Al-Madinah City Research Articles

The Social and Financial Burden on Families of Type 1 Diabetic Pediatric Patients in Madinah Region, Saudi Arabia.

Caregivers and families play an essential role in managing and caring for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) pediatric patients. However, caregiving is usually associated with social and financial burdens. This study assesses the burden and underlying social and financial factors among Saudi caregivers of pediatric patients with T1DM. A cross-sectional study was conducted among caregivers and families of T1DM pediatric patients attending the Diabetic Center at King Fahad Hospital (KFH) and the Diabetic Center at King Salman Bin Abdulaziz Medical City (KSAMC)in Al-Madinah City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) from January 2024 to June 2024. The data collection was done using the Zarit Burden Questionnaire and the Caregiver Care Cost Assessment Questionnaire. The study surveyed 376 participants, primarily females (N = 285, 75.8%)and married (N = 317, 84.3%), with a majority aged between 18 and 47 years (N = 322, 85.6%). The burden experienced by families with T1DM pediatric patients was moderate, with a mean total burden level score of 27.8 ± 16.3. For those employed, most reported working as usual (N = 107, 81.1%), with most spending less than two hours on care weekly (N = 76, 57.6%). A significant association was found between the financial impact of caregiving on saving, spending, and general financial stress and social burden (p < 0.01). The findings show a moderate burden faced by caretakers of T1DM pediatric patients, with a strong correlation between the financial impact of caregiving on saving, spending, and general financial stress and burden level. The findings also highlight the significant impact of caregiving on the financial stress and lifestyle changes that caregivers endure.

Outdoor Assessment of Airborne Microorganisms During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Madinah City, KSA

The COVID-19 outbreak was a serious challenge for countries around the globe. With the objective of mitigating the spread of the virus, both national and international health organizations swiftly enacted quarantine measures across numerous cities around the globe. This presented a unique chance to evaluate the consequences of human actions on the quality of the air. This study aimed to investigate airborne microbial levels in different outdoor locations in Al-Madinah City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), during the COVID-19 pandemic by comparing lockdown against non-lockdown conditions. Twelve outdoor locations were investigated in terms of microbial total counts using the open plate method during and after the COVID-19 lockdown. Environmental factors that could affect the airborne microbial load, including humidity, temperature and wind speed, were recorded during the assessment. The means of the total colony-forming units (CFU) for each cubic meter (m3) of air were calculated. Lockdown restrictions caused significant decreases in the biological contaminants in all locations compared with the numbers after the pandemic. Gram-positive bacteria represented most of the samples, with fewer fungal strains detected. The outdoor average total bacterial counts ranged between 0.00±0.00-8337.50±248.98 CFU/m3, compared with 2903.75±407.60-19722.50±475.03 CFU/m3 after the pandemic. The mean concentrations of total fungi were lower than those of bacteria and ranged between 0.00±0.00-143.75±131.75 CFU/m3 during the COVID-19 lockdown and were elevated after the lockdown to reach 28.75±49.80-776.25±298.78 CFU/m3. Based on the available data, there are no studies comparing outdoor microbial counts during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this research offers additional perspectives on the air quality experienced amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent implementation of lockdown measures and could serve as a valuable resource for monitoring and implementing measures to control air pollution.

The Behavior of Primary Healthcare Doctors Toward Antibiotic Prescriptions for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections.

Unnecessary prescription of antibiotics for patients with upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) carries the potential risk to the development of bacterial resistance. This study aimed to investigate the behavior of primary healthcare (PHC) physicians toward an antibiotic prescription for URTI, Al-Madinah City, Saudi Arabia in 2021. A cross-sectional study was conducted at PHC centers in Al-Madinah City, Saudi Arabia. The study invited all physicians in the randomly selected 28 PHC centers to participate in the study. A master sheet adopted from a researcher done in the Asir region of Saudi Arabia about the pattern of prescription for URTIwas used and included data about socio-demographic characteristics and data about presenting symptoms and signs of URTIs, the clinical diagnosis, type of medication prescribed, and duration of treatment also, included data about the factors that press physicians to prescribe antibiotics and their response. The questionnairewas filled out and returned back by 140 physicians. The collected data were analyzed and tabulated using appropriate statistical tests. The mean age of the studied physicians was 34.4 ± 7.6 years (25-59 years). General practitioners and specialists were 66.4% and 33.6%, respectively. The prevalence of antibiotic prescriptions was 44.3%. The most prescribed antibiotics were amoxicillin (58.6%)and Augmentin(28.6%). Congested tonsils (87.1%), ear discharge (84.2%), and cervical lymphadenopathy (89.3%) were the most clinical factors that affected physicians' decisions to prescribe antibiotics for URTI. The non-clinical factors affecting physicians' decisions include patient request (52.8%) and press (28.5%), with no statistically significant difference detected between general practitioners and specialists. The study findings indicate the need to develop intervention programs targeting physicians as well as the general population to decrease inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions in primary care centers.

The outcomes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and its prevalence in Al Madinah City, Saudi Arabia: a retrospective study

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) outcomes, analyze influencing factors, and assess its prevalence within the studied population. Methods: This retrospective study included all patients aged &amp;ge; 18 years who experienced cardiac arrest and were resuscitated at Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz National Guard Hospital (PMBA-NGH), Al Madinah, Saudi Arabia, between 2016 and 2022. Data were obtained from electronic medical records and CPR sheets following Utstein-style recommendations. Results: A total of 244 cases were enrolled in this study, and its prevalence was 5.1 cardiac arrest cases per 1000 hospital admissions. The overall survival rate was found to be 35.7%. Certain factors correlated with higher mortality included being intubated before cardiac arrest, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, history of cerebrovascular accident (CVA), abnormal vital signs and consciousness level before cardiac arrest, as well as utilized vasopressors, mechanical ventilation during CPR, and receiving 3-4 defibrillator shocks. Conversely, a higher survival rate was observed in hepatic insufficiency patients, those with a shockable initial rhythm, shorter CPR duration, and receiving 1-2 defibrillator shocks. Conclusion: This study identified several factors influencing CPR outcomes, with a prevalence of 5.1 cardiac arrest cases per 1000 admissions, and an overall survival rate of 35.7%. Continued research and advancement of CPR strategies are crucial for optimizing outcomes in cardiac arrest patients.

The occurrence and density of some molluscs species in different areas of Basrah province, southern of Iraq and first record of The invasive golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857).

The study was conducted to compare the distribution and composition of the Molluscs community in 4 ecosystems (4 sites) in southern of Iraq, namely: (Site 1)- in Euphrates River at Al-Madinah city, (Site 2)- in Shatt Al-Arab at Al-Sharsh area, (Site 3)- in the Garmat Ali River at Al-Mashib area and Site 4- in the Al-seba area. Samples were collected from study sites during a period of January to August 2019. (11) species from the class Gastropoda and (4) species from the class Bivalves, species were predominated in most of the study months which are species: Melenodies nodosa, Bellamya bengalensis and Melanopsis turbculata from Gastropoda and two of the species are bivalve: Corbicula fluminalis and Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857), and the last species, L. fortunei, was recorded in the current study for the first time in freshwater of Iraq. The total biodiversity values of Molluscs at the Euphrates River at Al-Madinah area (Site. 1), Al-Sharsh area (Site 2), Al-Mashib area (Site 3) and Al-seba area (Site 4) were 3.1, 2.9, 2.4, 1.8, respectively, and It was noted that the highest seasonal densities of the species in the current study were recorded in the winter season, reaching 1013, 905, 762 and 639 individuals / m2 in four sites, respectively.

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of lung cancer in Saudi Arabia: a retrospective study in single oncology center.

Lung cancer (LC) is one of the most common neoplastic diseases and a leading cause of death in Saudi Arabia. Its incidence in Saudi Arabia has increased by more than 3% within two decades. Our study aimed to describe the epidemiological and genetic landscapes of LC in Al-Madinah city in Saudi Arabia. A retrospective analysis was conducted on the medical records of 65 patients diagnosed with lung cancer between 2015 and 2021 at a single medical oncology center in Al-Madinah city of Saudi Arabia. The mean patients' age was 59.2 years, with 50 (76.9%) males and 15 (23.1%) females; 37 (57%) smokers, and 28 (43%) non-smokers. The number of cases per year has increased gradually over six years from 2015 (n = 3) to 2020 (n = 13). The most prevalent histopathological diagnosis was non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (n = 58, 89%) followed by small cell lung cancer (SCLC) (n = 5, 7.8%). NSCLC was frequently more common in smokers while squamous cell carcinoma was more frequent in non-smokers. Around 89% (n = 58) of the cases were diagnosed in late stage IV and the most common metastatic sites were to pleura and lymph nodes (n = 32, 49.2%). Program Death Legend-1 (PDL-1) was fairly expressed in 7/10 (70%) patients. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) was mutated in 5/17 (29%) patients. Other mutations detected include Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PIK3C) mutations in two patients. Our study revealed that lung cancer is a significant burden in Al-Madinah city of Saudi Arabia. If the risk factors are not controlled, the number of cases may increase considerably. Health education about the risk factors and cancer prevention helps in early lung cancer detection.

The Prevalent Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Among Patients With Chronic Disease in the Al-Madinah Population of Saudi Arabia.

Global interest in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has recently risen, particularly in Saudi Arabia, and the use of CAM is gaining popularity as a healthcare option. This study aims to assess the prevalence of CAM use among patients with chronic diseases and identify the reasons for resorting to CAM in Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Al-Madinah City. Data for analysis were derived from 416 participants with chronic diseases. The data were collected using a valid, structured online questionnaire that was designed to extract socio-demographic data as well as data on the predominant use of herps, hijama (cupping), acupuncture, and other specific CAM applications. The collected data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. Of the 416 participants, 164 (39.4%) were men, and 96.9% were Saudi citizens. Approximately one-third of the studied participants had diabetes (34.1%), while 29.3%, 25.2%, 15.1%, and 12.3% had hypertension, obesity, asthma, and gastrointestinal tract disease, respectively. The prevalence of herb and natural supplement use was 89.2%. The most commonly used herbs and natural supplements were ginger (55.5%), honey and its derivatives (53.4%), cinnamon (45.4%), and frankincense (33.4%). Of the studied participants, 36.1% and 6.5% reported undergoing cupping and acupuncture, respectively. No statistically significant differences were found between the use of herbs and acupuncture or any of the studied factors. Further, the use of acupuncture exhibited no significant differences. However, the use of cupping displayed statistically significant differences in age, sex, and income among the participants. The prevalence of CAM use among patients with chronic diseases in Al-Madinah is high. It appears to play an essential role in health care, particularly in treating patients with chronic diseases in this population. Therefore, promoting research in the field of CAM is warranted.

Preparedness of Citizens in Al-Madinah City to Deliver Seizure First Aid Measures.

Introduction Epilepsy is a neurologic disease that causes a predisposition to recurrent seizure attacks. It affects a large number of people around the world and in Saudi Arabia. Seizures can be a source of distress for both the affected person and those witnessing them. Thus, being able to deliver first aid is important, as it improves safety and decreases the burden of visits to the emergency room that are unnecessary, since many attacks of seizure can be managed in the community. Weak knowledge regarding seizure first aid measures is reported many times across Saudi Arabia, with a high prevalence of misconceptions. Methods This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design, utilizing a questionnaire-based approach. The data was collected from a sample of 1871 individuals residing in Al-Madinah City, Saudi Arabia. The participants completed a self-administered online questionnaire and ensured anonymity. The questionnaire used in this study was previously validated and used in another study. We used descriptive statistics to summarize the data, and Chi-square test was employed to establish the association between sociodemographic data and knowledge of seizure first aid. Results Most of the participants were females (70.0%, N=1310), and the majority (76.1%, N=1423) fell within the 18-30 age group. A high percentage were single (71.6%, N=1339), college graduates (64.3%, N=1201), and unemployed (58.7%, N=1099). The study results revealed that 31.9% (N=597) had a good knowledge level of epilepsy, while 68.1% (N=1274) had poor knowledge. Nearly half (48.4%, N=905) believed that epilepsy was caused by genetic factors, and 61.4% (N=1149) of the respondents reported loss of consciousness as the most common clinical symptom of epilepsy. With regards to correct action during seizures, 48.0% (N=899) knew to place the patient on their side, and 85.0% (N=1591) thought calling 997 ("the ambulance") was necessary if seizures lasted over five minutes. The study showed a statistically significant association between the level of education, employment, and knowledge of epilepsy first aid management (p=0.001 and p=0.003, respectively). However, no significant associations were found between gender, age, marital status, and knowledge of epilepsy first aid management (p>0.005). Conclusion The study unveiled poor overall epilepsy knowledge among Al-Madinah City residents, with only 31.9% (N=597) demonstrating good knowledge. This indicates the community's limited ability to respond to seizures. Most citizens were unfamiliar with seizure first-aid, lacking the capability to provide assistance. A significant association was found between education, employment, and epilepsy first aid knowledge. Respondents with higher education had better epilepsy knowledge. Attending epilepsy education courses is vital for enhancing overall awareness and readiness to provide seizure first aid.

VISSIM calibration and validation of urban traffic: a case study Al-Madinah City

VISSIM calibration and validation of urban traffic: a case study Al-Madinah City

Prevalence of Herbal Use for Obstetrics Purposes in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia

ObjectivesThere are insufficient data on the prevalence of women’s use of herbal medicines in the Almadinah community. The main goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of herbal medicine use during pregnancy, childbirth, and after delivery in Almadinah, Saudi Arabia, and the factors influencing their use. MethodsThis cross-sectional study included pregnant women at Almadinah city primary healthcare centres. Using a five-part short questionnaire, a multistage sampling technique was used to randomly select 170 women. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used to evaluate the categorical results. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. ResultsOf the 170 participants, 41.2%, 30.6%, and 48.2% used herbs during pregnancy, childbirth, and after delivery, respectively. The most popular herbs used during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period were mint, cinnamon, and fenugreek, respectively. Herbal medicine was primarily used to preserve well-being, stimulate and accelerate childbirth, and disinfect women. Herbal usage during pregnancy was associated with older age, whereas its use during birth was associated with higher educational level, distance from Primary health-care centers (PHCCs), and number of clinic visits. Herbal use was significantly higher during childbirth among homemakers and those with more children. ConclusionsHerbal medications were used by 41% of pregnant women, 44% of them stating that their physicians didn’t mind. The importance of healthcare practitioners’ awareness of the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines should be emphasised in medical education. The current study highlights the purposes of using herbal medications among women in Almadinah Almunawwarrah, Saudi Arabia, as well as the factors that influence it.

THE IMPACT OF CARING FOR A CHILD WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER ON STRESS AND EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING OF PARENTS IN AL-MADINAH CITY, SAUDI ARABIA

Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder with mental health impact for parents caring for an autistic child. Despite establishing centers for children with ASD and schools for their special education in Saudi Arabia, there is a lack of studies exploring the impact of ASD on parents. Therefore, a study assessed the impact of caring for a child with ASD on parental stress, emotional well-being, and associated factors in Al-Madinah City. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on parents of children with ASD in schools and Autistic Centers in Al-Madinah City, Saudi Arabia, using the Family Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), Autism Parenting Stress Index (APSI), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) tools. Results: Autism parenting mean stress, depression, and anxiety scores were 1.68± 0.88, 8.50± 4.10 and 10.35± 5.30, respectively. Autistic childrens impact on their parents was significantly positively correlated to parents stress (p&lt;0.001), depression (p&lt;0.001), and anxiety (p&lt;0.001). Parents anxiety was associated with the relationship with their autistic child (p=0.001). There was a significant association between nationality and depression among participants (p=0.032). Post hoc test showed that age of less than 15 years was significantly associated with parental anxiety (p&lt;0.001), depression (p&lt;0.001), and stress (p=0.031), while age of less than 5 years was associated with the impact on a family (p=0.002). Having more than 5 children in the family was associated with parental anxiety (p=0.020), depression (p=0.025), and stress (p=0.032), and motherhood was associated with stress (p&lt;0.001). Lastly, divorce was associated with childs impact on the family (p=0.019). Conclusion: Caring for children with ASD in Saudi Arabia significantly impacts the emotional well-being of parents and siblings, and the impact is influenced by factors such as the childs age, parent-child relationship, nationality, number of children, and marital status. Therefore, comprehensive support and policy initiatives should address this burden and ease the strain on parents caring for autistic children in Saudi Arabia.

Prevalence and associated factors of anemia among pregnant women and the impact of clinical pharmacist counseling on their awareness level: A cross sectional study

Anemia during pregnancy is a worldwide problem that affects females worldwide. There is not enough data on the magnitude of this health problem in Al-Madinah city in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors related to anemia during pregnancy in Al-Madinah city. In addition, assessed the impact of counseling by clinical pharmacist on anemic pregnant females. 300 pregnant females were assessed for anemia based on their hemoglobin level in a descriptive cross-sectional study. Those females were further interviewed to identify associating factors related to presence of anemia during pregnancy. Anemic females were randomized to receive either counseling by the clinical pharmacist in addition to the standard of care (interventional group) or standard of care without counseling (control group). Our result showed that 44% of pregnant women were anemic upon recruitment. Pregnant females of low socioeconomic status, those during the first trimester, multipara females, and those who did not receive nutritional education during pregnancy showed significantly higher odds of developing anemia. Clinical pharmacist-led counseling program significantly improved adherence with iron regimen (p-value < 0.01) and significantly increased patients’ hemoglobin level 30-days after the intervention (p-value < 0.001).

Impact of Asthma Education Program 2020-2021 on Asthma Control Among Bronchial Asthma Children in Madinah City, Saudi Arabia.

Asthma control among asthmatic children still remains suboptimal. Saudi literature are scarce in this context, and there is a paucity of reports that compare asthma control level pre- and post-education program directed to asthmatic patients and their parents. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of asthma education and flu vaccination on asthma control in asthmatic children in Madinah region from2020 to 2021, in terms of ED visits, hospitalization, pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission, and asthma control level. A cross-sectional study was conducted at primary health care (PHC) centers in Al-Madinah City, Saudi Arabia. The study analyzed data from 804 asthmatic children patients from randomly selected six PHC centers. The data were collected by a valid structured questionnaire. The questionnaire included socio-demographic and clinical data. Child asthma symptoms control was examined by the Childhood Asthma Control Test (C-ACT) for children aged 5-12 years, and the Test for Respiratory and Asthma Control in Kids (TRACK) for children less than five years of age. The collected data were analyzed using the appropriate statistical tests. The mean age of the studied children was 6.1±3.0 (1-14 years), with 59.8% of them being males. There have been statistically significant reductions for asthmatic children in ED visits/month, hospitalization, and pediatric ICU admission/years in the post-education groups for all studied patients and patients <five years and five to 12 years. The average ACT and TRACK scores were significantly higher in the post-education group. The controlled asthma was also significantly higher among post-education groups. The rate of ED visits, hospitalization, critical care needs, and PICU admission significantly decreased among children receiving flu vaccination. This study emphasizes the role of asthma education and flu vaccination in improving asthma control status of asthmatic children and in decreasing the rate of ED visits, hospitalization, and critical care needs. More longitudinal and experimental studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Antimicrobial Activity and Multi-therapeutic Potential of Salvia officinalis and Mentha longifolia Essential Oils in Leaves

The objective of the current work was to test the antimicrobial impact of Salvia officinalis and Mentha longifolia collected from Al-Madinah city in Saudi Arabia and extracted by hydrodistillation versus Escherichia coli (ATCC25922), Enterobacter cloacae (ATCC13047), Candida tropicalis (ATCC 13803), and Aspergillus fumigates (ATCC46645). M. longifolia essential oils showed higher inhibition zones versus tested microorganisms, especially against E. coli and C. tropicalis. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of M. longifolia essential oils were determined for M. longifolia, where 3.9 and 62.5 µg/ml were the resulted values of the essential oils versus E. coli and C. tropicalis, respectively. Antioxidant impact of essential oils from both plants was compared using a DPPH assay where, M. longifolia showed the most promising antioxidant action with an IC50 of 88.73 ± 2.59 µg/ml. Transmission electron microscopic examination was applied after treatment of E. coli and C. tropicalis using M. longifolia essential oils, which showed their impact to destroy tested bacterial and fungal microbes as standard drugs. M. longifolia essential oils were further tested versus colorectal cancer cells, showed their cytotoxic impact versus cancer cells with an IC50 of 97.61 ± 1.8 μg/ml and confirmed by flow cytometric analysis, which showed that treated cells by M. longifolia essential oils dramatically elevated their apoptotic rate (P&lt; 0.05) compared to untreated Caco-2 cells. M. longifolia essential oils showed minimal cytopathic action versus Vero cells, which revealed their potency. These results illustrated the possible pleiotropic experimental roles of M. longifolia growing in Al-Madinah City to be applied in pharmaceutical applications after in vivo confirmation of results.

Fog computing-assisted path planning for smart shopping.

A Smart City (SC) is a viable solution for green and sustainable living, especially with the current explosion in global population and rural-urban immigration. One of the fields that is not getting much attention in the Smart Economy (SE) is customer satisfaction. The SE is a component of SC that is concerned with using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to improve stages of the traditional economy. In this paper, we propose a fog computing-based shopping recommendation system. Our simulations used Al-Madinah city as a case study. It aims to improve the customer shopping experience. Customers in shopping malls can connect to the system via Wi-Fi. Then the system recommends products to the shoppers according to their preferences. It optimizes shoppers' schedules using price, the distance between the shops, and the congestion. It also improves customers' savings by up to 30%. It also increases the shopping speed by up to 6.12% compared to the system proposed in the literature.

Knowledge Regarding Ionizing Radiation Exposure Safety Among Orthopedic Surgeons at Hospitals in Al-Madinah.

Background and objective The use of radiation imaging techniques in operation theaters is essential fornumerous surgical procedures and patients' overall well-being. Radiation imaging techniques enable the surgeon to have a real-time visualization of the anatomy and to perform operations with a greater chance of success, decrease rates of patient morbidity, and enablesurgeons to obtain imaging records before the patient leaves the theater room. However, with the increased use of imaging techniques in orthopedic surgical operations, orthopedic surgeons are being exposed to higher levels of radiation, and hence they can be classified as a high-risk group for occupational radiation exposure. This study aimed to assess orthopedic surgeons'awareness and knowledge regarding radiation exposure safety. Materials and methods Aquestionnaire-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2022 to assess the knowledge regarding ionizing radiation exposure safetyamong orthopedic surgeons, including consultants, specialists, and residents, at both private and governmental hospitals in Al-Madinah city, Saudi Arabia. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ministry of Health (MOH) of Al-Madinah (approval number: H-03-l.l-084). The applied statistical tests were frequency and MCT tests for univariate variables while Chi-square was applied for bivariate variables. With a 95% confidence interval (CI), a p-value of more than 0.05 was used as the cut-off value for the significance level. Results A total of 57 surgeons participated in the study, of which 57.9%were exposed to radiationtwo to three times per week. Additionally, more than half of the physicians (66.7%) were not trained to use fluoroscopy (C-arm machine). Of note, 78.9% of orthopedic surgeons reported that they used the protective apron as protective equipment, while 17.5% of them used both a protective apron and thyroid shield. However, only less than half of the orthopedic surgeons(43.9%) in our study practiced radiation safety in the operating room. Conclusion Our study revealed a lack of knowledge and awareness related to ionizing radiation exposure safety among orthopedic surgeons in Al-Madinah city, Saudi Arabia.

PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION AMONG DIABETIC PATIENT ATTENDINGPRIMARY HEALTH CARE CENTERS IN ALMADINAH ALMUNAWARA

Objective: To estimate the Prevalence of depression among diabetic patient attending primary health care in Almadinah city. Design:A descriptive cross-sectional study. Setting:Diabetic patients attending to primary health care centers belong to ministry of health in Al Madinah city. Participants: 379 questionnaires have been distributed to diabetic patients who met inclusion criteria in the study. Main Result:Of total 379 participants in this study, depression was founded in138 participants with prevalence 36.4%, results showed that there is a significant statistical association between depression and job status, other factors like gender and age showed no significant associations with prevalence of depression. Conclusion:The prevalence of depression among diabetic patient attending primary health care is 36.4%, most of them are mild. 1 factor showed significant association with depression, which was job status.

PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION, ANXIETY AND STRESS AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG NURSES WORKING IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL IN AL-MADINAH CITY 2021, A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

Objectives: The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress and associated factors among the nurses working in Madinah cardiac center in Al-Madinah city Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 199 nurses working in a tertiary care center, Saudi Arabia. Depression, anxiety and stress were measured by the validated 21‑Items Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). The t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and multivariate linear regression analysis were used to detect the differences between the variables. Results: The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms were relatively high 52.2%, 67.3% and 36.6%, respectively.Depression, anxiety and stress were significantly associated with overtime hours (P=0.006, P=0.026 and P=0.002, respectively), who worked in in-patient department(P=0.014, P=0.026 and P=0.009, respectively) and who worked in emergency compared to the nurses worked in surgical / operation room(OR) (P=0.008, P=0.034 and P=0.007, respectively). Conclusion: The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms among nurses were 52.2%, 67.3% and 36.6%, respectively. Overtime hours and area of employment were significantly associated with depression, anxiety and stress symptoms.

Prevalence of Premenstrual Syndrome and Its Effect on Academic Performance among Taibah University Student in Al Madinah

Background: Premenstrual syndrome is one of the common problems affecting female in different age groups and could affects the academic performance of students. Aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and determine its effect on school performance among university medical students. Material and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study done in Al-Madinah city, Saudi Arabia including all female medical students from level 2 to 5, enrolled at Taibah University. Data were collected through self-administrated questionnaire. It contains 4 main parts: socio demographic characters of the students, menstrual and premenstrual characteristics, and premenstrual syndrome scale. Results: The study included 257 students, with a response rate of 70.8%. Their age ranged between 18 and 29 years with an arithmetic mean of 21.8 years and a Standard Deviation (SD) of 1.8 years. According to the premenstrual syndrome scale score with a cut-off level of 111, the prevalence of PMS among female medical students was 65.4%. PMS was not significantly associated with students` academic performance. However, it is associated with premenstrual or menstrual pain (p&lt;0.001), family history of premenstrual syndrome (p=0.016), dysmenorrhea (p=0.002) and severe back pain or cramps (p&lt;0.001 and p=0.007, respectively). Conclusion: Premenstrual tension syndrome is a prevalent alarming health problem affecting a great sector of female medical University students, Taibah University, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia. It affected the daily work of a considerable proportion of students. However, it did not impact their academic performance.

QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG PHYSICIANS IN RESIDENCY PROGRAMS IN AL MADINAH 2022

Objective:The aim of this study is to determine the quality of life and associated factors of physicians in residency training programmes in Al Madinah city. Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in three training centres including four main specialities (family medicine, paediatric, internal medicine and surgery) in Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire was used that included socio-demographic and occupational characteristics, and the short version of Arabic World Health Organization quality of life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF). Appropriate statistical analysis were used, including t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, and multiple linear regression models. Results:The highest mean score was in the environmental domain, followed by physical, social, and mental health finally, with score of 75.6%, 53.1%, 50.8%, and 49.2% respectively. The mean score of overall QOL and health satisfaction was 54.1%. In multiple linear regression analysis, gender was a significant predictor for overall QOL, overall health satisfaction (P&lt;0.001), psychological (P&lt;0.001), physical (P&lt;0.001), and environmental domains (P= 0.014). Physicians without chronic disease had better overall QOL, and psychological score compared to physicians with chronic disease (P= 0.038, P= 0.032, respectively) Married physicians had better social health (P= 0.010) and obese physicians had poorer QOL and overall health satisfaction (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion:This study found that male physicians, compared to females, had better QOL in the four domains of health. Obese physicians had poorer overall quality of life and health satisfaction relative to non-obese physicians. Physicians without chronic disease had better overall QOL, and psychological score compared to physicians with chronic disease. Married physicians had better social score.