Allylic Acetates Research Articles

Silver-Mediated Allylation of Aryl Alkenes to Synthesize 1,4-Dienes.

An efficient silver-mediated allylation of aryl alkenes is described, which provides a variety of skipped 1,4-dienes.Without the need for other traditional transition metals or gold, this AgOTf-mediated allylation proceeds smoothly with high regio- and stereoselectivity. Mechanistic and computational studies suggest that this silver-mediated allylation takes place via a Friedel-Crafts-type pathway of aryl alkenes to the silver-activated allyl acetates.

Features of Pd-catalyzed reactions of allylic acetates elimination in racemic cloprostenol methyl ester triacetate and 15-acetate of methyl ester 11-deoxyprostaglandin E1

An exclusively stereoselective reaction of AcOH elimination in the title acetate of cloprostenol was described, which led with high yield under Pd(PPh3)4-NaH-THF catalysis to the corresponding 13E,15Z-derivative. In contrast, under the same conditions, the use of methyl ester of 15-acetate 11-deoxyprostaglandin E1 results in regioisomeric reductive elimination products.

Cytotoxic and Anti-HSV-1 Effects of Caulerpin Derivatives.

Marine organisms represent a potential source of secondary metabolites with various therapeutic properties. However, the pharmaceutical industry still needs to explore the algological resource. The species Caulerpa lamouroux Forssk presents confirmed biological activities associated with its major compound caulerpin, such as antinociceptive, spasmolytic, antiviral, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and cytotoxic. Considering that caulerpin is still limited, such as low solubility or chemical instability, it was subjected to a structural modifications test to establish which molecular regions could accept structural modification and to elucidate the cytotoxic bioactive structure in Vero cells (African green monkey kidney cells, Cercopithecus aethiops; ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) and antiviral to Herpes simplex virus type 1. Substitution reactions in the N-indolic position with mono- and di-substituted alkyl, benzyl, allyl, propargyl, and ethyl acetate groups were performed, in addition to conversion to their acidic derivatives. The obtained analogs were submitted to cytotoxicity and antiviral activity screening against Herpes simplex virus type 1 by the tetrazolium microculture method. From the semi-synthesis, 14 analogs were obtained, and 12 are new. The cytotoxicity assay showed that caulerpin acid and N-ethyl-substituted acid presented cytotoxic concentrations referring to 50% of the maximum effect of 1035.0 µM and 1004.0 µM, respectively, values significantly higher than caulerpin. The antiviral screening of the analogs revealed that the N-substituted acids with methyl and ethyl groups inhibited Herpes simplex virus type 1-induced cytotoxicity by levels similar to the positive control acyclovir.

Palladium-Catalyzed Ligand-Enabled Cyclization of Substituted Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids with Allylic Electrophiles.

A palladium-catalyzed cyclization of the β-C(sp3)-H bond of aliphatic carboxylic acids with allylic electrophiles providing five-membered γ-lactones in good to excellent yields is demonstrated. An acetyl-protected aminoethyl phenyl thioether ligand is used to promote the C-H activation reaction. A diverse range of allylic electrophiles such as allyl alcohols, allyl acetates, allyl sulfones, allyl phosphonate, allyl amine, and allyl ester have been utilized for this reaction. A feasible reaction mechanism has been proposed to account for the present cyclization reaction.

Poly(allyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate)-grafted concrete waste for adsorptive removal of As(III)

This study focused on the synthesis of concrete waste grafted with a polymer of allyl alcohol and vinyl acetate as a novel nano adsorbent and the investigation of its ability in the adsorptive removal of Arsenic (As(III)) from aqueous solutions. The prepared nano adsorbent was characterized using X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Various parameters were optimized by response surface methodology and central composite design model to achieve the highest As(III) removal efficiency, including the solution's temperature, contact time, and pH. The model predicted a maximum removal efficiency of 92 % under the optimal conditions (temperature = 25 °C, contact time = 24 min, and pH = 7), resulting in a sorption capacity of 6.81 mg g−1. The zero point of charge for the nano adsorbent was obtained at about 6.5. The experimental data for As(III) sorption onto the nano adsorbent was well-fitted by the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-1st-order kinetic models. This suggests that the adsorption process involves the formation of a multilayer of As(III) on the adsorbent surface, and it occurs through physical interactions rather than chemical reactions. The reusability of the nano adsorbent was evaluated, demonstrating a removal efficiency exceeding 72 % even after seven recycling cycles. The presence of interfering cations influenced the removal efficiency in the following order: Pb2+>Mn2+>Cu2+>Zn2+>Ni2+. The prepared nano adsorbent showed significant efficiency in removing As(III) from well water and river water samples, with a repeatability range of 1.09–2.51 %.

Pd-Catalyzed C(sp2)-H/C(sp2)-H Coupling of Limonene.

Limonene undergoes a regioselective Pd(II)-catalyzed C(sp2)-H/C(sp2)-H coupling with acrylic acid esters and amides, α,β-unsaturated ketones, styrenes, and allyl acetate, affording novel 1,3-dienes. DFT computations gave results in accord with the experimental results and allowed for the formulation of a plausible mechanism. The postfunctionalization of one of the coupled products was achieved via a large-scale Sonogashira reaction conducted under micellar catalysis.

Synthesis and Application of Robust Spiro [Fluorene-9] CAAC Ruthenium Alkylidene Complexes for the "One-Pot" Conversion of Allyl Acetate to Butane-1,4-diol.

A series of a novel CAAC ligands featuring a spiro-fluorene group have been synthesized and complexed with ruthenium alkylidenes, yielding the corresponding Hoveyda-type derivatives as a new family of olefin metathesis catalysts. The novel complexes have been characterized by XRD, HRMS and NMR measurements. The synthetised complexes were tested in catalysis and showed good activity in olefin metathesis, as demonstrated on diethyl diallylmalonate and allyl acetate substrates. The unique backbone in the ligand with the large, yet inflexible condensed system renders interesting properties to the catalyst, exemplified by the good catalytic performance and improved Z-selectivity. In addition, the complex can also serve as a hydrogenation catalyst in a consecutive (one-pot) reaction. The latter reaction can convert allyl acetate to butane-1,4-diol, a valuable chemical intermediate for biodegradable polybutylene succinate (PBS).

Palladium-Catalyzed Allylation of Endocyclic 1-Azaallyl Anions.

Endocyclic 1-azaallyl anions engage allyl acetates in a palladium-catalyzed allylation followed by reduction to give unprotected 2-(hetero)aryl-3-allylpiperidines and 2-allyl-3-arylmorpholines, products not easily accessible by other means. The allyl group is then readily transformed into a variety of functional groups. Preliminary studies on the asymmetric variant of the reaction using an enantiomerically pure BI-DIME-type ligand provide the product with moderate enantioselectivity. Computational studies suggest that energy barriers of inner-sphere reductive elimination and outer-sphere nucleophilic substitution are almost the same, which makes both of them possible reaction pathways. In addition, the inner-sphere mechanism displays an enantiodiscriminating C-C bond forming step, while the outer-sphere mechanism is much less selective, which combined to give the asymmetric variant of the reaction moderate enantioselectivity.

Highly Efficient and Linear-Selective Hydroformylation of Allyl Acetate Under Mild Conditions Regulated by Additives

Highly Efficient and Linear-Selective Hydroformylation of Allyl Acetate Under Mild Conditions Regulated by Additives

Enantioselective Synthesis of α-Quaternary Isochromanes by Oxidative Aminocatalysis and Gold Catalysis.

A novel strategy that combines oxidative aminocatalysis and gold catalysis allows the preparation of chiral α-quaternary isochromanes, a motif that is prevalent in natural products and synthetic bioactive compounds. In the first step, α-branched aldehydes and propargylic alcohols are transformed into α-quaternary ethers with excellent optical purities (>90 % ee) via oxidative umpolung with DDQ and an amino acid-derived primary amine catalyst. Subsequent gold(I)-catalyzed intramolecular hydroarylation affords the isochromane products with retention of the quaternary stereocenter. A second approach explores the use of allylic alcohols as reaction partners for the oxidative coupling to furnish α-quaternary ethers with generally lower enantiopurities. Stereoretentive cyclization to isochromane products is achieved via intramolecular Friedel-Crafts type alkylation with allylic acetates as a reactive handle. A number of synthetic elaborations and a biological study on these α-quaternary isochromanes highlight the potential applicability of the presented method.

Nickel-catalyzed electrophiles-controlled enantioselective reductive arylative cyclization and enantiospecific reductive alkylative cyclization of 1,6-enynes.

Transition metal-catalyzed asymmetric cyclization of 1,6-enynes is a powerful tool for the construction of chiral nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Despite notable achievements, these transformations have been largely limited to the use of aryl or alkenyl metal reagents, and stereoselective or stereospecific alkylative cyclization of 1,6-enynes remains unexploited. Herein, we report Ni-catalyzed enantioselective reductive anti-arylative cyclization of 1,6-enynes with aryl iodides, providing enantioenriched six-membered carbo- and heterocycles in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities. Additionally, we have realized Ni-catalyzed enantiospecific reductive cis-alkylative cyclization of 1,6-enynes with alkyl bromides, furnishing chiral five-membered heterocycles with high regioselectivity and stereochemical fidelity. Mechanistic studies reveal that the arylative cyclization of 1,6-enynes is initiated by the oxidative addition of Ni(0) to aryl halides and the alkylative cyclization is triggered by the oxidative addition of Ni(0) to allylic acetates. The utility of this strategy is further demonstrated in the enantioselective synthesis of the antiepileptic drug Brivaracetam.

Progress Toward the Asymmetric De Novo Synthesis of Limonoids.

Asymmetric de novo construction of limonoids remains a challenging problem in stereoselective synthesis due to the diverse and complex structures associated with this class of natural products. Here, a unique synthetic pathway to an "intact" limonoid system is described. The synthetic route is based on exploiting an oxidative rearrangement reaction of a densely functionalized late-stage intermediate to simultaneously establish the stereodefined C10 quaternary center and an allylic acetate at C12. This is a unique example of a complex rearrangement reaction that proceeds on a system whose presumed intermediate allyl cation is highly hindered and lacks neighboring protons that are otherwise required for cation termination.

Cobalt-catalysed Csp3–Csp3 cross-coupling of benzyl Katritzky pyridinium salts with Callyl–O electrophiles

Different allylbenzyl derivatives are synthesized by Co-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling from functionalized benzyl Katritzky pyridinium salts and various allylic acetates, ethers or carbonates in moderate to good yields under mild conditions.

Inherent directing group-enabled Co(III)-catalyzed C-H allylation/vinylation of isoquinolones.

Co(III)-catalysed site-selective C8-allylation and vinylation of isoquinolones with allyl acetate and vinyl acetates has been accomplished. The oxo group of isoquinolone has been utilised as an inherent directing group. Based on preliminary mechanistic studies, a plausible mechanism for the developed reaction has also been delineated. Broad substrate scope with good to excellent yields and post-synthetic transformations of allylated and vinylated isoquinolines highlight the importance of the reaction.

Formation mechanism of CO2 in the production of allyl acetate from propylene on PdCu(111) surface: A DFT study

Allyl acetate is an important organic chemical raw material and chemical intermediate. The gas-phase synthesis of allyl acetate from propylene is currently the most widely used process. So far, no researchers have reported the formation mechanism of CO2, the by-product that accounts for the most in the reaction process, which hinders the optimization of the catalyst and process. In this study, the combination of Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) was used to systematically study the formation mechanism of CO2 from propylene to allyl acetate over PdCu(111). The possible formation reaction network of CO2 in the reaction process was constructed. The calculation results showed that species are more easily adsorbed near the surface Pd atoms, and the adsorption sites of Pd-Cu bridge sites and fcc sites on PdCu(111) surface are more active. From the perspective of energy barrier, the acetic acid path tends to generate CO2 through chain scission and then dehydrogenation, while the propylene path produces CO2 through first dehydrogenation and then oxidative chain scission. Considering comprehensively, the two most likely paths to generate CO2 from propylene and acetic acid on PdCu(111) are:① CH3COOH→CH3COO→CH3(+CO2)→CH2→CH→C→CO→CO2,②CH3CHCH2→CH2CHCH2→CH2CHCH→CH2CHC→CHCHC→CHCC→CHCCO→CHC(+CO)→CHCO→CO(+CH) →CO2.

Palladium‐Catalyzed S‐Allylation of Vinyl Carbinols – Total Syntheses of Carotenoids by Julia‐Kocienski Olefination

AbstractPalladium catalyzed S‐allylation of vinyl carbinols from ionones (or conjugated carbonyls) with 2‐mercapto‐1,3‐benzothiazole (BT‐SH) provides versatile C15 dienyl benzothiazolyl (BT) sulfides. This Pd(dppe)Cl2‐catalyzed S‐allylation is highly selective for free allylic alcohols in the presence of allylic acetates, resulting in 3‐ or 4‐acetoxy C15 dienyl BT‐sulfides suitable for xanthophyll synthesis. The corresponding C15 dienyl BT‐sulfones undergo Julia‐Kocienski olefination reactions with C10 2,7‐dimethyl‐2,4,6‐octatrienedial under mild conditions to produce carotenoids natural products. Efficient synthesis is achieved for a range of carotenoids including xanthophylls such as iso‐zeaxanthin, zeaxanthin, and lutein as well as carotenes like β‐carotene, ϵ‐carotene, and 9′‐Z‐phenyl‐carotene.

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, allyl (3-methylbutoxy)acetate, CAS Registry Number 67634-00-8

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, allyl (3-methylbutoxy)acetate, CAS Registry Number 67634-00-8

Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclobutane Derivatives via Cascade Asymmetric Allylic Etherification/[2 + 2] Photocycloaddition.

Chiral cyclobutane presents as a popular motif in natural products and biologically active molecules, and its derivatives have been extensively used as key synthons in organic synthesis. Herein, we report an efficient synthetic method toward enantioenriched cyclobutane derivatives. The reaction proceeds in a cascade fashion involving Ir-catalyzed asymmetric allylic etherification and visible-light induced [2 + 2] cycloaddition. Readily available branched allyl acetates and cinnamyl alcohols are directly used as the substrates under mild reaction conditions, providing a broad range of chiral cyclobutanes in good yields with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities (up to 12:1 dr, >99% ee). It is worth noting that all substrates and catalysts were simultaneously added without any separated step in this approach. The gram-scale reaction and diverse transformations of product further enhance the potential utility of this method.

Co‐Catalyzed Reductive Cross‐Couplings of Csp3−S with Callyl−O Electrophiles to form Csp3−Csp3 Bonds

AbstractCross‐electrophilic coupling of various benzyl sulfonium salts with Callyl−O electrophiles is described using a simple Co−Mn catalytic system. This catalytic system is able to activate both the stable Csp3−S bond of sulfonium salts and the Csp3−O bond of allylic acetate or ether under mild reaction conditions to form various functionalized alkyl olefinic compounds. Allyl methyl ethers were employed for the first time in transition metal‐catalyzed cross‐electrophilic coupling to build Csp3−Csp3 bonds. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggested the involvement of benzyl radicals generated from C−S bond cleavage through a single electron transfer.

Fluoroalkylation of Activated Allylic Acetates through Radical-Radical Coupling: Organophotoredox/DABCO Catalytic System.

A novel organophotoredox/DABCO catalytic system for the fluoroalkylation of activated allylic acetates via radical-radical coupling is described. The method offers mild reaction conditions, high selectivity, and broad substrate compatibility and enabled diverse bioactive molecules, FDA-approved drugs, and amino acid derivatives to be incorporated into transformation. This study expands the synthetic toolbox for the construction of fluorine-containing molecules.