Alpha-globulin Research Articles

GAMBARAN C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP) PADA LANSIA DENGAN KADAR ASAM URAT TINGGI DI SEKELADI HILIR KECAMATAN TANAH PUTIH KABUPATEN ROKAN HILIR

Elderly defined as someone who has reached the age of 60 years or older who will experience anatomical, physiological and biochemical changes in the body, causing various health problems, one of them is uric acid which if excess, causes monosodium urate crytals in the joint space, causing severe joint paint and joint swelling (particularly in the big toe, middle foot,ankle and knee) thus causing inflamation. CRP is one of alpha globulin that rises in the blood serum after an inflammatory pocess occurs. The aims of this study to determine the description CRP in elderly with high uric acid levels. This research is a cross sectional study and sampling by purposive sampling with 22 respondents. The results of CRP in elderly patient with gout there were 16 respondents (72,7%) positive CRP and 6 respondents (27,3%) negative. Thus, it can be concluded that CRP is found in elderly people with gout as a marker of the inflammatory process.

Dietary therapeutic and preventive food products in complex therapy of gastroinal tract diseases associated with Helicobacter pylori

Introduction. The paper presents modern literature and clinical research data on the efficacy and safety of dietary therapeutic and prophylactic foods in the complex therapy of diseases associated with Helicobacter pylori. Aim. To assess the efficacy and safety of the use of dietary therapeutic and prophylactic food products in the complex therapy of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract associated with Helicobacter pylori. Materials and methods. To evaluate the efficacy of dietary therapeutic and prophylactic food products such as Vegetable Puree Soup with Herbs and Oatmeal, Oatmeal Porridge with Herbs and Flax Seed, Protein-Sea Buckthorn Cocktail (LEOVIT Nutrio LLC), the main group of patients with gastrointestinal diseases (n = 41) was formed, which was further divided into four subgroups. Each of three subgroups received one specialty food product, and the fourth subgroup received all three products. Changes in complete blood count were evaluated using Sysmex XT-2000i analyzer, those in proteinograms – using SAS1, SAS2 protein fraction analyser and those in metabolic liver disorders, lipid profile and glucose level – using Konelab PRIME 30i (Thermo Fisher Scientific) analyzer. All parameters were studied three times: before use, 14 and 60 days after use of the products. Results and discussion. After 14 days, complaints of lack of appetite decreased in the main group, discomfort in the epigastrium, feeling of heaviness and nausea decreased. After 60 days, 100% of patients reported no heartburn, belching, nausea, pain, rumbling in the abdomen, appetite and stool returned to normal. There was a marked significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the level of alpha-1 globulin against the background of an increase in albumin, a decrease in the concentration of CRP and ESR, the levels of leukocytes and neutrophils in all subgroups of the main group after 60 days. Conclusions. The investigated products are safe, no adverse reactions were noted, including the phenomena of intolerance and allergies, and are recommended for use in dis[1]eases of the gastrointestinal tract associated with Helicobacter pylori.

Infectious agents, protein electrophoresis and immunoglobulin levels in patients with coronary artery ectasia

Abstract Background Even the mechanism of coronary artery ectasia (CAE) shares the common pathophysiologic steps and risk factors with atherosclerosis which led to assume that CAE is a variant of atherosclerosis, there are certain discrepancies or aspects incompatible of atherosclerosis. Purpose We hypothesized that pathophysiology of CAE might differ from that of atherosclerosis in terms of inflammatory parameters, infectious agents. Therefore, we assessed and compared the levels of IgG antibody against Chlamydia pneumonia, and Helicobacter Pylori, components of serum protein electrophoresis and plasma levels of total Ig G and Ig E. Materials and methods Seventy patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and 30 patients with CAD coexisted with CAE comprised the study populations. Blood samples were allowed to clot at room temperature then centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 5 minutes then serum kept at deep freeze (−20°C) to be used for the measurement of IgG antibodies against C. pneumoniae and H. Pylori, total IgE, IgG levels and protein electrophoresis. Results There were not statistically significant differences between patients with and without CAE regarding the clinical and laboratory parameters except hemoglobin levels (Figure I). IgE, Alpha 2 macroglobulin, Beta-1 globulin levels were found to be higher in patients with CAE+CAD than those of CAD alone (Figure IIa). There was no statistically significant correlation between the Gensini score, and IgG antibody against H. Pylori (r=0.048, p=0.66) and C. Pneumoniae (r=−0.12, p=0.27) regarding the whole study population. Additionally, logistic regression analysis by including variables IgE, hemoglobin, Alpha 2 macroglobulin, beta-1 globulin, and gender, revealed that Ig E and alpha 2 macroglobulin were independently and positively associated with the presence of CAE (Figure IIb). Conclusion Independent association of serum IgE levels and alpha2 globulins with the presence of CAE underlines the divergent features of pathophysiology of CAE compared with atherosclerosis or CAD alone. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None. Figure IFigure II

Effectiveness of Dietary Pediococcus on Growth and Some Vital Biochemical Parameters in Calves

The oral use of Pediococcus (23×106 CFU/calf/day) in drinking milk once a day for one month from January till February 2020 in Holstein's calves, induced a highly significant effect on metabolic hormones, protein electrophoresis and bodyweight. Moreover, it improved the future reproductive performance of the female calves. Albumin and Gamma globulin percentages showed a significant increase in Pediococcus treated group compared to the control one. Also, there was a significant increment in insemination body weight and milk production in the treated female group compared to the control groups. On the other hand, there was a significant decrease in levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4), and alpha globulin % in groups treated by Pediococcus. Besides, there was a significant decrease in insemination age and service conception in the treated female group compared to the control female groups. Moreover, there were non-significant changes in beta globulin % in the same groups compared to the control groups. Our results concluded that the use of Pediococcus (23×106 CFU/calf/day) orally in drinking milk once daily for one monthhas highly significant effects on metabolic hormones, protein electrophoresis, body weight gain in calves; moreover, it improves the future productive and reproductive performance of the female calves.

Abnormalities of Serum Protein Electrophoresis in Cattle and Comparison between Assays for Markers of Inflammation and Markers of Liver Alteration

This study aims to prove the advantage to use blood serum electrophoresis (BSE) in medicine for cattle. For that, 200 animal’s cases (healthy or diseased) were studied. We found, in order of importance: 47 cases of respiratory diseases, 7 cases of lameness, 9 cases of mastitis and 8 cases of metritis, the rest have developed inflammatory signs (hyperthermia, low appetite) without any other specific clinical signs (15 subjects). The majority of animals reveal the highest ratio A/G (Albumin/globulin). Alpha2 globulins were markedly high during bronchopneumonia. Most of the cattle had a low value of the α1 globulins (3.67±1.16g/l). The majority of cattle had a low value of the α1 zone in comparing with normal range. Seven subjects have developed a monoclonal peak in hyper-gamma globulins. The fibrinogen concentrations did not exceed the threshold of 5g/l. The concentration of Haptoglobin was higher for only ten animals. The electrophoresis of blood serum can replace the biochemical parameters used to determinate the alterations of the liver function: total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). We found if the level of the α2 and γ globulins is highest; it gives the same interpretation for the animal’s inflammation status like we have with the increased level of haptoglobin observed for bronchopneumonia. For the other cases, like the insidious pathologies, they are detected by the α2 and γ globulins, but not by haptoglobin. Our study has proved that the use of blood serum electrophoresis confirms the diagnosis of symptomatic pathologies and allows detecting asymptomatic pathologies.

КОРМОВЫЕ ДОБАВКИ С СОРБЦИОННЫМИ И АНТИОКСИДАНТНЫМИ СВОЙСТВАМИ ДЛЯ КОРРЕКЦИИ ИММУННОГО СТАТУСА И УВЕЛИЧЕНИЯ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ КРУПНОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА ПРИ ОБЪЁМИСТОМ ТИПЕ КОРМЛЕНИЯ

The article presents results of studies on correction of silage and haylage rations of young fattening cattle and lactating cows by using sorbing, sorption- probiotic and antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements. The application of such feed additives as Koretron and Biokoretron-forte in hay rations of fattening cattle in the amount of 1.1 % of its dry matter stimulates protein-synthesizing liver function, which is shown by concentration increase of total protein in blood serum of young animals in the experimental groups compared to the control (by 3, 97 and 5.01 %) albumin (6.21 and 9.34 %) and alpha globulins (9.26 and 16.74 %), concentration increase of immunoglobulins of A, M, G classes, all these parametres are reflected in an increase of average daily gains by 11.75 and 14.73 %. Adding the antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplement Lipovitam-beta to silage rations of cows at a dose of 4 g every 5 days increases their productivity by 7.41 %, which is also confirmed by an increase of serum protein concentration in their blood (by 2.04 %), besides, there is a significant increase of globulins by 3.52 % in the fractional spectrum, the fraction increase of gamma globulins (by 4.69 %), which carry the main load for formation of antibodies, is especially pronounced. The application of Lipovitam - beta has an immunostimulating effect during the period of late pregnancy of cows (7-8 months of pregnancy), which is confirmed by a significant increase of immunoglobulins of A, M and G classes in blood serum, by 8.38 %; 9.37 % and 13.01 %, respectively. Cow reproduction rates are improved

Hematological and biochemical profiles of canine CD45- T lymphomas are different from other immunophenotypes.

Background:Canine multicentric lymphomas are lymphoproliferative malignancies that have increased in recent decades. The patient’s treatment and prognosis are determined by the grade, histological type, and lymphoma immunophenotyping. Aim:To investigate the paraclinical signs and survival time in canines with different lymphoma immunophenotypes.Methods:Over 2 and a half years, 47 untreated dogs were diagnosed with multicentric lymphoma at the Veterinary School Hospital of Uruguay. The disease was clinically and cytologically diagnosed, and immunophenotyping was determined by flow cytometry. After the immunophenotyping, most of the patients were grouped into the following: B (LB), T aggressive (LTCD45+), or T-zone lymphoma (LTCD45−). The patients’ haematological values, calcemia, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, and plasmatic electrophoretic profiles were all determined immediately after that. Results:Of all canine lymphomas, 55.3% were B, 31.9% were LTCD45+, and 10.6% were TCD45−. Only 2.2% were classified as nonB/nonT, and survival time differed between groups. Patients with LTCD45− lymphomas had a mean life span of 641 days after diagnosis, followed by LB (166 days) and LTCD45+ (62 days). Red blood cell count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin levels did not differ between groups. However, the LTCD45− group had significantly higher lymphocyte levels than the LTCD45+ and LB groups (p = 0.01 and 0.006, respectively). Levels of albumin, alpha-1, and alpha-2 globulins did not differ between groups. On the other hand, gamma globulins levels in the LTCD45− were higher than in the other lymphoma groups. The presence of hypercalcemia and high plasma LDH levels were associated with patient severity. Only the TCD45+ group had hypercalcemia although both the LB and TCD45+ groups had elevations in LDH activity. Interestingly, there was a direct relationship between high LDH values (greater than 500 IU/l) and lower survival in TCD45+ lymphomas. Conclusion:Survival time and hematological and biochemical patterns differed among canine lymphomas immunophenotypes. Patients of LTCD45− phenotype showed higher lymphocyte counts and gamma globulin levels and more prolonged survival. Serum LDH activity may provide additional prognostic information in high-grade T-cell lymphoma.

Корреляционная зависимость клинических и биохимических показателей белкового обмена крови у скаковых лошадей с патологиями ССС

In the course of the study, the analysis of clinical and hematological parameters of blood serum, characterizing protein metabolism in racehorses with pathologies of the cardiovascular system, was carried out. Physical activity caused them: an increase in the number of erythrocytes by 19,2%, hematocrit – by 15,6%, hemoglobin – by 18%, urea – by 6,4%, alpha-globulins – by 33%; decrease in beta and gamma globulins. Hyperchromaemiawas revealed: an increase in the hemoglobin content in the erythrocyte was 11% above the norm before work and by 13,5% after work. A violation of the ratio of protein fractions in blood was found: at rest, the proportion of alpha globulins is 16,9% below the norm, the proportion of beta globulins in the blood exceeds the upper limit of the norm by 7,5%, and gamma globulins – by 28%; after exercise, the proportion of alpha globulins increases by 33%, and gamma globulins decreases by 37,6%. The analysis of the correlation of blood parameters at rest revealed an inverse relationship between the level of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and the amount of transport proteins in the blood plasma (albumin and alpha globulins); physical activity caused a decrease in the correlation dependence.

Study of serum protein and electrophoretic pattern in pumonarytuberculosis patients

Tuberculosis, one of the oldest diseases known to affect humans, particularly in under developed and developing countries and is a major cause of death worldwide. This study deals with the estimation of total serum proteins, albumin levels and its electrophoretic pattern in pulmonary tuberculosis patients and analyses, the changes with reference to the severity of the disease. The present study included a total number of 40 subjects comprising of 20 cases and 20 controls. Total serum protein was estimated by modified biuret end point assay method, albumin by bromocresol green end point assay method and serum protein electrophoresis using Helena electrophoretic apparatus SAS-MX serum protein gel. Total proteins were slightly decreased in cases compared to controls value. Albumin was significantly decreased in cases compared to controls. Alpha-1 globulins slightly increase in cases compared to controls. No change in levels of alpha-2 globulins in controls and cases. Beta globulins very slightly decrease in cases compared to controls. Gamma globulins significantly increases in cases compared to controls. Student’s t-test was performed to test the difference between the groups. The level of significance selected was P-value Keywords: MTB: Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Electrophoretic pattern of proteins.

Development of a Hydrashift 2/4 Isatuximab Assay to Mitigate Interference with Monoclonal Protein Detection on Immunofixation Electrophoresis in Vitro Diagnostic Tests in Multiple Myeloma

Introduction Evaluation of multiple myeloma (MM) response through quantification of M-protein, by serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) and immuno-fixation electrophoresis (IFE) is challenging for clinical laboratories because therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can confound IFE when they converge with serum M-protein. This can be misleading when interpreting patients' response to therapy. Isatuximab (Isa), an IgG-kappa anti-CD38 mAb is approved based on the pivotal ICARIA-MM study in combination with pomalidomide (P) and dexamethasone (d), in the United States, the European Union, Canada, Australia, Switzerland and Japan for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed/refractory MM who have received at least two prior therapies including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor. Recently, the Phase 3 IKEMA study evaluating Isa plus carfilzomib (K) and d met its primary endpoint at the first planned interim analysis, demonstrating significantly prolonged progression free survival (PFS) compared with Kd alone in patients with relapsed MM. Methods To overcome the interference mediated by Isa on the IFE test, we have developed an Isa-specific assay "HYDRASHIFT 2/4 Isa" using a highly specific rabbit, anti-Isa mAb. The HYDRASHIFT 2/4 Isa test is used in conjunction with the regular Hydragel IF procedure and the semi-automated Hydrasys 2 electrophoresis apparatus. The HYDRASHIFT 2/4 Isa test displaces Isa (IgG kappa) interference during the electrophoresis process by forming Isa/anti-Isa complex which is moved out of the gamma zone toward the alpha globulin fractions. Results: Sensitivity of the HYDRASHIFT 2/4 Isa assay was demonstrated on serum samples, including normal serum samples. Isa control and serum samples with different monoclonal components spiked with Isa (final concentrations in the range of 0.1 and 3.0 g/L) were analyzed with the HYDRASHIFT 2/4 Isa procedure used in conjunction with Hydragel 4 IF Acid Violet. The detection limit of Isa and/or the Isa / anti-Isa antibody complex visualized was 0.2 g/L. Importantly, efficient removal of Isa from the gamma globulin zone, with no trace signal evident, was demonstrated for all Isa concentrations tested, even for 3 g/L. Reproducibility of the HYDRASHIFT 2/4 Isa assay was also demonstrated between gels, between product lots, between instruments and on different test days. Ten different serum samples, including 1 normal serum sample and 9 serum samples with monoclonal components spiked with Isa at 1 g/L, were run using the HYDRASHIFT 2/4 Isa procedure in conjunction with Hydragel 4 IF Acid Violet. All samples gave 100% concordant results between gels on the different instruments and with different HYDRASHIFT 2/4 Isa lots. To evaluate specificity, 50 serum samples from MM patients were spiked with 1 g/L Isa and the anti-Isa mAb shifted Isa specifically with no impact on the patients' M-spike, demonstrating 100% specificity. Finally, the HYDRASHIFT 2/4 Isa test was evaluated on 15 samples from treated patients enrolled in Isa clinical trials at different therapy cycles. The evaluated samples demonstrated efficient removal of Isa from G and Kappa tracks on the gamma globulins zone and visualization of the Isa/anti-Isa complex on alpha zone and/or Isa on ELP track. For the pre-treatment samples, there was as expected no Isa detection, and no impact on M-protein was observed, further confirming the specificity of the assay toward Isa. Conclusions Therapeutic mAb inclusion in MM treatment regimens offer patients significant improvements in clinical outcomes. With rapid evolution of therapeutic options in MM, there is a clear need for a standardized and reliable method to ensure authentic IFE-based clinical assessment. Development of the Isa-specific HYDRASHIFT 2/4 Isa assay offers the advantage of high clinical utility due to the simplicity of the method as an add-on to the conventional IFE In vitro diagnostic test. Consequently, this assay will facilitate the correct assessment of clinical outcomes for patients receiving Isa as part of their MM treatment. Submission for global regulatory clearance for Isa-specific HYDRASHIFT 2/4 assay is planned in 2020. Disclosures Finn: Sanofi: Current Employment. Macé:Sanofi: Current Employment. Chu:Sanofi: Current Employment. van de Velde:Sanofi: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Melki:Sebia: Current Employment.

Changes in T-lymphocyte subsets and risk factors in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients with active tuberculosis

PurposeImmune function imbalance is closely associated with the occurrence and development of infectious diseases. We studied the characteristics of changes in T-lymphocyte subsets and their risk factors in HIV-negative patients with active tuberculosis (ATB).MethodsT-lymphocyte subsets in 275 HIV-negative ATB patients were quantitatively analyzed and compared with an Mycobacteriumtuberculosis-free control group. Single-factor and multifactor analyses of clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients were also conducted.ResultsIn ATB patients, CD4 and CD8 T-cell counts decreased, and the levels were positively interrelated (r = 0.655, P < 0.0001). After 4 weeks of antituberculosis treatment, CD4 and CD8 T-cell counts increased significantly but remained lower than in the control group. CD4 and CD8 cell counts were negatively associated with the extent of lesions detected in the chest by computed tomography (all P < 0.05). Although not reflected in the CD4/CD8 ratio, CD4 and CD8 cell counts differed between drug-resistant TB patients and drug-susceptible TB patients (P = 0.030). The multivariate analysis showed prealbumin, alpha-1 globulin, body mass index, and platelet count were independent risk factors for decreased CD4 cell count (all P < 0.05), while age and platelet count were independent risk factors for decreased CD8 cell count (all P < 0.05).ConclusionCD4 and CD8 T-cell counts showed the evident value in predicting ATB severity. An increase in the CD4/CD8 ratio may be a critical clue of drug resistance in ATB. Although the factors influencing CD4 and CD8 are not identical, our results indicated the importance of serum protein and platelets to ATB patients’ immune function.

Serum albumin assay – easy or problematic analysis?

Serum albumin determination is an important biochemical investigation in clinical laboratories. Photometric methods using albumin binding to organic dyes – bromocresol green (BCG) or bromocresol purple (BCP) – are most commonly used. These determinations are quick, simple, and inexpensive. They are, however, associated with a number of problems. Discussions on the methodological unification and use of BCP are ongoing in human laboratory medicine. The reaction of human albumin with this dye is more specific. On the other hand, its affinity for animal albumin is significantly lower, for which reason BCG is used in veterinary medicine. However, due to the lower reaction specificity of this dye, the results are slightly overestimated as the dye reacts to a lesser extent with alpha and beta globulins. This disadvantage can be largely eliminated by reducing the incubation time to about 30 s. Another problem is the method calibration. Some laboratories use species-specific albumin as calibrators, but this is technically challenging for a laboratory that analyzes albumin of many species. We therefore recommend using a commercially available calibrator that is traceable to the European Reference Material for Specific Proteins. We consider these following principles – using BCG, shortening the incubation time to 30 s and using the mentioned calibrator – as a basic condition to obtain clinically correct and inter-laboratory comparable results.

Quantitative investigation of factors relevant to the T cell spot test for tuberculosis infection in active tuberculosis

BackgroundPrevious qualitative studies suggested that the false negative rate of the T cell spot test for tuberculosis infection (T-SPOT.TB) is associated with many risk factors in tuberculosis patients. However, more precise quantitative studies are lacking. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting quantified spot-forming cells (SFCs) to early secreted antigenic target 6 kDa (ESAT-6) or culture filtrate protein 10 kDa (CFP-10) in patients with active tuberculosis.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the data of 360 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Using the SFCs to ESAT-6 or CFP-10 levels as dependent variables, variables with statistical significance in the univariate analysis were subjected to optimal scaling regression analysis. The combination of ESAT-6 and CFP-10 (i.e., T-SPOT.TB) was analyzed by the exact logistic regression model.ResultsThe results showed that the SFCs to ESAT-6 regression model had statistical significance (P < 0.001) and that previous treatment and CD4+ and platelet counts were its independent risk factors (all P < 0.05). Their importance levels were 0.095, 0.596 and 0.100, respectively, with a total of 0.791. The SFCs to CFP-10 regression model also had statistical significance (P < 0.001); platelet distribution width and alpha-2 globulin were its independent risk factors (all P < 0.05). Their importance levels were 0.287 and 0.247, respectively, with a total of 0.534. The quantification graph showed that quantified SFCs to ESAT-6 or CFP-10 grading had a linear correlation with risk factors. Albumin-globulin ratio, CD4+ and CD8+ were independent risk factors for false negative T-SPOT.TB (all P < 0.05).ConclusionsIn T-SPOT.TB-assisted diagnosis of patients with active tuberculosis, previous treatment, decreased CD4+ and platelet count might lead to the decreased SFCs to ESAT-6, decreased alpha-2 globulin and high platelet distribution width might lead to the decreased SFCs to CFP-10, decreased albumin-globulin ratio, CD4+ and CD8+ might lead to an increase in the false negative rate of the T-SPOT.TB.

Studies on the effects of cephradine and colibacellosis on immunological status of broiler chicken vaccinated with newcastle virus vaccine

The present study was carried out using 100, one-day old broiler chicks to evaluate the immunological status of broiler chicks vaccinated with Newcastle virus vaccine and infected with E coli and treated by cephradinee.At day 15th of age, broilers chicks were divided into 4 equal groups (25 chicks in each). 1st group, healthy non infected non treated broilers (control group). 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups expermintally infected with E. coli was done at 15th day of age. 2nd group infected, non treated broilers, 3rd group infected broilers and vaccinated with Newcastle disease virus vaccine, 4th group infected broilers vaccinated with Newcastle vaccine and received 20 mg/kg b.wtcephradinee in drinking water daily for 5 consecutive days. At 1st, 10th and 20th day post administration, blood samples were collected for determination cellular and humeral immune response. Infected broilers with E coli only or infected broilers and vaccinated display significant increase in leukocyte, heterophils, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, killing percentage, nitric oxide, lysozyme activity and gamma globulin. Beside significant decrease in lymphocyte, serum total protein, albumin, total globulin, A/G ratio and HI titer coupled with insignificant decrease in esinophils, basophils and monocyte, beta globulin associated with insignificant increase in alpha globulin allover experimental period post vaccination when compared with control broilers. Vaccinated-Infected broilers that received 20 mg/kg b.wtcephradine daily for five consecutive days revealed significant increase in leukocyte, heterophils, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, killing % and gamma globulin at 1st day post treatment coupled with insignificant increase at 10th and 20th day post treatment. In-addition to significant decrease in serum total protein, albumin, total globulin A/G ratio and HI associated with non significant decrease in esinophils, basophils, monocyte,beta globulin and non significant increase in nitric oxide, lysozyme activity and alpha globulin allover the experiment when compared with control broilers. It could be concluded that, colibacillosis in broiler chickens and cephradine induced some adverse effects on immunological status of broiler chickens. Therefore, it’s important not vaccinated broiler during colibacelosis or using cephradine in treatment. Â

Plasma protein electrophoresis in green iguanas (Iguana iguana) suffering from hepatic, renal and inflammatory skin diseases

The goals of this study were to evaluate electrophoretograms in green iguanas suffering from hepatic, renal and inflammatory skin diseases. Plasma samples were obtained from 14 green iguana patients. The diagnosis was based on clinical examination, evaluation of biochemical and haematological profiles or histopathological examination. Agarose gel electrophoresis was performed using an automated HYDRASYS system. A decrease in the albumin/globulin ratio was observed in 11 out of 14 patients (three out of four patients with liver failure, one out of one patient with chronic renal insufficiency and suspected hepatopathy, two out of two patients with chronic interstitial nephritis, four out of five patients with chronic renal insufficiency and one out of two patients with dermatitis). The alpha globulin fraction was elevated in 1 out of 14 patients (patient with dermatitis). The fraction of beta globulins was increased in 8 out of 14 patients (two out of four patients with liver diseases, four out of eight patients with various forms of renal failure and two out of two patients with inflammatory skin diseases). Increased gamma globulin levels were observed in 4 out of 14 patients (one out of four patients with impaired function of the liver, two out of eight patients with renal diseases and one out of two patients with dermatitis). Changes in the electrophoretograms of green iguanas are not disease-specific, but in conjunction with other biochemical blood tests the electrophoresis of plasma proteins may be a useful indicator in the diagnosis of metabolic and infectious diseases and in the monitoring of disease progress.

Clinical Diagnosis of Disease States Using Enzymes and Proteins (Review)

Disease states which are abnormal conditions that negatively affects the structure or function of parts or all of an organism usually lead to moderate or extensive tissue damage depending on the time of onset and severity of the disease. Such tissue damages are usually associated with the release of enzymes (specific to the diseased organ or tissue) into circulation which results in an increase in activity of such enzymes in body fluids. The measurement of these changes in enzymatic activity is usually employed as an important clinical assessment tool for detecting, diagnosing, screening and monitoring diseases and pathological processes. Some of the enzymes used in diagnosis include transaminases (in liver diseases), creatine kinase (in myocardial infarction), amylase (in pancreatitis), acid phosphatase (in malignant diseases), and alkaline phosphatase (in bone diseases). Some other enzymes are used as diagnostic reagents in detecting the presence of compounds of clinical importance. These include glucose oxidase (for detecting the presence of glucose), urate oxidase (for testing the presence of uric acid) and cholesterol oxidase (for testing the presence of cholesterol) in diabetes, kidney stones and arteriosclerosis respectively. Various body fluids also contain proteins other than enzymes that are of diagnostic importance especially the plasma proteins. The plasma proteins are broadly divided into two namely; albumin and globulin. The globulins include gamma-globulins, beta-globulins, alpha-1 globulins and alpha-2 globulin. Many physiological and/or disease conditions produce changes in these individual plasma protein concentrations, and measurements of these changes can provide diagnostic information. Some of such enzymes and proteins of diagnostic importance are discussed in this review.

Efficacy of N-Acetylcysteine and Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate to Reduce the Effects of Aflatoxin B1 Intoxication in Broiler Chickens

This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and / or Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate (HSCAS) to counteract the toxic effects of aflatoxin AFB1 in broiler chickens. A total number 720, day-old broiler chicks were divided equally into eight groups. The groups were as follows: 1) control group with basal diet, 2) NAC alone (100 mg/kg diet), 3) HSCAS alone (5g/kg diet), 4) NAC (100 mg/kg diet) plus HSCAS (5g/kg diet), 5) AFB1 alone in the diet (1 mg/kg of feed) for 42 d, 6) AFB1 plus NAC (100 mg/kg diet 7) AFB1 plus HSCAS (5g/kg diet) and 8) AFB1 plus NAC (100 mg/kg diet) plus HSCAS (5g/kg diet). Aflatoxin induced a significant decrease in serum and hepatic catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. While, there was an increase in serum malondialdehyde (MDA), aspartate amino-transferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), uric acid and creatinine levels. The activity of pancreatic enzymes showed significant increase in serum amylase and lipase activities after the chicks exposure to aflatoxin B1 .However, aflatoxin B1 group had a decrease in concentrations of serum total protein, albumin, alpha globulin, beta globulin and gamma globulin together with A/G ratio. The administration of N-acetylcysteine and / or HSCAS caused a decrease in malondialdehyde (MAD) levels and an increase in GSH, CAT, SOD and GPx compared to aflatoxicated group. In addition, the levels of ALT, AST, serum amylase and lipase levels were significantly reduced due to the protective effects given by N-acetylcysteine and / or HSCAS. Broilers treated with AFB1 plus NAC, HSCAS and NAC + HSCAS were shown to be partially protected against deleterious effects on BWG (68.38, 61.24 and 84.17 %), daily feed intake (76.92,72.87and 86.96 %), feed conversion ratio (82.91, 73.64 and 99.65 %), serum total protein concentration, liver and kidney function, hepatic glutathione-S transferase, and reduced glutathione liver concentration. Our results suggest that NAC provided protection against negative effects on performance, and biochemical alterations induced by AFB1 in broiler chickens. Effects of NAC alone on chick performance were also evaluated. Addition of NAC to diet (100 mg/kg diet) did not negatively affect feed consumption, conversion index, or serum chemistry and did not induce structural changes in the liver or kidney.

Blood indicators of dry cows before and after administration of a drug STEMB

Objective: To determine the effect of a drug STEMB, which is a biostimulating tissue preparation based on chicken embryos, on the morpho-biochemical blood values of dry cows. Methods: The study was conducted on 60 Holstein cows, which were divided into three groups (group 1, group 2, and group 3), with 20 cows in each group. During the experiment, all animals in each group were subjected to the same condition of feeding and maintenance. The experimental animals were administered with the STEMB drug three times subcutaneously at an interval of 7 d within 30 d before calving. Group 1 were given 0.050 mL/kg body weight; group 2 were given 0.075 mL/kg body weight; group 3 were given 0.100 mL/kg body weight. Results: STEMB at 0.075 mL/kg body weight improved the blood cell composition, increasing the erythrocytes, hemoglobin, leukocytes, hemoglobin content, the total protein, albumins, alpha globulins, and gamma globulins. It reduced the beta-globulin index and provided a threshold level for the enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and A, M, G immunoglobulins. Conclusions: Use of the STEMB drug with a dose of 0.075 mL/kg body weight given subcutaneously three times at an interval of 7 d within 30 d before delivery is optimal for the prevention of complications during calving and postpartum periods, thereby providing an improvement in the blood cell composition.

Can alpha-1-acid glycoprotein affect the outcome of treatment in a cancer patient?

Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) is a glycoprotein found in the alpha-1 globulin fraction of human plasma proteins. AGP is an important representative of acute-phase proteins. Although numerous articles have been devoted to AGP, its exact biological function remains obscure. AGP levels increase with a number of diseases. One of them is a tumor disease. In our paper, we discuss the role of increased AGP levels in cancer patients. We deal with the role of AGP as a drug-binding protein and its effect on the efficacy of chemotherapy in oncological patients. Other problems that are discussed in our paper include the role of AGP as an immunomodulatory protein and its relationship to angiogenesis because angiogenesis plays an important role in the progression of cancer (Ref. 57). Keywords: alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, orosomucoid, cancer, disease marker, immunomodulatory protein,drug-binding protein.

Therapeutic potential of alpha-1 antitrypsin in human disease.

Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), an alpha globulin glycoprotein, is a member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) superfamily. The clinical significance of AAT is highlighted by AAT deficiency. Genetic deficiency of AAT can present as several neutrophilic diseases associated with emphysema, liver cirrhosis, panniculitis, and systemic vasculitis. Recently, animal and human studies have shown that AAT can control inflammatory, immunological, and tissue-protective responses. In addition, AAT treatment can prevent overt hyperglycemia, increase insulin secretion, and reduce cytokine-mediated apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells in diabetes. These multifunctional roles of AAT draw attention to the glycoprotein’s therapeutic potential for many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases beyond AAT deficiency. As underlying mechanisms, recent studies have suggested the importance of serine protease inhibitory activity of AAT in obesity-associated insulin resistance, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis. In this review, we explore the multiple functions of AAT, in particular, the anti-inflammatory and serine protease inhibitory functions, and AAT’s therapeutic potential in a variety of human diseases through published literature.