gestures heard moment-to-moment on the musical surface" (p. 147). After discussing dance and song influences on Chopin's music...