Alpha Scores Research Articles

Professional Competence, Teaching Pedagogy, and Assessment Practices: Basis for Enhanced Faculty Development Plan

This study investigates the interplay between professional competence, teaching pedagogy, assessment practices, and faculty development plans in Chinese universities. Employing descriptive quantitative research, data was collected using a questionnaire with a high Cronbach’s alpha score (>0.900). The study involved 405 college teachers from three universities in Anhui Province, China. Results indicate that a strong foundation of professional competence, effective teaching pedagogy, and appropriate assessment practices significantly contribute to faculty development. Respondents reported employing diverse teaching strategies and assessment practices, resulting in positive teaching outcomes and professional growth. The findings provide valuable insights for administrators and educators to enhance faculty development in Chinese universities. Future research should explore additional challenges and considerations to further advance faculty development efforts.

Individual Earthquake Resilience Scale: Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version

IntroductionThe Individual Earthquake Resilience Scale was developed with the aim of measuring individual resilience in the context of earthquake disasters. The purpose of this study was to adapt the Individual Earthquake Resilience Scale into Turkish and examine its psychometric properties. MethodsA total of 419 adult individuals (65.2% females, median age = 43.35) participated in the study. The psychometric properties of the scale were examined in terms of content validity, face validity, construct validity, criterion-related validity, and reliability. Translation and back-translation processes were conducted. ResultsConfirmatory factor analyses revealed that the scale has a 4-factor structure. In terms of criterion-related validity, a positive relationship was found between Individual Earthquake Resilience and the Short Psychological Resilience Scale. The reliability of the scale was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The total scale had a Cronbach’s alpha score of 0.892. The Individual Earthquake Resilience Questionnaire subscales had Cronbach’s alpha scores of 0.620, 0.817, 0.776, and 0.692, respectively. DiscussionThe study confirmed that the 4-factor structure of the Individual Earthquake Resilience Scale met the required standards for validity and reliability at an acceptable level. This validates its use in assessing individual resilience within the context of earthquakes in a Turkish-speaking population.

Optical behavior and marginal discoloration of a single shade resin composite with a chameleon effect: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Objective/aimEvaluating the optical behavior and marginal discoloration of a Single-shade universal resin composite over 12 months. To achieve this, a split-mouth with a double-blinded randomized strategy was employed.Materials and methodsTwenty adult patients, each presenting with at least two caries lesions in their posterior teeth, were selected and randomly subdivided into two identical groups: Group I received Single-shade universal resin composite (Omnichroma), and Group II received multi-shade nanohybrid resin composite (Tetric®N-Ceram). Color measurements and marginal discoloration were assessed visually by three blinded operators at baseline followed after 1,3,6,9, and 12‑month periods utilizing the Modified United States Public Health Services (USPHS) criteria. Statistical analysis was adopted utilizing the Wilcoxon test with a 0.05 significance level.ResultsThe two groups revealed non-statistically significant differences up to 6 months regarding color match and color stability. After 9 and 12 months, the multi-shade group demonstrated a statistically significant higher prevalence of color match (Alpha) scores than the single-shade universal group. Regarding marginal discoloration, all restorations in the two groups had no discoloration (Alpha scores).Discussion/conclusionSince the percentage of Alpha and Bravo scores was considered clinical success, both the single-shade universal and the multi-shade nanohybrid resin composites demonstrated satisfactory optical performance and marginal discoloration as posterior restorations after a 12-month follow-up period.

The Turkish adaptation of the Adherence to Asthma Medication Questionnaire

Background This study was conducted to adapt the Adherence to Asthma Medication Questionnaire (AAMQ-13) into Turkish. Methods The research was conducted in the pulmonology outpatient clinic of a state hospital in Nigde/Turkey. The sample consisted of 229 volunteers with asthma for at least one year. First, language and content validity were assessed. After evaluating the language validity and content validity of the questionnaire, internal consistency, split-half reliability, and construct validity were examined. Questionnaire and demographic data were analyzed using numbers, percentages, dependent and independent groups t-tests, correlation analysis. Results The AAMQ-13-TR has a Cronbach’s alpha (α) score of 0.90 (p < 0.001). It has a split-half reliability coefficient of 0.86. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) shows that the factor structure of the AAMQ-13-TR agrees well with the two-factor model of the original questionnaire. Conclusions This study presented sources of evidence of validity of AAMQ-13-TR in Turkish population.

Creation of a rating scale to teach Less Invasive Surfactant Administration (LISA) in simulation

BackgroundSimulation-based training is gaining increasing prominence in neonatology training. The Less Invasive Surfactant Administration (LISA) method is starting to be taught in simulation. The aim of this educational study was to develop and validate a rating scale for teaching the LISA method in simulation.MethodsThe Downing framework was used to create this performance-rating scale. A first version of the scale was submitted to 12 French and Belgian experts to obtain their opinions. Consensus was reached using a modified Delphi method. The performance of 40 pediatricians was then evaluated with this scale on a preterm neonate manikin simulating a neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Each run was evaluated using the scale by two independent observers based on video recordings.ResultsThe Cronbach alpha score of the rating scale was 0.72. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.91 and the scores between raters were not significantly different. Finally, this rating scale correctly distinguished the experienced from the inexperienced learners (p < 0.01).ConclusionsThis rating scale is one of the first rating scales for the evaluation and teaching of the LISA method in simulation. This tool has ample potential for use in clinical practice to evaluate the performance of surfactant administration in preterm neonates.

Reliability Generalization Meta-Analysis of the Child PTSD Symptom Scale for DSM-5 (CPSS-5)

This study aims to identify the mean alpha coefficients of the Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS-5) and examine the moderator role of trauma type and study location. We included studies using the CPSS-5 and reporting a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Our analysis of 27 studies (k = 31) revealed a mean alpha coefficient of .91 for the CPSS-5. Mean internal consistency scores for trauma type ranged from .87 to .95. Additionally, studies conducted in North America yielded significantly higher mean alpha scores (M α = .94) than international studies (M α = .87). The CPSS-5 demonstrated reliable measurements across studies, ranging from good to excellent. Trauma type and location (or version of the CPSS-5) may be related to the reliability scores. Individual study characteristics should be considered, and reliability scores should be calculated for individual studies for the suitability of alpha scores for clinical decision-making.

Unleashing Academic Excellence through Self-Efficacy among New Global Scholars

This study explores how self-efficacy influences academic self-adjustment among new students in the Faculty of Psychology and Education at the University of Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo. Using quantitative correlational research, we analyzed data from 354 students, with a sample size of 181 determined through the Krejcie-Morgan table. The self-efficacy and academic self-adjustment scales showed high reliability (Cronbach's alpha scores of 0.830 and 0.825, respectively). Results from simple linear regression indicated a positive relationship between self-efficacy and academic self-adjustment, with self-efficacy contributing significantly to 8.2% of the variance. This highlights the importance of bolstering self-efficacy beliefs to aid new students in their academic adaptation during the college transition, particularly in psychology and education faculties. Hilghlight: 1. Self-efficacy influences new college students' academic adaptation.2. Positive correlation between self-efficacy and academic self-adjustment.3. Enhancing self-efficacy beliefs aids academic success in psychology and education. Keywords: Self-efficacy, Academic self-adjustment, New college students, Psychology and Education, Quantitative correlational research

P407 Validation of a newly developed patient-reported experience measure for people with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Abstract Background Patient-Reported Experience Measures (PREMs) assess a patient’s healthcare experiences and are important to improve the quality of healthcare. A PREM specific to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was co-produced with service users. This study aimed to validate the PREM. Methods The IBD PREM contains 38-items and comprises three domains: ‘the care team’, ‘what matters to me’, and ‘living with Crohn’s or Colitis’. Scores can be calculated for each domain and summated to give a total score. Validation was completed on data collected from participants who completed the PREM every 3 months alongside the IBD-Control measure of disease activity at a single UK tertiary IBD service. The PREM was assessed for acceptability; reliability (internal consistency and repeatability); known groups validity; criterion validity and responsiveness. Face and content validity were completed before finalisation using ‘Think Aloud’ interviews. Results The dataset used for validation was extracted in September 2023 and contained responses from 287 participants (63% female, 89% White British, median age: 52) comprising 1,699 PREM responses between November 2021 and August 2023. Acceptability was demonstrated with very low rates of missing data (four items with &amp;gt;5% missing) and median submission duration of 4.8 minutes (IQR: 3.6 – 6.6). High Cronbach’s alpha scores (0.85, 0.97, 0.88 and 0.97 for each of the domains and total PREM score respectively) show internal consistency of the measure. However, the particularly high value on one domain and the total score suggest some overlapping items may remain. An intraclass corelation coefficient of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.85 to 0.91) suggests good repeat reliability over a two-week timeframe. Good comprehension of the measure by service users satisfied face and content validity. Known groups validity was supported with lower score on ‘living with Crohn’s or Colitis’ domain the for those with an IBD Control score of less than 13 by 0.38 (95% CI: 0.23 to 0.54), p&amp;lt;0.001). A low to moderate correlation of 0.37 (95% CI: 0.32 to 0.42) was found between the total PREM score and the IBD Control score, as expected. Ceiling and floor effects had a maximum of 6% demonstrating potential responsiveness of the PREM. The change over a year detected by those that stated that had experienced a change was 0.53 (95% CI: 0.41 to 0.66, n=38) on a five-point scale.Conclusion The co-produced PREM is an acceptable, valid, reliable, and responsive tool to measure experience of IBD care for quality improvement. Further work should assess the potential for item reduction as well as correlation to other related measures.

Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of School Function Assessment in Children with Special Needs

ABSTRACT Background To assess the validity and reliability of the Turkish Version of School Function Assessment in children with special needs. Methods School children between 6 and 12 years of age with special needs and their typically developing counterparts participated in the study. The School Function Assessment (SFA) was the main outcome with the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory providing data for the convergent construct validity analysis. Results The SFA’s convergent construct validity analysis results were satisfactory. There were no differences between genders, and significant differences between children with and without special needs; showing an acceptable discriminative construct validity and known-group validity for the SFA. The Cronbach’s alpha scores were over 0.90 for all domains, showing an excellent internal consistency. Implications for School Health Policy, Practice and Equity Wide usage of the SFA in school settings can enable tailoring specific educational and rehabilitative interventions through making the children’s limitations and strengths within the school context clear. Conclusions The results indicate that the Turkish version of the SFA is a valid and reliable assessment tool for school children with disabilities. This tool can help teachers and therapists to understand children’s school functioning.

Understanding Effects of Matrix Organization Using SPSS Statistics

Matrix Organization, while being complicated, the matrix organisational structure helps achieve the fundamental goal, which is to boost productivity. It has a lot of benefits. These organisations are used by companies that offer a wide range of goods and services. It gives the company more flexibility and disrupts the routine. Employees cooperate with coworkers from diverse departments who are proficient in a variety of tasks. Whenever people from different departments work together, problems get solved faster. Even though everyone is exposed to a variety of roles from outside their primary profession, this does help to advance the workforce as a whole. A matrix organisation is one in which two or more people share administrative responsibility and responsibility. But, depending on whom you question and the field you work in, the significance of the term "matrix" differs greatly. There are frequently two chromatins of command in a matrix, one corresponding to functional departments and the other to project, market, or customer lines. Other chains of command may also exist, such as those based on location. The project leader may have a very powerful management position in a matrix organisational structure, or he may only have a facilitating role. To illustrate organisational ideas, a grid with a power balance between tasks versus function managers will first be examined. SPSS statistics is a data management, advanced analytics, multivariate analytics, business intelligence, and criminal investigation developed by IBM for a statistical software package. A long time, spa inc. was created by, IBM purchased it in 2009. The brand name for the most recent versions is IBM SPSS statistics. Co-operation, Confirmation, Avoidance, Competition, Effective management, Constructive conflict. The Cronbach's Alpha Reliability result. The overall Cronbach's Alpha value for the model is .683 which indicates 68% reliability. From the literature review, the above 49% Cronbach's Alpha value model can be considered for analysis. the outcome of Cronbach's Alpha Reliability. The model's total Cronbach's Alpha score is .683, which denotes a 68% dependability level. The 49% Cronbach's Alpha value model mentioned above from the literature review may be used for analysis.

Item distribution, internal consistency and structural validity of the German language person-centred climate questionnaire - staff version (PCQ-G-S): a cross-sectional study

BackgroundPerson-centredness is considered as best practice for people living with dementia. A frequently used instrument to assess person-centredness of a care environment is the Person-centred Climate Questionnaire (PCQ). The questionnaire comprises of 14 items with the three subscales a climate of safety, a climate of everydayness and a climate of community.AimThe aim of the study is to describe the translation process of the English language Person-centred Climate Questionnaire (Staff version, Patient version, Family version) into German language (PCQ-G) and to evaluate the first psychometric properties of the German language Person-centred Climate Questionnaire– Staff version (PCQ-G-S).MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study. The three versions of the 14-item English PCQ were translated into German language (PCQ-G) based on the recommendations for cross-cultural adaption of measures. Item distribution, internal consistency and structural validity of the questionnaire were assessed among nursing home staff (PCQ-G-S). Item distribution was calculated using descriptive statistics. Structural validity was tested using principal component analysis (PCA), and internal consistency was assessed for the resulting subscales using Cronbach’s alpha. Data collection took place from May to September 2021.ResultsA total sample of 120 nurses was included in the data analysis. Nine out of 14 items of the PCQ-G-S demonstrated acceptable item difficulty, while five times showed a ceiling effect. The PCA analysis demonstrated a strong structural validity for a three-factor solution explaining 68.6% of the total variance. The three subscales demonstrated a good internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha scores of 0.8 for each of the subscales.ConclusionThe analysis of the 14-item German version (PCQ-G-S) showed first evidence for a strong internal consistency and structural validity for evaluating staff perceptions of the person-centredness in German nursing homes. Based on this, further investigations for scale validity of the PCQ-G versions should be carried out.

An Emergency Management Building Resilience Using IBM SPSS Statistics

Emergency Management, Introduction: You will learn about emergency management throughout this four-week course, which will help you better plan for, handle, and recover from crises.You will be given examples of risk and disaster response throughout the course to assist you acquire familiar with the underlying ideas. Moreover, Massey University-affiliated emergency management professionals with an international reputation will teach you. Several of the specialists you may encounter have experience with crises like the 2011 Canterbury earthquake. Research significance: Despite its name, emergency management does not actually concentrate on managing crises, which are generally thought of as minor incidents with minimal effects that are handled through routine community activities. The management of catastrophes, that are events that have more effects than what a society can manage on its own, is the primary focus of emergency management. It is common for disaster management to involve efforts from a variety of groups, including households, organizations, local governments, and/or higher governments. Although there are numerous terminology used in the emergency management field, the operations can generally be divided into preparation, response, mitigation, and recovery. Other phrases like risk reduction for disasters and prevention are also. Methodology: The brand name for the most recent versions is IBM SPSS statistics. The "statistical package for the social sciences" (SPSS), a set of software tools for changing, analyzing, and displaying data, is commonly used. Multiple formats are available for SPSS. Evaluation parameters: Hazard Analysis, Capability Assessment, Emergency Planning, Emergency Response, Capability Management, Recovery Efforts Results: The Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability result. The overall Cronbach’s Alpha value for the model is .529 which indicates 52% reliability. From the literature review, the above 50% Cronbach’s Alpha value model can be considered for analysis. Conclusion: the outcome of Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability. The model’s total Cronbach’s Alpha score is.529, which denotes a 52% dependability level. The 50% Cronbach’s Alpha value model mentioned above from the literature review may be used for analysis.

Role of Career Counselling in Medical Profession: Perceptions of Medical Students

Objective: To determine the perception of medical students regarding the role of career counselling in medical profession.Methodology: It was a cross sectional study done between April and October 2023, where140 medical students from Central Park Medical College, Lahore were enrolled via convenience sampling. After receiving formal IRB approval, data was collected via self-designed google forms and WhatsApp groups from MBBS students in their first to final academic year who volunteered to participate after piloting with Cronbach Alpha score of 0.81. After collecting data, SPSS software version 26 was utilized for analysis. The outcomes were presented as frequency tables and bar graphs.Results: A total of 140 responses were collected with the average age of the respondents being 21+1.7SD years. About 59 (42.1%) of the students who responded were from 2nd year MBBS, 38 (27.1%) were from 4th year MBBS, 26 (19%) were from 1st year MBBS, 09 (6%) were from 5th year MBBS and remaining 08 (6%) were from 3rd year MBBS. About 60 (42.9%),52 (37.1%), 133 (95%) and 131 (93.6%)of the students said that career counselling helped identify their capabilities. About 130 (93 %), 115 (82 %), and 113(81%) gave positive responses when asked about the impact on gaining perspective, developing strategies, and managing conflicts. There was a significant relationship between the role of career counselling in identifying opportunities and building the CV 109(95%) (p=0.01), understanding interest59(99%) capabilities49(94%) (p=0.00), broadening one's perspective 126(95%) (0.00), adopting the right strategies 126(97%) (0.00), and resolving conflicts 108(95%) (0.00). Conclusion: Career counselling should be conducted in the early years of medical professional's career, so that students can identify their areas of interest in order to choose the appropriate specialization in the future.

Development of Four-Tier Instrument at First Intermediate Level Chemistry Concepts

Chemical concepts are tiered from simple to complex. If misconceptions occur in simple concepts, they can cause misconceptions in complex concepts. The four-tier instrument is a tool for detecting misconceptions. This research aims to develop and describe the validity and reliability of a four-tier instrument on junior secondary-level chemistry concepts. This development research consists of 6 procedures: (1) concept mapping, (2) testing, (3) defining unscientific concepts, (4) developing four-tier instrument prototypes, (5) validating four-tier instrument prototypes, and (6) finalization of four-tier instruments. The developed four-tier instrument consists of 27 questions that measure chemistry concepts at the junior intermediate level. The instrument received an expert validation score of 92.81% with very valid criteria. The test results on 30 samples showed a reliability value based on a Cronbach alpha score of 0.713 with good criteria. The four-tier instrument on lower secondary level chemistry concepts meets the validity and reliability requirements so that it can be used to diagnose misconceptions on lower secondary level chemistry concepts.

Predicting the employment of teledentistry in clinical practice by the Saudi dental community using a theoretical model.

There are very few scholastic studies applying a theory-driven methodology to analyse the employment of teledentistry in clinical practice by the Saudi dental community. The objective of this research was to predict the employment of teledentistry in clinical practice by the Saudi dental community using the UTAUT (Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology) model. A countrywide survey was executed from November 2022 to April 2023 among the dental community (pre-graduate students, graduates, post-graduate students, general dentists, and specialist dentists) involved in clinical practice. The survey employed the UTAUT model, which has four fundamental constructs: performance expectancy (PE), effort expectancy (EE), social influence (SI) and facilitating conditions (FC). These constructs are known to impact the user's behavioural intention (BI). The four fundamental constructs were independent, and BI was the dependent variable. A Likert scale with five scores was used to record each variable. Descriptive statistics were used to describe all the constructs. Cronbach's alpha scores were used to measure the inner consistency of the Likert scale. Simple linear regression and multiple linear regression were used to determine the correlation between all the constructs and the overall model's prediction. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences was applied for analysis. The study had 80% power and an alpha threshold of .05. The electronic survey was sent to 3000 participants, out of whom 2143 responded (response rate = 71.43%). PE (R2= 26%, p < .01) was the most significant predictor of the Saudi dental community BI to employ teledentistry in clinical practice, followed by SI (R2= 24%, p < .01), EE (R2= 19%, p < .01) and FC (R2= 6%, p < .01). With statistically significant predictive power, the UTAUT model explained 32% of the variance in the BI (R2= 0.32, p < .01). Each UTAUT construct and the entire model were significantly correlated with the employment of teledentistry in clinical practice by the Saudi dental community. PE had the most salient correlation, followed by SI, EE and FC. The participants have perceived the benefits of teledentistry, increasing the future likelihood of its utilisation. The Saudi government could consider the UTAUT constructs to promote teledentistry in tandem with Vision 2030.

Selected Non – Funded Products and Trade Finance Income among Commercial Banks in Kenya

This study was aimed at determining the effect of selected non-funded products on trade finance income among commercial banks in Kenya. The selected non- funded products investigated in the study included: Guarantees; letters of credit and documentary collections. The research design for the study was descriptive with a target population, hence unit of analysis, comprising of 39 commercial banks in Kenya licensed and regulated by Kenya’s Central Bank in the year 2021. The respondents (unit of observation) were 39, representing a trade finance manager from each of the commercial banks. Therefore, the respondents provided data that was analysed using various statistical tools. The study found a substantial association between these products and Trade Finance income using inferential analysis, which included correlation analysis and regression analysis. Piloting of the study was undertaken using 10% of the sample size. These was important in establishing both the validity and reliability of the data collection instruments. The Cronbach alpha scores were above 0.70, hence, giving confidence that the data collection instrument was reliable. The results of the study show that a component of trade finance revenue is affected by the issuance, handling or management of trade finance instruments. The majority of commercial banks’ non-funded bank products, which include letters of credit, guarantees, and documentary collections, are classified as trade finance solutions in the study’s descriptive analysis. Commercial banks in Kenya are urged to expand their trade finance solutions offerings to electronic trade finance products such as electronic letters of credit and electronic guarantees in order to keep up with international best practices

Українськомовна адаптація "шкали нейроцепції психологічної безпеки" (NPSS)

B a c k g r o u n d . The neuroception of psychological safety is a relatively new construct that combines psychological and neuroscientific aspects of interpersonal interaction. It is described and studied within the framework of polyvagal theory as one of the key concepts for understanding the nature of social engagement processes. The present study aims to adapt into Ukrainian the Neuroception of Psychological Safety Scale (NPSS), the original version of which is a valid and reliable tool for assessing the sense of psychological safety in the context of interpersonal interaction. M e t h o d s . The study involved 96 respondents from Ukraine. The Ukrainian version was obtained by means of double translation. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to test the structure of the Ukrainian version. The internal consistency of the subscales and the overall test was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. To compare the respondents' responses by gender, the sum of the scores on the scales was calculated and a t-test was used. R e s u l t s . The total Cronbach's alpha score for the Neuroception of Psychological Safety Scale is 0,92. For the subscale "Social engagement" – 0,91, for the subscale "Compassion" – 0,86, for the subscale "Body sensations" – 0,92. These results indicate a high internal consistency of the questionnaire items. Factor analysis resulted in a simple 3-factor structure that explained 56,9 % of the total variance and was almost identical to the subscales of the developers in terms of item grouping. C o n c l u s i o n s . The Ukrainian adaptation of the Neuroception of Psychological Safety Scale demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties. The translation of some items of the scale needs to be modified, but the available version of this scale can be used for research on a Ukrainian-speaking sample, as well as in the practical work of psychologists.

The Effectiveness of Group Counselling using Cognitive Restructuration Techniques to Improve Students’ Learning Discipline at SMP Muhammadiyah 2 Sawangan

Based on the results of observations, it was found that there were different levels of discipline and there were still students who had a low level of discipline and were less disciplined in obeying school regulations at SMP Muhammadiyah 2 Sawangan and it was found that several students did not take the exams held by the school. There needs to be treatment that can be carried out by counselors to help alleviate problems faced by students, especially regarding learning discipline. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of cognitive restructuring technique group counseling to improve students' learning discipline at SMP Muhammadiyah 2 Sawangan. The type of research used is a pre-experimental quantitative research design with a one-group Pretest-Posttest research design. The sampling technique used in the research was purposive sampling. The research subjects were 6 students from class VIII for the 2022/2023 academic year at SMP Muhammadiyah 2 Sawangan. The validity test uses the product moment formula with the help of the SPSS 25 program. Learning discipline is measured using a learning discipline scale which has been tested for validity and reliability. Of the 34 items tested for validity using the product moment formula, 26 items were valid statements. Meanwhile, the reliability test showed a Chronbach alpha score of 0.624. Based on the research conducted, the results of the Wilcoxon table statistical test hypothesis test were obtained, Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) of 0.028. Because the value 0.028 &lt; 0.05, Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. Based on this research, it can be concluded that cognitive restructuring technique group counseling services are effective in improving learning discipline in students.

Banking Service and Customer Satisfaction Towards Online Banking: A Case Study in Khotang District

The purpose of the study is to investigate the online banking user customers’ perception about service quality and customer satisfaction and also to explore the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction of online banking. To conduct the analysis, 70 customers were randomly selected as respondents from five banks located in Khotang district. The questionnaire consisted of 21 questions covering five dimensions of service quality, namely, reliability, security, convenience, and ease of use. Customer satisfaction was measured using Likert scale. The SPSS descriptive statistics result shows that 28.86% of respondents were found fully satisfied with the reliability service of online banking service. Similarly, 46.69%, 49.06%, and 36.79% were found fully satisfied with the security, convenience and ease of use of online banking services. SPSS data analysis results in a Cronch Bach Alpha calculation of 0.956, indicating excellent reliability. Security, Convenience, and Ease of Use also demonstrate excellent reliability with Cronch Bach Alpha scores of 0.996, 0.935, and 0.989, respectively. The reliability analysis shows that the customer's satisfaction with online banking is excellent. Also, the hypothesis testing Reliability, Security, Convenience and Ease of Use have a relationship with customer satisfaction toward online banking.

Development and Validation of the Physical Distancing Behavior Scale: A Study Based on the Integrated Behavior Model

This paper aims to develop a comprehensive scale within the framework of the Integrated Behavior Model (IBM), which is recommended for the protection of public health during the Covid-19 pandemic period and is the leading physical distancing behavior among health behaviors. Within the scope of the study, an item pool consisting of a total of 109 items was created and the first item analysis was performed in the pilot sample (N= 100). At the end of the pilot study, Physical Distancing Behavior Scale (PDBS) was developed, comprising a total of 39 items. This scale consisted of instrumental attitude, experiential attitude, subjective norms, perceived control, self-efficacy, environmental constraints, knowledge habit, intention, and behavior structures. Af-terwards, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was applied to 322 participants (age: 36.48) resulting in 21 items and five structures including instrumental attitude, experiential attitude, perceived control, self-efficacy, and knowledge. After factor structures according to EFA had been formed, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted on 472 participants (age: 36,99). The CFA results confirmed 4 constructs consisting of 19 items which are instrumental attitude, experiential attitude, perceived control, and self-efficacy (RMSEA=0.057, GFI=0.93, CFI=0.94, NFI=0.90, X2/df=2.51), Cronbach’s alpha scores of all sub-scales varied between 0.68-0.85. The results revealed that physical distancing behavior has been evaluated through the instrumental attitude, experi-ential attitude, perceived control, and self-efficacy constructs of IBM. In future studies, the scale may also need to be tested with different model studies. As regards the modeling studies that used this scale, examining diffe-rent samples could guide community-based intervention programs.