Alpha-amylase Inhibitory Activity Research Articles

Development of Mussaenda frondosa sepal infused functional tea with enhanced antioxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities

Mussaenda frondosa (MF) is an edible species of the genus Mussaenda (Rubiaceae) that contains a wide array of medicinal compounds. The present study was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical and functional properties of the MF sepals and to develop a novel herbal tea with improved functional properties. Remarkably high antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activities were exhibited by water and ethanol extracts of MF, attributed to their high phenolic and flavonoid contents. None of the extracts showed toxicity, as evaluated by the brine shrimp lethality assay. A tea was formulated by blending different proportions (30, 40 and 50%) of dry sepals of MF with black tea. The sensory analysis showed a significantly high level of acceptance for the formula containing 40% MF (MFT-40) with augmented phenolic contents (138.82 ± 0.21 mg GAE/g), antioxidant (DPPH scavenging activity with IC50 of 12.23 ± 0.45 µg/mL), and hypoglycemic activities (α-amylase inhibition with IC50 of 104.80 ± 0.59 µg/mL) compared to the black tea control (with the values of 128.47 ± 0.13 mg GAE/g, 18.70 ± 0.68 µg/mL and 153.07 ± 0.61 µg/mL respectively). This study revealed the potential use of MF as a source of antioxidants for the development of new functional teas with enhanced health benefits.

PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENTS, GC-MS PROFILE AND ALPHA-AMYLASE INHIBITORY POTENTIAL OF Rauwolfia vomitoria n-HEXANE ROOT EXTRACT

Rauwolfia vomitoria is a tropical medicinal plant that has been used traditionally in the management of several diseases. In this study, the phytocontents and the preliminary alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of the n-hexane extracts of R. vomitoria was investigated. The dried plant material, R. vomitoria root was extracted by macerating in n-hexane for 72 h. The phytochemical screening and quantity of the alkaloids, flavonoid, and saponins in the extract and plant materials was determined using standard methods. The Preliminary alpha amylase inhibitory activity of the extract was carried out using starch iodide reagent assay. The phytochemical contents of the root extract were determined out using Gas Chromatography and Mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The extraction of R. vomitoria yielded 2.30% n-Hexane extract. The phytochemical screening of the extract shows the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, saponins, reducing sugar, de-oxy sugars and steroids while quantitative phytochemical analysis showed the root contain alkaloids: 11.2±0.06, flavonoids: 16.6 ±0.12 and saponins: 14.8 ±0.18. The extract gave a positive alpha-amylase inhibitory activity. The GC-MS indicated the presence of twelve compounds, which are basically long chain fatty acids and esters and the most abundant compound is n-Hexadecanoic acid. Most of the compounds detected have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and enzyme inhibitory activities which may explain the various traditional uses of this plant and the observed alpha-amylase inhibitory activity

Harnessing Phytochemicals to Regulate Catalytic Residues of Alpha-Amylase and Alpha-Glucosidase in Type 2 Diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D), also known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, represents the prevailing manifestation of diabetes, encompassing a substantial majority of cases, ~90-95%. Plant-derived antidiabetic leads are being intensively explored due to their safety and effectiveness. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the anti-diabetic potential of the traditional formulation Karisalai Karpam through in-vitro and in-silico investigations. The in-vitro and in-silico investigation of traditional polyherbal preparation Karisalai Karpam (KK) chooranam were performed to ascertain its inhibitory potential against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes along with antioxidant (DPPH and ABTS) and phytochemical analysis. The results of enzyme inhibitory activity of KK witnessed highest activity against α-glucosidase enzyme with a percentage inhibition of 84.66 ± 2.50% (IC50,187.9 ± 5.79 μg/ml) followed by moderate level of α-amylase inhibition exhibited with 72.94 ± 3.66% (IC50, 241.6 ± 9.76 μg/ml). Additionally, the strongest antioxidant activity was observed in quenching DPPH• (IC50,154.8 ± 14.53 μg/ml) and ABTS+• radicals (IC50,148.6 ± 29.74 μg/ml). The outcome of the molecular docking studies indicated that among the 17 compounds analysed, the lead such as acalyphin, apigenin, humulene, and indirubin exhibited a prominent binding affinity over the residual binding site of α-glucosidase. It's important to note that the catalytic site of the enzyme α-amylase is primarily occupied by amyrin, apigenin, arjunolic acid, β-sitosterol, geraniol, and tricetin. In conclusion, the formulation KK demonstrates robust alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitory activity. It's also worth noting that the formulation exhibits noteworthy antioxidant properties, which could provide additional health benefits. The binding mode and energies of the identified phytochemicals against the target enzymes further support the formulation's antidiabetic potential.

Synthesis, characterization, and biological activities of substituted pyridine-based azomethine scaffolds

The present research work describes the synthesis of a new series of heterocyclic compounds, namely, pyridine-based azomethine scaffolds. A total of eight derivatives were prepared, purified, and characterized by analytical methods such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and IR spectroscopic techniques. All compounds were used to investigate their alpha-amylase inhibition activity. We have also reported antimicrobial activity using a micro broth dilution assay, with microbial strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCIM 5031), Escherichia coli (NCIM 2065), Bacillus subtilis (NCIM 2699), Aspergillus niger (NCIM 620), Aspergillus fumigatus (NCIM 902), and Aspergillus flavus (NCIM 549). Finally, we report the antioxidant activity of the synthesized derivatives using a DPPH free radical assay.

Bioassay guided isolation and compounds identification of the anti-diabetic fractions of (rosemary) Rosmarinus officinalis leaves extract

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by prolonged elevated blood glucose levels. It is a common health problem with a high mortality and morbidity to the human race. A number of medicinal plants such as rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) have been used for the treatment of diabetes. Most of the anti-diabetic conventional drugs have been found to have some side effects and there is therefore need to explore new sources of anti-diabetic drugs. The aim of the current study was to investigate the possibility of getting anti-diabetic compounds from R. officinalis that can be used as leads for drug discovery.MethodologyR. officinalis leaves were macerated in 50% methanol in dichloromethane and the crude extract fractionated by column chromatography. The obtained fractions were subjected to an in-vitro alpha-amylase inhibition assay. The anti-hyperglycemic potential of the fractions was evaluated in diabetic induced Wistar rats. The most potent fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) for identification of the compounds.ResultsA total of 21 chromatographic fractions were assembled with different alpha- amylase inhibition activity. Eleven of the fractions had more than 30% alpha-amylase inhibition activity. The ethyl acetate fraction had the highest inhibition potential (LC50 of 2.8 μg/mL). The anti-diabetic assay in rats showed that fractions (F1) and (F4) had highest blood glucose reduction of 44.5 ± 0.4 and 52.8 ± 1.3%, respectively (p < 0.05). GC-MS analysis of fractions F1 and F4 showed the presence of 21 and 23 compounds in F1 and 23, respectively.ConclusionThis study has demonstrated that R. officinalis crude extract fractions obtained from 50% methanol in dichloromethane possesses alpha-amylase inhibitory and anti-hyperglycemic activities as well as secondary metabolites with varying chemical structures. The hexane and hexane/ethyl acetate (8/2) fractions showed most potent alpha-amylase inhibition with high anti-hyperglycemic activity giving hope of a possibility of obtaining lead compounds for new anti-diabetic drugs.

Production and biological activities of exopolysaccharides synthesized by thermophilic bacilli isolated from hot springs in Türkiye.

Thermophilic bacteria able to produce exopolysaccharides (EPSs) have become attractive in recent years. EPSs synthesized by thermophiles are worth investigating due to their unexplored structural and biological properties. In this study, EPSs from thermophilic, Gram-positive bacterial isolates were purified and tested for their biological activities. A total of one hundred seven thermophilic bacteria were screened for their ability to produce exopolysaccharides. Nine isolates belonging to Geobacillus, Parageobacillus, Aeribacillus, and Anoxybacillus genera with highest EPS production were chosen, and purified EPSs (20, 61, 74, 76, 78, 89, 106, 134, and 261) were used for biological activity studies. EPS yields of selected thermophilic bacteria ranged between 117 and 419mg/L. Among the tested EPSs, 61, 106, and 261 showed antibacterial effect against E. faecalis JH2-2 at a final concentration of 1.5mg/mL. EPS samples had significantantioxidant capacity, especially EPS 134, with the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity of 100% at a concentration of 5mg/mL and the strongest reducing power.EPS 20 showed the highest lipid peroxidation inhibition effect at a rate of 31%. EPSs displayed weak alpha-amylase inhibition activity when compared with standard acarbose. The prebiotic indices of EPSs 20, 61, 76, 89, 134, and 261 were found to be higher than that of inulin, a representative prebiotic carbohydrate for all tested lactic acid bacteria in the study. All examined EPSs inhibited the biofilms formed by various bacteria depending on the test strain. Results indicated that thermophilic EPSs had remarkable antioxidant, prebiotic, and antibiofilm activities. Therefore, EPSs characterized in this study may have technological applications in health and food fields.

Evaluations of the in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity of 70 % ethanolic fruit extracts of Rosa abyssinica

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus is becoming major health challenge with continually increasing burden. High costs of conventional medicines and numerous side effects associated with them, on the other hand, easy availability and accessibility of traditional herbal medicines calls upon experimental investigations to validate their effect on lowering blood glucose level. MethodsThe dried fruit of Rosa abyssinica was macerated with 70 % ethanol and the extract's in vitro antidiabetic activity was investigated using dinitrosalisylic acid method for alpha amylase inhibitory activity. Furthermore, the in vivo hypoglycemic and Antihyperglycemic effects of various doses of the extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) was determined on normoglycemic, glucose loaded (1500 mg/kg) and Streptozotocine (180 mg/kg)-induced diabetic mice models. ResultsThe acute oral toxicity study revealed the plant showed no toxic effect on swiss albino mice at 2000 mg/kg. The in vitro alpha amylase inhibitory activity study showed that the extract has comparable IC50 value of 21.37 ± 4.252 μg/ml with the standard drug acarbose (IC50 value of 26.72 ± 3.59 μg/ml). On the other hand, in normal mice, none of the dose levels except at 400 mg/kg significantly reduces blood glucose level. This is in contrast to the oral glucose tolerance test, which the extract produced significant reduction at 60, 90 and 120 min following glucose challenge. The 70 % ethanolic fruit extracts of Rosa abyssinica also experienced profound antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic model. In the single-dose study, both RAFE200 and RAFE400 demonstrated a significant (P˂0.05) reduction in blood glucose levels at 1, 2, 3, and 4 h. Similarly, in the repeated-dose study, RAFE200 and RAFE400 not only significantly reduced blood glucose levels but also produced a notable improvement in animal body weight. ConclusionThe 70 % ethanolic fruit extracts of Rosa abyssinica have shown significant in vitro alpha amylase inhibition effect and an in vivo blood glucose level lowering effects in diabetic mice.Therefore, this study supports the traditional use of Rosa abyssinica in the management of diabetes mellitus.

Studying the Anti-microbial and Alpha Amylase Inhibition Activity of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNP) have been produced using a wet chemical technique. The therapeutic capacities of cerium oxide nanoparticles are determined based on the analysis of their anti-diabetic and antibacterial activities. The study below demonstrated the antibacterial characteristics of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNP) against several bacteria. Specifically, the inhibition zones observed for Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus gergovae were 14.5mm, 11mm, 17mm, and 15mm, respectively. The results obtained indicate that CNP has the potential to address the urgent problem of hospital-acquired microbial infections, particularly those caused by antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Additionally, the anti-diabetic property of CNP was evaluated and found to have a 66% alpha amylase inhibition, which suggests a significant reduction in glucose levels. Therefore, it has the potential to be utilized as an antidiabetic medication as well. The study has produced a compound with potent biological capabilities that can be enhanced through a synthesis technique and utilized in the pharmaceutical industry.

Kigelia africana fruit fractions inhibit in vitro alpha-glucosidase activity: a potential natural alpha-glucosidase inhibitor

BackgroundDiabetes affects 75% of people in low-income countries, where conventional drugs like metformin are available, but newer drugs like alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are not accessible to most Southern African patients.AimTo evaluate the α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of fractionated aqueous extracts of Kigelia africana fruit (KAFE) and their phytochemical fingerprints using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS).Materials and methodsWe studied K. africana fruit fractions' inhibitory effects on alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase using bioassay-guided fractionation, and analyzed their phytochemical profiles with GC–MS.Key findingsBoth the aqueous extract and ethyl acetate fraction of the aqueous extract exhibited a low dose-dependent inhibition of alpha-amylase activity (p < 0.0001). At a concentration of 500 μg/mL, the aqueous extract caused an alpha-glucosidase inhibition of 64.10 ± 2.7%, with an estimated IC50 of 193.7 μg/mL, while the ethyl acetate fraction had an inhibition of 89.82 ± 0.8% and an estimated IC50 of 10.41 μg/mL. The subfraction G, which had the highest alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity at 85.10 ± 0.7%, had significantly lower activity than the ethyl acetate fraction. The most bioactive fraction was found to contain 11"(2-cyclopenten-1-yl) undecanoic acid, ( +)- and cyclopentane undecanoic acid as well as the indole alkaloids Akuammilan-17-ol-10-methoxy, N-nitroso-2-methyl-oxazolidine and epoxide Oxirane2.2″ -(1.4-butanediyl) bis-.ConclusionThe K. africana fruit fraction demonstrated significant alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity, while its alpha-amylase inhibitory activity was limited. This study suggests a potential natural alpha-glucosidase inhibitor and phytocompounds that could serve as leads for developing antidiabetic agents.

Proprietary alpha-amylase inhibitor formulation from white kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) promotes weight and fat loss: a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial

White kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) extracts can aid weight management by reducing calorie intake from complex carbohydrates through alpha-amylase inhibition. We examined the impact of a proprietary aqueous extract from whole dried white kidney beans standardized by its alpha-amylase inhibitor activity (Phase 2 white kidney bean extract (WKBE)) on weight management in subjects with overweight and moderate obesity. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled fashion, 81 participants completed the study and ingested either a high dose of Phase 2 (1000 mg, WKBE HIGH), a low dose (700 mg, WKBE LOW), or a matching placebo (microcrystalline cellulose, PLA) three times a day, 30 min before meals, for 12 weeks during a calorie restricted diet. In a dose-dependent manner, Phase 2 significantly reduced body weight, fat mass, BMI, waist, hip and in the WKBE HIGH group thigh circumference. Phase 2 is an effective and safe supplement aiding weight and fat loss. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02930668.

Antioxidant and Alpha Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Apigenin in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats

Purpose: to study the antioxidant, inhibitory activity of alpha amylase, antidiabetic, effects of flavonoid Apigeninin in diabetic rats. Methods: The effect of Apigeninon on blood glucose and antioxidant activities were estimated in alloxan induced diabetic and treated rats. The α-amylase inhibitory activity in the serum was assessed after oral administration of 7thday, 14th day, and 21st days treatment of Apigenin. Results: The Apigenin was reduced the serum glucose, α-amylase levels and increased antioxidant levels significantly (P&lt;0.05) in Apigenin alone and combination with Metformin treated groups. Conclusion: The present investigation concludes that flavonoid Apigenin, single drug and combination with Metformin was increased antioxidant and inhibited the alpha-amylase activity and hypoglycemic effect in alloxan induced diabetes rats.

Evaluation of the alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of Euclea natalensis extracts used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: An experimental and in silico approach

Diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder with increasing global prevalence, poses a significant public health concern, necessitating the development of safe and effective drugs. This study specifically assessed the inhibitory effects of Euclea natalensis leaf extracts on alpha-amylase through in vitro, in vivo, and in silico methods. The extracts were sequentially obtained using solvents of graded polarity. alpha-amylase inhibition studies were conducted through spectrophotometric methods, while in vivo assessments were performed using a starch tolerance test on rats. Molecular docking was carried out using Autodock 4.2.6, and SwissADME, along with ADMETlab 2.0, were employed to determine the drug-likeness and toxicity properties of the literature-mined compounds. The extracts demonstrated significant in vitro inhibition of alpha-amylase, with the methanol extract exhibiting the highest percentage of inhibition at 27% ± 4.2, followed by hexane and aqueous extracts at 18% ± 2.5 and 18% ± 3.7, respectively. In vivo, the extracts lowered blood glucose levels, with acarbose reducing peak blood glucose levels by 42%, while both the aqueous and methanol extracts reduced it by 19% each after 30 min. The overall glucose-lowering effect, based on the area under the starch tolerance curve, ranked as follows: acarbose &gt; methanol &gt; aqueous &gt; hexane &gt; dichloromethane extract. Molecular docking identified 20(29)-lupene-3 beta-isoferulate C3 as the most promising compound with the lowest binding energy of -11.4 kcal/mol. Molecular dynamics revealed that C3 loses stability as it diverges from the active site. Additionally, while all other compounds passed the Lipinski drug-likeness criteria, 20(29)-lupene-3 beta-isoferulate C3 did not. Therefore, the present study suggests that E. natalensis exhibits antidiabetic properties through the inhibition of alpha-amylase and may serve as a source of potential antidiabetic drug molecules.

Alpha-amylase and Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Philippine Indigenous Medicinal Plants

In the Philippines, medicinal plants still provide the first line of therapeutic remedies and their reported efficacy in traditional treatments provides an opportunity for drug discovery and development. The study aimed to evaluate in vitro commonly used Philippine medicinal plants for their alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities as potential sources of antidiabetic agents. The study emphasised the inhibitory activities of 54 medicinal plants against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. The findings revealed 7 medicinal plants with the highest alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of ≥ 50% and 3 with alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of ≥ 20%. Ethyl acetate extract of Cycas sp. exhibited the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with 83.87% ± 1.52 followed by the aqueous extract of cf. Calyptranthera sp. With 82.07% ± 0.14 with Acarbose as the reference standard (99.71% ± 0.63) at 10µg/mL (w/v) concentration. For the alpha-amylase inhibitory assay, the highest bioactivity was observed in ethyl acetate extract of Curcuma longa L. (39.44% ± 1.56) with Acarbose as the reference standard (51.59% ± 0.98) at 10µg/mL (w/v) concentration. These findings suggest the potential of the above-mentioned plants as sources of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors that may be used as antidiabetic agents.

Enhanced Enzyme Inhibitory Effects of the Nanohybrid Eggplant Extract: An Unusual Pharmaceutical Form for Medicinal Plant

Objective: Recently, biosynthesis/synthesis of nanoflowers has become very attractive for chemical and pharmaceutical sciences, and enhanced enzyme activities. Various plant extracts and their active compounds are effectively used as organic component for novel nanoflowers synthesis. Solanum melongena L., commonly known as eggplant in English, a vegetable and medicinal plant belongs to Solanaceae family has several advantages in materials synthesis due to cheap and obtained easily. The aim of this study is to compare the enzyme ((alpha-glucosidase (AGase), alpha-amylase (AAase), tyrosinase (Tyr), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (BChE)) inhibitory effects of the eggplant’ calyx extract and its Solanum-inorganic hybrid nanoflower (Sm-ihNFs) via in vitro experimental methods. &#x0D; Methods: The hybrid nanoflower was formed (NF) with organic molecules, eggplant extract (Sm), and inorganic compounds, copper to enhance the catalytic activities. The inhibition capacities of the eggplant extract, and its hybrid nanoflower were evaluated on selected enzymes (AGase, AAase, Tyr, AChE and BChE) which play significant roles physiologically by in vitro tests in this study. &#x0D; Results: According to inhibition percentages and IC50 values, Sm-ihNFs showed higher inhibitory activities on enzymes other than ache than the plain crude plant extract. Among all the enzymes that were studied, Sm-ihNFs demonstrated significantly higher alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibition activities compared to acarbose. And when compared to galanthamine hydrobromide Sm-ihNFs showed higher enzyme inhibition and significant IC50 value. &#x0D; Conclusion: It was thought that Sm-ihNFs prepared from eggplant extract may have promising potential for antidiabetic drug formulations in the future. The hybrid nanoflowers will be promising and guide for the future work in terms of pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industry.

Fermentation Kinetic and Alpha-Amylase Inhibition Studies of Mao Wine Fermented by Three Commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeasts

Mao wine is produced from mao (Antidesma thwaitesianum) and is a local beverage promoting Sakon Nakhon province, Thailand. Understanding the fermentation process is necessary in order to enhance the quality of mao wine products. This study aims to examine the kinetics of mao wine fermentation using 3 commercial types of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts, namely Lalvin 71B, Lalvin RC212 and Lalvin K1-V1116, with an initial pH of 3.4, a sweetness of 22 % Brix and a yeast concentration of 0.4 g L–1 in controlled conditions at 25 °C for 10 days. The results revealed that the kinetic models, including logistic, Luedeking-Piret and modified Luedeking-Piret equations, are appropriate for analyzing the kinetics of yeast growth, alcohol production and reducing sugar, respectively. Lalvin K1-V1116 yeast yielded the highest capacity for alcohol production (~113 g L–1), sugar-to-alcohol conversion (45 % conversion), and product efficiency (88 %), indicating its suitability for mao wine production. Furthermore, the investigation of the alpha-amylase inhibitory activity revealed that the IC50 values of mao wine samples were 2.88 - 4.78 mg mL–1, which were roughly 410 - 680 times greater than those of acarbose. These findings revealed the low efficacy of mao wine in inhibiting alpha-amylase activity. Nevertheless, a decrease in the level of inhibition may result in a decreased likelihood of side effects or undesirable reactions. This treatment is especially beneficial for people who have medication sensitivities. Additional research is required in order to substantiate its applicability in the management of type 2 diabetes. HIGHLIGHTS Mao wines were produced by 3 commercial cerevisiae yeast strains Lalvin K1-V1116 yeast exhibits the highest capacity in converting sugar to alcohol Lalvin K1-V1116 is the most suitable yeast for making mao wine The chosen kinetic models are appropriate for kinetic studies of fermentation process The efficacy of Mao wine in inhibiting the activity of alpha-amylase is quite low GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Impact of Fermentation on the Phytochemical Content and Biological Properties of Moringa oleifera Lam. Shoot Teas.

This work examined the variation in chemical and biological properties of Moringa oleifera Lam. shoot (MOS) teas prepared under different degrees of fermentation, viz: non-fermented, semi-fermented and fermented. The chemical composition was ascertained via FTIR, GC-MS, total phenolic and total flavonoid content. Also determined were the biological properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities. The data confirmed that MOS teas were rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds, with fermented MOS tea displaying the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents. With respect to antioxidant property, all tea extracts exhibited good radical scavenging activities against DPPH⋅, ABTS⋅+ and NO⋅, and the radical scavenging capacity was in the order of non-fermented>semi-fermented>fermented MOS teas. The same trend was also observed for the antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. In contrast, the fermented MOS tea exhibited better α-amylase inhibitory activity compared to the non-fermented and semi-fermented MOS teas.

Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles from the leaf extract of Enicostema axillare (Poir. ex Lam.) A. Raynal and its alpha amylase inhibition activity

Due to its numerous applications, commercial demand for silver nanoparticles produced by biological means is rising. This procedure has no adverse effects, is inexpensive, takes little time, and is non-toxic. The current work uses leaf extracts from Enicostema axillare (Mamajavo) to synthesise silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles may be characterised by UV–VIS, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, and EDAX. The effectiveness of the screening inhibition assay and alpha-amaylase inhibitory activities is assessed using methanolic leaf extracts and silver nanoparticles. The outcome shows that AgNps exhibit aggregates of grains with a restricted size distribution range between 60 and 80 nm. In comparison to leaf extract, silver nanoparticles made from methanolic leaf extracts have high alpha-amaylase inhibitory action. This study showed that Enicostema axillare's AgNps decrease in the presence of alpha-amylase inhibitors.

Alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of collagen hydrolysate from Asian bullfrog skin and its application in dark chocolate

Alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of collagen hydrolysate from Asian bullfrog skin and its application in dark chocolate

Alpha-amylase inhibitory activity and in silico studies of in vitro sweet basil plantlets treated with chitosan and ZnO NPs

In this study, an efficient protocol was developed to obtain multiplicated, healthy sweet basil plantlets with larger leaves and a greener color by culturing them on MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l 2iP. Chitosan and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were used as abiotic elicitors to maximize the main secondary metabolites (phenolic and flavonoid compounds and essential oil) in in vitro plantlets of sweet basil. Chitosan with a concentration of 4.0 mg/l recorded the maximum value of caffeic acid (1.189 mg/g DW), and 10 mg/l of ZnO NPs recorded the maximum content of rutin (0.936 mg/g DW). The plantlets cultured with 2.0 mg/l chitosan recorded the maximum percentage of essential oil (90.63%). 8,9-Dihydro-9-formyl cycloisolongifolene was the major compound (72.44%) and was detected in the plantlets treated with 2.0 mg/l chitosan. The inhibitory activity evaluation of α-amylase revealed that the maximum inhibitory activity was found in the plantlet control and those treated with 4.0 mg/l chitosan of the phenolic and flavonoid fractions. The maximum IC50 (7.36 ± 0.85) was found in the plantlet extract treated with 4.0 mg/l chitosan, followed by the plantlet control, which recorded 11.53 ± 0.86. Using AutoDuck 4.2 and PyMol software, it was revealed that rutin and caffeic acid compounds (the main active components) own hydrogen binding interactions and hydrophobic binding interactions with the active site of alpha-amylase from the porcine pancreas (PPA) enzyme with good binding energy (5.74 and 5.71 kcal/mol, respectively).

In Vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic properties of leaves aqueous extract of Sonchus maritimus

One of the most serious health issues facing worldwide today is diabetes mellitus. Although they have inevitable adverse effects, conventional antidiabetic medications are effective. However, plants might also provide an alternate source of anti-diabetic chemicals. This study was focused on determining the antioxidant activities of the leaves aqueous extract of Sonchus maritimus using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing ability assay power (FRAP), as well as its antidiabetic activities, which were performed using different protocols, including alpha-amylase inhibitory properties, glucose uptake by yeast cell’s ability, and glucose adsorption capacity. It was noted that S. maritimum extract exhibited moderate activities to scavenge the free radical DPPH and to reduce ferric iron to ferrous iron compared to standard (ascorbic acid). However, the aqueous extract of S. maritimus showed better alpha-amylase inhibitory activity compared to acarbose. It also showed good adsorption strength for binding to glucose molecules. Moreover, the extract showed excellent improvement in glucose uptake by yeast cells at different glucose concentrations in the medium compared to metformin. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of S. maritimus leaves is a promising source of potential antidiabetic compounds that can help prevent diabetes complications and alleviate associated oxidative stress.