Alpha Reliability Coefficient Research Articles

Development of the Reasoning Ways Scale: Validity and Reliability Study

The aim of this study was to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool to determine the reasoning ways of university students. The study was carried out in two separate stages consisting of the pilot and main application in the 2020-2021 academic year. In the main application, the analysis was made on the data obtained from 378 university students. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed for the construct validity of the scale; Average Explained Variance [Average Variance Extracted (AVE)], square root of AVE, Composite Reliability [CR], Maximum Shared Variance [Maximum Squared Variance (MSV)], Average Squared Shared Variance [(Average Shared Square Variance (ASV)] and inter-construct correlations were calculated for convergent and divergent validities. The Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency and CR coefficients were calculated to examine the reliability. The Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis results showed that the scale had a seven-factor structure (deductive, inductive, analogical, heuristic, algebraic, historical, and verbal) and consisted of 21 items. Convergent and divergent validity of the scale was proved by examining AVE, square root of AVE, CR, MSV, ASV values, and inter-construct correlation coefficients. Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability coefficients which were calculated for the whole scale and each sub-dimension indicated that the scale was reliable. The results reveal that the Reasoning Ways Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool.

Adaptation of the Student Attitudes Toward Artificial Intelligence Scale to the Turkish Context: Validity and Reliability Study

This study aimed to adapt the Student Attitudes toward Artificial Intelligence (SATAI) Scale to the Turkish Context both at secondary and high school levels. The research was conducted with two study groups: the first group of 384 secondary school students and the second group of 295 high school students. Data were collected from these participants in the 2023–2024 academic year. The scale consists of 26 items and three factors; behavioral, affective, and cognitive, and serves the purpose of measuring the students’ attitude toward artificial intelligence. The behavioral factor assesses students’ AI-related actions while the affective factor captures their emotional reactions, and the cognitive factor, in turn, evaluates their knowledge of the topic at hand. By determining students’ attitudes about AI, this measurement guides learning processes, contributes to the development of teaching materials, and increases interest in the field of AI. Language validity, construct validity, criterion validity, conceptual and experiential equivalence, and reliability studies were carried out in the process of adapting the scale to Turkish. To ensure the language validity of the Turkish form of the scale, translation back translation technique was applied and expert opinions were sought. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was applied to test the construct validity. To test the criterion validity, the correlation between the whole scale and each sub-factor was examined. Within the scope of reliability studies, Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficients of the scale, half-test reliability, item total correlations, and item discrimination values were calculated. As a result of the research, it has been determined that the Student Attitudes toward Artificial Intelligence (SATAI) Scale Turkish Form is a valid and reliable assessment tool.

Socially Responsible Human Resource Management Practices and Job Satisfaction of Public Servants with Disabilities in South-West Nigeria

Overt ill-treatments from management and co-workers have often led to job dissatisfaction and discouraged other persons with disabilities keen and able to join the workforce. Persons with disabilities continue to suffer employment-related and other forms of discrimination, resulting in low job satisfaction and job discontentment. These conditions accentuate the need for socially responsible human resource management practices in organisations. This study examined socially responsible human resource management practices and job satisfaction of public servants with disabilities in South-West Nigeria. Survey research design was adopted for this study. The study’s sample size of 422 public servants and leaders was determined using total enumeration sampling technique. A structured and validated questionnaire and semi-structured interview were used to obtain quantitative and qualitative data. Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients for the constructs ranged between 0.69 and 0.84. The response rate was 95%. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential (multiple linear regression and hierarchical regression) statistics. The study found that SRHRM had a statistically significant effect on job satisfaction (Adj.R2 = 0.53, F(5, 410) = 92.07, p < 0.05). The interviews indicated that only two of five States had a deliberate strategy driving recruitment of persons with disabilities. A vast majority were employed as teachers in special schools, and diverse administrative roles across government ministries, departments and agencies. All States provided varying degrees of basic support and benefits, and stated that the employment of persons with disabilities was influenced by its leadership and affected organisational reputation. The study concluded that SRHRM affects job satisfaction of public servants with disabilities in South-West Nigeria. The study recommended that the government, in conjunction with institutional stakeholders and advocacy groups, should facilitate the adoption of SRHRM practices in South-West Nigeria. In addition, the involvement of the private sector and provision of financial grants and subsidies for employers would enhance wider employment, inclusion and quality organisational support for persons with disabilities.

Green Logistics Practices and Their Impact on Product Sustainability in Fast-Moving Customer Goods Firm in Lagos State, Nigeria

This research examined product sustainability and green logistics practices of selected FMCG enterprises in Lagos State, Nigeria. FMCGs prioritize efficiency and sustainability. Many studies have focused on non-FMCG enterprises and developed nations, not rising nations. This study was survey-based. This survey included 13,782 managerial staff from eight listed FMCG corporations in Lagos State, Nigeria. Taro Yamane formula calculated 519 sample size. Simple random sampling was utilized. Data was collected using a validated questionnaire. The Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient for the constructs varied between 0.78 and 0.94. The percentage of response was 96.7%. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as inferential statistics, including multiple and hierarchical regression. The findings revealed that green logistics practices had significant effect on the product sustainability of selected FMCG firms in Lagos State, Nigeria (Adj.R2 = 0.03; F(5, 496) = 4.977, p < 0.05). The study concluded that green logistics practices promote product sustainability of selected FMCG firms in Lagos State, Nigeria. This study recommended that the management of FMCG firms in Lagos State, Nigeria should adopt a holistic approach to product sustainability, integrating green logistics practices into a broader sustainability strategy to enhance their long-term sustainability.

First-Year Students’ Challenges and Coping Strategies in Public and Private Universities in Osun State, Nigeria

The current study examined the challenges faced by first-year students in public and private universities in Osun State. It also examined the coping strategies of first-year students in public and private universities in the state. It further determined if any differences exist in challenges between public and private university students in the study area; it also determined differences in coping strategies between public and private university students in Osun State. These were to provide information on first-year students’ challenges and strategies for overcoming them. The research design for the study was descriptive survey research design. The study population entailed all first-year students in the public university of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, and a private university, Oduduwa University, Ile-Ife, Osun State. Purposive and convenience sampling techniques were employed to select 200 respondents from the public university and 150 respondents from the private university among first-year students. A self-developed questionnaire titled First-Year Student Challenges and Coping Strategies Questionnaire (FYSCCSQ), which was comprised of four sections, was used to obtain data from the sample. The instrument was validated using face and content validity, and an Alpha Coefficient reliability of .85 was obtained. Data collected were analyzed using frequency counts, simple percentages, and inferential statistics such as independent t-tests. The results showed no significant differences in challenges between public and private first-year students with (t = .51) and no significant differences in coping strategies between public and private first-year students with (t = .268). The study concluded that first-year students in public and private universities encountered myriads of challenges (Academic, Social, Cultural, and economic), with academic challenges being the prevalent challenge, followed by social, cultural, and minor economic challenges in both public and private universities.

Pengembangan Instrumen Kemampuan Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi IPA Sekolah Dasar Materi Manusia dan Lingkungan

The aim of this research is to develop a tool that can be used to measure students' higher order thinking skills regarding human and environmental materials. Indicators of high-level thinking abilities were developed based on the cognitive components of Bloom's Taxonomy which include analyzing (C4), evaluating (C5) and creating (C6) skills. This research is a type of R&D (research and development) which uses a formative research type research model to produce products in the form of assessment instruments for high-level thinking abilities. The essay test was created as an assessment tool. The validators in this research are experts and students. The steps taken by researchers in developing this instrument began with compiling the instrument, then expert validation of the assessment instrument to assess the feasibility and correctness of the concept. After validation by experts, the quality of the instrument was tested on students. The results of the research show that research into the development of high-level thinking skills questions has produced a product in the form of a question instrument with the results of 65% of the questions that have been made valid and 35% of them invalid, while the reliability results show that the Alpha reliability coefficient is 0.751 and is categorized as high.

Testing Construct Validity of the Clinical Supervision Scale in Intensive Care Units at Tertiary Care Hospitals in the Northeast of Thailand

Clinical supervision is the process by which supervisors treat their supervisees through interpersonal relationships to help supervisees develop their knowledge of the ability to perform clinical duties to provide quality service. However, from the literature review, it was found that a tool for assessing supervisors’ clinical supervision has not been clearly developed, especially in the context of the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), which requires close supervision and monitoring of nurses to provide the highest level of safety for patients. Therefore, the research objective was to analyze the construct validity of the clinical supervision scale in the care units of tertiary hospitals in Northeast Thailand. Methods Participants were 234 nurses in intensive care units at tertiary hospitals located in Northeast of Thailand. Data were collected using a questionnaire as perceived by registered nurses based on the framework of Proctor’s model using the 18-item Clinical Supervision Scale. Content validity was explored by seven experts, and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for reliability was .967. EFA was conducted to identify factors affecting the function of clinical supervision. CFA was used to ascertain the model fit. Results The EFA showed a three-factor clinical supervision and CFA. The results indicated that the hypothesis model of clinical supervision showed goodness of fit with empirical data throughout the sample (Chi-square = 103.501, df = 100, p-value = .385, CFI = .999, GFI = .955, AGFI= .923, RMSEA =.012). These results were within acceptable ranges, which indicated that the construct validity of the clinical supervision scale in the intensive care unit was consistent with Proctor’s functions: promoting professional accountability and quality control (normative function), skill and knowledge development (formative function), and providing support and personal well-being (restorative function).

Development of a scale for attitude toward sexually transmitted infections based on the Health Belief Model

ObjectivesDetermination of the attitudes of individuals toward sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can also help identify barriers to health service-seeking behavior. Hence, this study aimed to develop a scale for determining the attitudes of individuals toward sexually transmitted diseases. Study DesignThis was a methodological study. The Health Belief Model (HBM) framework was used to elucidate the perceptions and interpretations of illnesses among individuals. After reviewing the relevant literature, an item pool was created to include 4 dimensions (perceived susceptibility (A), perceived severity (B), perceived benefit (C), and perceived barriers and self-efficacy (D)) about sexually transmitted diseases from the perspective of HBM. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to evaluate the construct validity of the scale. Moreover, confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the suitability of the items in terms of factor structures. ResultsThe final version of the scale comprised 19 items and 4 subdimensions. The first subdimension of the scale accounted for 20.11% of the total variance, whereas the second, third, and fourth subdimensions accounted for 17.83%, 12.50%, and 8.75% of the total variance, respectively. Collectively, these four subdimensions accounted for 59.19% of the total variance. The Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.74. Conclusions: Briefly, the present study led to the development of a novel assessment tool, Attitude Toward Sexually Transmitted Infections Scale. Higher scores on the scale indicated higher likelihood of taking action for a possible STI treatment according to the HBM approach.

A scale development study: Primary Caregiver Burden Scale Individuals Receiving Hemodialysis Treatment.

As hemodialysis is a long-term treatment method requiring significant self-management skills, it affects both the patient and the caregiver in many ways. It is inevitable that changes in the burden perceived by the caregiver over time will not affect the patient's health care outcomes. The aim of this study was to develop an up-to-date scale by examining the psychometric properties of items created specifically for the care burden perceived by individuals who provide care for patients receiving hemodialysis treatment. This study is a methodological study with the use of the COSMIN Checklist. The sample of the study included 404 individuals who were the primary caregivers of patients receiving hemodialysis treatment. Data were collected using descriptive characteristics form and the draft form of the Primary Caregiver Burden Scale Individuals Receiving Hemodialysis Treatment. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and predictive validity were used to evaluate validity. The Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient, item analysis, and test-retest method were employed to evaluate reliability. According to exploratory factor analysis, a scale structure with four subdimensions was determined, and goodness of fit was achieved using confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the final form of the scale consisting of 34 items was found to be 0.95 for the total scale, 0.93 for the self-management support subscale, 0.91 for the psychological support subscale, 0.91 for the caregiver symptom subscale, and 0.93 for the caregiver individual coping subscale. The Primary Caregiver Burden Scale Individuals Receiving Hemodialysis Treatment, which was found to meet the validity and reliability criteria, has a four-point Likert-type scoring structure, 34 items, and four subdimensions. It is thought that the scale can make significant contributions to the international literature if its validity and reliability are established with nursing practices and research.

Validation of the Disaster Adaptation and Resilience Scale for Vulnerable Communities in Vietnam's Coastal Regions.

This study validated the Vietnamese version of the Disaster Adaptation and Resilience Scale (DARS) for use in vulnerable communities in Vietnam. This was a cross-sectional study involving 595 adults from 2 identified communities. The original DARS assessment tool was translated, and the validity and reliability of the Vietnamese version of DARS (V-DARS) were assessed. The internal consistency of the overall scale and its subscales was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega reliability coefficients. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was employed to evaluate its construct validity, building upon the factor structure identified in exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Construct validity was assessed based on convergent and discriminant validity. Following the established criteria for EFA, 8 items were removed, resulting in a refined V-DARS structure comprising 35 items distributed across 5 distinct factors. Both alpha and omega reliability coefficients indicated strong internal consistency for the overall scale (α = .963, ω = .963) and for each of the 5 sub-scales (all > 0.80). The CFA model also retained the 5-factor structure with 35 items. The model fit indices showed acceptable values (RMSEA: 0.072; CFI: 0.912; TLI: 0.904; chi-square test: <0.01). Additionally, the convergent and discriminant validity of the V-DARS were deemed appropriate and satisfactory for explaining the measurement structure. Our findings suggest that the V-DARS is a valid and reliable scale for use within vulnerable communities in Vietnam to assess adaptive responses to natural disasters. It may also be considered for use in other populations.

Orthodontic patient satisfaction: Validation of an Arabic patient satisfaction questionnaire

Objectives: Orthodontic patient satisfaction is a primary aim of orthodontic treatment. Satisfaction is a multidimensional concept, requiring multi-item questionnaires for it to be adequately assessed. A 58-item, orthodontic patient satisfaction questionnaire (PSQ) was developed to assess orthodontic patient satisfaction. Appropriately adapted assessment tools are needed to assess orthodontics patient satisfaction in different populations. The validity and reliability of such tools should be demonstrated before their use for each target population. The PSQ was yet to be validated in Arabic. Therefore, the objective of this study was to translate, adapt, and validate an Arabic orthodontic PSQ. Material and Methods: The 58-item English PSQ was translated to Arabic through translation and back-translation. An expert panel examined the relevance of PSQ items. The questionnaire was circulated through social media to recruit responses from Arabic-speaking orthodontic patients who completed orthodontic treatment. Cronbach’s alpha, item-total correlation (I-TC), and kappa reliability coefficient were calculated. The analysis of variance test was used to compare satisfaction scores between genders and different orthodontic treatment appliances. Results: Ten items were removed based on expert ratings. The questionnaire was filled by 327 patients (55.6% females, mean age = 28.5 ± 7.2, 59.8% on metal braces, 35.3% on clear aligners, and 5.2% on tooth-colored braces). Nine questionnaire items were removed because of low I-TC (&lt;0.3). The resulting 39-item questionnaire had a Cronbach alpha of 0.79 and a kappa coefficient of 0.82. The mean total PSQ score of the sample was 167.61 ± 21.45. Items with the top ten highest I-TC correlations had a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.90. Patients on metal braces had a highest mean total PSQ score (P = 0.004). Among these patients, satisfaction with situational aspects was lower but satisfaction with dentofacial, psychosocial, and dental improvements were all higher compared to other orthodontic treatments (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: The 39-item Arabic PSQ is valid and reliable. A shorter collection of 10 items with high validity were identified. Patients on metal braces had better outcomes, driving higher satisfaction. Studies collecting satisfaction data using the PSQ from orthodontic clinics are needed.

Perception of the teacher trainees on the implementation of e-assessment in the selected Teacher Training Colleges in Kenya

The Kenya National Examinations Council (KNEC) is currently implementing the integration of technology in conducting assessments to replace the traditional mode of paper and pen. The purpose of this study is to examine the perception of the teacher trainees towards the implementation of e-assessment in the upgrade course of the Diploma in Primary Teacher Education (UDPTE). The study adopted a descriptive research design and was carried out in two (2) public teacher training colleges with a target population of two hundred and forty (240) teacher trainees for the UDPTE programme. All the trainees in the sampled colleges were purposively selected to participate in the study since all of them had participated in the formative e-assessment. An online Teacher Trainees Questionnaire (TTQ) was used to collect information relating to trainees' perception of e-assessment. The reliability coefficient alpha (α) of TTQ was found to be 0.78 from the pilot study making the instrument valid for data collection. The data collected was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics by the use of SPSS software version 26.0. The study findings established that a significant number of teacher trainees were upgrading in Option B as compared to Option A learning areas. The teacher trainees believed that the best way to finance the Upgrade of Diploma in Primary Teacher Education program (UDPTE) in Kenya was by using bursaries or scholarships and not loans. A significant number of teacher trainees support the adoption of e-assessment but they are of the view that the colleges were not yet prepared due to lack of necessary technological infrastructure. It was further noted that the teacher trainees need more training on basic computer skills in order to improve their typing skills for responses to enhance the complete submission of assessments on the portal in their respective learning areas. The Ministry of Education needs to equip the teacher training colleges with the necessary technological infrastructure and continuously retool tutors on how to integrate technology tools in the assessment procedures.

Multilingual Education From Students: Case Study in Israel and Moldova

Purpose of the study: This study sets out on an innovative exploration to understand the nuanced learning needs of students, particularly focusing on the often-neglected areas of non-formal and multilingual education. Methodology: Utilizing a robust quantitative survey methodology, this research draws insights from a carefully designed questionnaire comprising 20 rigorously validated statements, achieving a commendable Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of 0.82. The study centers on a diverse group of 200 secondary school students from the culturally diverse landscapes of Israel and Moldova. Main Findings: The study investigates the external influences of national and institutional education policies, as well as transformative educational reform initiatives. Internally, it explores personal aspirations such as the desire for knowledge enhancement, professional retraining, and pursuit of individual interests and leisure activities. Furthermore, the research delves into the complex role of foreign languages in the educational framework, highlighting significant gaps in teacher proficiency, pedagogical methodologies, contemporary learning resources, and assessment practices. Novelty/Originality of this study: The uniqueness of this study lies in its recognition of the multifaceted benefits of multilingual education, which goes beyond cognitive development to foster emotional and social enrichment. Central to this discussion is the concept of interlanguage transfer, a phenomenon that captures the dynamic interaction between the languages of bilingual or multilingual individuals, significantly influencing their linguistic abilities. This study not only emphasizes the importance of multilingualism in educational settings but also highlights its potential to enhance the educational experience for students, educators, and society as a whole.

Environmental Sensitivity Scale for Social Workers: A Scale Development Study

Abstract The objective of this quantitative study was to develop a valid and reliable scale to examine the environmental sensitivity of social workers, the Environmental Sensitivity Scale. First, the researchers created an item pool by considering the information in the literature. Then, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analyses were carried out. A total of 314 social workers practicing in the field in Türkiye (previosly referred to as Turkey) participated in the study. The EFA conducted for validity indicated an 11-item structure composed of two factors. The first factor provides information about environmental sensitivity in macro practices ; the second factor provides information about environmental sensitivity in micro and mezzo practices. The reliability analyses also revealed that the resulting structure was reliable. The Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients for the first factor, second factor, and total score were .830, .815, and .875, respectively. The developed scale can be utilized to figure out the attitudes of social workers about environmental sensitivity.

Information Search Knowledge and Agricultural Education Students’ Use of Public Library in Cross River State, Nigeria

The study determined the influence of information search knowledge on agricultural education students’ use of public libraries in Cross River State, Nigeria. To achieve the purpose, two research questions and two hypotheses were formulated. This study adopted a survey research design. All the 96 final year agricultural education students of the two public universities in Cross River State were purposely selected for the study. A validated questionnaire titled “Information Search Knowledge and Agricultural Education Students’ Use of the Library Questionnaire (ISKAESULQ) was used for data collection. This instrument was face and content validated by three experts. A reliability index of 0.81 was obtained for the questionnaire using Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient after a pilot test. All hypotheses were tested at .05 significance level using simple linear regression and independent t-test statistics. Findings revealed that knowledge of information sourcing significantly influences the use of libraries by agricultural education students in public universities and that there is no significant difference in the influence of knowledge of information sourcing on male and female agricultural education students’ use of public libraries. Based on the findings, it was recommended amongst others that information search knowledge and literacy should be included in the course outline for use in library, and taught as a course in tertiary institutions, as this would ensure that students including those in Agricultural Education have the necessary knowledge needed to source and search for key information in the library

Assessment of the psychometric properties of the italian version of the midwifery student evaluation of practice (MIDSTEP-IT): A validity and reliability study

BackgroundClinical learning is a crucial component of the midwifery education program, necessary to support the acquisition of professional abilities through the integration of theoretical and practical learning experiences. Evaluating Bachelor of Midwifery students’ perception of their clinical learning experiences is important to improve midwifery educational programs. Aimthe objective of this study was the translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of the Midwifery Student Evaluation of Practice (MidSTEP) in a group of Italian midwives’ students. Methods“Translation and Cultural Adaptation of Patient Reported Outcomes Measures - Principles of Good Practice” guidelines were adopted to achieve the MidSTEP Italian version. Exploratory Factor Analysis was performed. Internal consistency for reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient (α) and Omega coefficient (ω), while Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) were used to determine if the tool was stable over time. FindingsThe Italian version of MidSTEP (MidSTEP-IT) has good internal consistency: considering the Clinical Learning Environment Scale, Cronbach's α was 0.839 (for the “Skill Development” subscale α was equal to 0.739 and for the “Philosophy of Midwifery Practice” subscale α was equal to 0.825) while considering the Midwifery Preceptor Scale, Cronbach's α was 0.920. Factor analysis does not fully reflect the factorial analysis of the original version. ConclusionThe MidSTEP-IT had been proven to be a valid and reliable tool, easy and fast to administer, that could be effectively helpful for investigating and measuring the Italian midwifery students’ perception of their clinical learning experiences, according to the setting and impact of mentors on their professional growth. It is an innovative tool, valuable in both clinical practice and research to highlight the importance of encouraging a supportive clinical learning environment and an efficient preceptorship.

Validity and reliability study of Turkish version of abbreviated science anxiety scale

The aim of this study is to adapt “Abbreviated Science Anxiety Scale”(ASAS) developed by Megreya et al. (2021) to Turkish and to investigate the reliability and validity of Turkish-ASAS. In the adaptation study, some steps were determined and implemented. After the English-Turkish translation validity of ASAS was ensured, data were collected within the scope of the survey study for reliability and validity studies. The study group in the scale adaptation study are experts (teaching staff in science education, Science teacher, and English teacher) and 410 middle school students (Grade 5, 6, 7 and 8). After the descriptive statistics and item analysis were made, a exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed to reveal the factor structure. The adaptation stage findings shows the two-factor structure of ASAS. These factors are “learning science anxiety” and “science evaluation anxiety”. Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient for ASAS-Turkish was calculated as 0.703. As in the original scale, ASAS-Turkish is a 5-point Likert type scale and consisting of 9 items. The results show that ASAS-Turkish is a short, valid and reliable tool. Low scores on the ASAS indicate low anxiety and high scores indicate high anxiety. It can be used to guide and enhance scientific study.

Exploring the Relationship between Self-esteem and Optimistic-Pessimistic Attitudes in English Majors at Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade

The relationship between self-esteem and optimistic and pessimistic attitudes is significant in individual behavioral patterns in society and studying, according to educational psychology. The study will be done on 70 English majors at Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade (HUIT) with a quantitative research method and two scales: Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (1965) and Scheier, Carver, and Bridge's Life Orientation Test-Revised (1994) to determine this correlation. There are two hypotheses stated in this study: (1) Self-esteem and optimistic attitudes are positively correlated among English majors at HUIT, and (2) Self-esteem and pessimistic attitudes are negatively correlated among English majors at HUIT. To answer the above hypotheses, the study will employ SPSS 26.00 to perform descriptive statistics, Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis. The data suggest that among HUIT English majors, there is a positive correlation between self-esteem and an optimistic attitude and also a positive correlation between self-esteem and a pessimistic attitude. These findings provide insight into the complicated link between self-esteem and optimistic and pessimistic attitudes, revealing that people with higher self-esteem might have both optimistic and pessimistic dispositions in academic life and daily life.

Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire

Objective: Gastroesophageal reflux is a disease that is common in society and affects quality of life. The aim of the present study was to test the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Quality of Life scale.&#x0D; Methods: A total of 161 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease who applied to the gastroenterology outpatient department of a university hospital between July 2017 – October 2017 constituted the sample of this study. The study was a methodological and descriptive study. In the validity and reliability studies, the language validity, content validity, internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient) and confirmatory factor analysis methods were used.&#x0D; Results: The Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient of the Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Quality of Life scale was α = 0.885, while its content validity ranged between 0.84-0.92. According to confirmatory factor analysis, the 4-factor structure of the scale, consisting of 16 items, generally had good fit.&#x0D; Conclusion: The Turkish version of the Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Quality of Life scale was found to be a valid and reliable scale that can be used to measure the quality of life of individuals diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease.

INVESTIGATING THE METACOGNITION CALIBRATIONS AND MATHEMATICAL METACOGNITION AWARENESS OF 8TH GRADE STUDENTS; SKILL-BASED MATHEMATICS QUESTIONS

The purpose of this study is to examine the metacognitive awareness of eighth-grade students in mathematics and their metacognitive calibrations in skill-based mathematics questions from various variables, and to determine the relationship between these factors. A relational survey design is used in the study. The sample of the research consists of 303 female students, 217 male students, totaling 520 students who are in the eighth grade. Data were collected using the "Mathematical Metacognition Awareness Scale (MMAS)," the "Skill-Based Mathematics Questions Test (SMQT)," and the "Self-Evaluation Scale (SES)." In the research, the Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of MMAS is found to be .881. The discriminability indices of SMQT are above .34, and the item difficulty indices range from .28 to .88. Descriptive statistics, independent groups t-test, related and unrelated groups ANOVA, and multiple correlation techniques were used in the analysis of the data. In the results of the research, it was observed that students' genders significantly differentiated their mathematical metacognition awareness and biases, but did not differentiate their accuracy significantly. The socio-economic levels (SEL) of students were found to significantly affect their mathematical metacognition awareness but did not differentiate their metacognitive calibrations. The students' mathematics grades were found to significantly differentiate their mathematical metacognition awareness and metacognitive calibrations. There was no significant relationship between students' mathematical metacognition awareness and metacognitive calibrations. Another finding obtained from the study is that students tend to be better calibrated in medium and difficult mathematics questions compared to easy questions, and in difficult and easy questions, they tend to be excessively confident compared to medium difficulty questions.