Alluvial Soil Type Research Articles

Spray Hose Irrigation System Increased Yield of Polyethylene Mulched Shallot

Spray hose is a micro-irrigation system using perforated hose as for micro irrigation. Shallot conventional cultivation requires lots of water and labor man days therefore is more efficient. Shallot cultivation system needs to be developed to increase yield and to reduce production cost. This research was conducted to compare conventional cultivation methods with using Spray hose and polyethylene mulch for shallot production. This research was conducted in a hydromorphic alluvial soil type at the Center for Tropical Horticulture Studies Field Station in Kersana, Brebes, Central Java (S 6 o, 55’, 20.536”; E 108o, 51”, 50618”) from May to July 2016. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a single factor and three levels of planting system, i.e. conventional ‘Surjan’ system without mulch, one line spray hose with mulch, and two lines spray hose with mulch, with five replications. The result showed that shallots production using of polyethylene mulch and two-line spray hose had higher yields than the conventional method. In addition, this system is more efficient in terms of labor requirement. Cost Revenue Analysis shows that conventional cultivation R/C ratio was 1.72, one-line spray hose R/C ratio was 1.92, while two-line spray hose was 2.26. This study demonstrated that the use of polyethylene mulch combined with two-line spray hose significantly improved shallot growth and increased bulb production, and more cost efficient.Keywords: R/C ratio, micro irrigation, labor, ‘Surjan’ system, soil drench, fertilizerConclusionIrrigation of shallot with two-line spray hose resulted in a better crop growth and a higher yield than conventional planting system and one-line spray hose for polyethylene mulched shallot. Conventional planting system using more water and labor requirement than the two other treatments. Combination of two-line spray hose and polyethylene mulch had the most eficient cost production of shalot compared to the conventional system and one-line spray hose.

Problems Analysis on Increasing Rice Production Through Food Estate Program in Bulungan Regency, North Kalimantan

To increase rice production in the Province of North Kalimantan, the provincial government has launched a Food Estate Program. The program is also a central government program in relation to government policies on food security. One of the food estate development areas is the Delta Kayan Food Estate of 50,000 hectares in Bulungan Regency, where about 30,000 hectares area is a tidal land with a very fertile alluvial soil type. This policy study aims to identify and analyze problems of increasing rice production through food estate development in North Kalimantan Province and formulate priority programs as recommendations for policy making in increasing rice production. The study has identified a number of problems of increasing rice production, such as land tenure, land suitability, water system, infrastructure, accessibility of production factors, institutional, and capacity of human resources. The Analytic Hierarchy Process was applied to develop priority programs, resulting in the three most important programs being water management, improving access to production factors, and improving the capacity of human resources. Action plans related to priority programs have also been identified.

Monitoring Soil Bacteria with Community-Level Physiological Profiles Using Biolog™ ECO-Plates in the Republic of Tatarstan (Russia)

Conservation of soil fertility is one of the most important tasks of the present time. As microorganisms are among the key factors in forming soil fertility, monitoring their state in natural and anthropogenically changed soils is an important component of compulsory environmental monitoring. Modern methods make it possible to evaluate the diversity and the functions of soil microorganisms, however, unfortunately, not all the soils are analyzed with their help up to the present moment. The present investigation is aimed to evaluate the functional diversity of five natural soil samples in the Republic of Tatarstan (belonging to sod-podzol, sod-carbonate, alluvial, and gray types) using the method of Biolog EcoPlate according to the index of average well color development, alpha-biodiversiry Shannon index (H), amount of substrates consumed ®, and strategy of consumption of various carbon substrate groups. It was shown that the highest AWCD index was found in sample No 3 – alluvial soil type (3.159±0.460), the lowest one – in sample No 5 – gray soil type (0.572±0.230). Correlation of biological activity of microorganisms with organic matter content in soil was shown.

Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) on various planting pattern and addition of organic fertilizers

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of planting pattern and organic fertilizers to growth and yield ofrice (Oryza sativa L.). The research was carried out at January - May 2015 in Toyaning Village, Rejoso Regency, Pasuruan, 2 m above the sea level with alluvial soil type and an average temperature of 22oC-31oC. Research applied with Random Group Design with six treatments: conventional Planting move (Tapin) without organic manure, Jajar legowo (JA) without organic manure, SRI without organic manure (SA), conventional Planting move with organic manure (TO), Jajar legowo with organic manure (JO), SRI with organic manure (SO). The results showed the pattern jajar legowo give best expression plant heigh, the dry weight of the plant top at age 14 day after plant (HST), grain weights/compartments, and net weighted/acres. Conventional planting move gives better response on the dry weight of the plant top at 50 HST, and dry weights bottom plant at 14 HST. The SRI planting pattern give best response number of saplings and the number of saplings of productive/clump, grain weight/clump, and weight of 1000 grain. The treatment of planting pattern with the addition of organic manure gives higher yields rather than without organic manure. Yield of Jajar Legowo is 10.2 tons/ha, highest than other 10.1 2 ton/ ha for Tapin and 68.05 ton/ha for SRI

Effects of soil type and water saturation on growth, nutrient and mineral content of the perennial forage shrub Sesbania sesban

Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr is a perennial N2-fixing tree with high potential for use in agricultural production systems as a green manure and livestock forage. We studied the interactive effects of soil type and water level on the growth, biomass allocation, nutrient and mineral content of S. sesban. Four-week old seedlings of S. sesban were grown for 49 days (n = 5) in a factorial mesocosm set-up with six soil types (sediment, sand, alluvial, acid-sulfate, saline and clay) and three water levels (drained, water-saturated and flooded). The soils tested represent the predominant alluvial soil types of the Mekong delta, Vietnam. Sesbania sesban grew well with relative growth rates (RGR) around 0.08 g g−1 d−1 in all studied soil types, except the saline soil where plants died. In the low-pH (3.9) acid sulfate soil, that constitute more than 40 % of the Mekong delta, the RGR of the plants was slightly lower (0.07 g g−1 d−1), foliar concentration of calcium was 3–6 times lower, and concentrations of iron and sodium up to five times higher, than in other soils. The nutrient and mineral contents of the plant tissues differed between the soils and were also affected by the flooding levels. Foliar concentrations of nitrogen (50–74 mg N g−1 dry mass) and phosphorus (5–9 mg P g−1 dry mass) were, however, generally high and only slightly affected by water level. The results show that S. sesban can grow well and with high growth rates on most wet soils in the Mekong delta, except saline soils where the high salt content prevents establishment and growth. The nutrient and mineral contents of the plants, and hence the nutritional value of the plants as e.g. fodder or compost crops, is high. However, soil type and water level interactively affect growth and tissue composition. Hence, optimal growth conditions for S. sesban differ in the different regions of the Mekong delta.

Investigating the source of radiocesium contaminated sediment in two Fukushima coastal catchments with sediment tracing techniques

The Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant accident resulted in the fallout of significant quantities of radiocesium. After deposition on the soil surface, rainfall and spring flood events transfer radiocesium downstream. Identifying the source of contaminated sediment is important for managing potential downstream radiocesium contamination. Soil (n = 37) and sediment (n = 211) were sampled from November 2011 to May 2014 in the Mano and the Niida coastal catchments. Two sediment fingerprinting approaches quantified the source of radiocesium contaminated sediment. First, cesium-137 activities in surface soil and sediment samples were modelled to determine the contribution of upstream, more contaminated areas, to sediment transiting the more densely populated coastal plain. Second, elemental geochemistry of three major soil types (zs, Cambisols and Fluvisols) was used to model the relative contribution of these soils to sediment sampled throughout the catchments. In the Niida catchment, 47% (σ 19%) of sediment sampled in the coastal plain was modelled to be derived from the upstream area whereas, it was only 19% (σ 19%) in the Mano catchment. The main factor driving this difference is the presence of a large dam on the main stem of the Mano River. Geochemical modelling results indicated that Fluvisols, an alluvial soil type on which paddy fields are typically cultivated, supply the majority of sediment (μ 76, σ 14%). The results confirm that the management of dams is fundamental to radiocesium migration. Moreover, this research indicates that Fluvisols and concomitantly, rice paddies on this soil type, supply a disproportionate amount of sediment. Managing sediment derived from Fluvisols, while incorporating potential impacts from major dams, should help mitigate the downstream migration of radiocesium contaminated sediment.

Propagation of Rayleigh waves in anisotropic layer overlying a semi-infinite sandy medium

Abstract The present investigation deals with the propagation of Rayleigh waves in anisotropic layer overlying a sandy medium. Anisotropic material is in the nature of most general case i.e. of triclinic crystal and sandy medium is of alluvial soil type. The solutions for layer and half-space are obtained analytically. The displacement components in x and z directions are obtained for both the media. The dispersion relation is obtained subjected to certain boundary conditions. The special cases are considered. The numerical results are presented in the form of wave number and phase velocity ( k − c ) analytical curves.

Chemical properties during different development stages of fruit orchards in the mekong delta (Vietnam)

This study to examine soil fertility status was conducted on 10 citrus plantations in Hau Giang province within the Vietnamese Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Fruit trees are mostly grown on the raised beds to avoid annual flood with alluvial soil type. Soil sampling was done in the dry season of 2010 at two soil depths, for each raised bed. Development ages of raised beds were represented by two groups, young age group (≤ 30 years) and old age group (> 30 years). For chemical analysis, pH, organic matter, CEC, total nitrogen, NH4+, NO3– and exchangeable Ca, Mg and K were determined. The results showed that the pH (water) was strongly acid. The CEC was in average 19.2 cmol+.kg–1 in topsoil (0 - 20 cm depth) and 18.7 cmol+.kg–1 in subsoil (20 - 50 cm depth) for young age group. Similarly, the CEC was 16.7 cmol+.kg–1 in topsoil and 15.8 cmol+.kg–1 in subsoil for old age group. Organic matter on young age group (7.38 and 5.47% on average for topsoil and subsoil respectively) was significantly higher than that of old age group (5.20 and 3.81% on average for topsoil and subsoil respectively). Total nitrogen was not significantly different between the sites for the age groups of raised as well as the soil layers. Ammonium-N levels were excessive, and NO3--N levels were high. Potassium and Mg2+ were significantly different between age groups of raised beds and the same pattern between soil layers, while Ca2+ did not vary significantly. Potassium and Ca2+ levels were moderate, Mg2+ was high and P levels were very high. Soil fertility in the raised beds subjected to an adverse on plant growth and an imbalance in soil nutrients under low pH conditions. Loss of soil quality was exhibited in reduced organic matter with the aging of raised beds.

Studying the Yield Potential of Small Lombok Plants (Capsicum frutescense L.) Planted in Containers Due to Volume of Water Supply in Various Soil Types and Composition of Planting Media

The aim of this research was to study the yield potential of Capsicum frutescence affected by difference watering volume on varies soi types and growth media compositions. This research was held at Trunojoyo University about 3 m above sea level with the average rainfall about 1685 mmper year. A transparent plastic roof was used to protect the experiment from rain. Polybags used were 40 cm x 20 cm in sized. Split plot design arranged as factorial was used in this experiment and was replicated three times. As main factor was volume of watering wiyh three levels of 0,25;0,5; 0,75; and 1,00 times of fied water capacity. The subfactors were soil types and media composition. The four levels of soil type used were regosol, vertisol, mediterane and alluvial. The three levels of media composition were proportion of soil: manure: rice husk of 1: 1: 1; 1: 2: 1; and 2: 2: 1. Result of this experiment showed that all of combination between treatments did not influence yield and yield components. But individual treatments significantly influenced the yield and some yield components. Fruit weight of 0,90; 1,02; and 0,91 g were given by watering volume of 0,75 times of field water capacity; alluvial soil type and media composition of soil: manure: rice husk (2 ; 2: 1), respectively

Changes in Anatomic Structure of Burley Tobacco under the Influence of Irrigation and Fertilization

Abstract Investigations were made with the new burley variety B 2/93, bred in the Tobacco Institute Prilep, on alluvial soil type in the producing region of Ohrid and Struga. Four rates of nitrogen fertilizer (55, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha-1) and a constant rate of phosphorus and potassium were applied in the investigation. Based on the results obtained, it can be stated that fertilization and irrigation have a significant influence on the anatomic structure of burley tobacco leaf. The best developed anatomic structure, with harmonically increased palisade and spongy parenchyma, was found in the variant fertilized with 150 kg ha-1 N. The cells of the parenchyma are not dense, and the spongy cells are few and irregularly distributed, forming large intercellular spaces between them. As a result of the interactive effect of irrigation and fertilization, this treatment is distinguished by a thick and soft leaf lamina with excellent adsorptive power, high filling capacity and, consequently, better quality.

Collaboration fosters Kearney scientific achievements

UC ’s Kearney Research and Extension Center (KREC) lies at the heart of one of the most productive and diverse agricultural regions in the world. Also an area of environmental challenges, Kearney’s fi eld sites have supported decades of landmark research, addressing issues as diverse as air pollution effects, the development of exotic specialty crops, and the rapid molecular diagnosis of plant disease. First dedicated as the Kearney Horticultural Field Station in 1965, KREC is one of nine UC Research and Extension Centers (RECs). All are strategically located in key agricultural regions of the state, but Kearney is unique among them in its size and scope. Functioning as a small research campus, KREC encompasses 33 specialized laboratories and hosts the UC Kearney Agricultural Center (KAC), with 24 permanent resident faculty. In addition, 20 to 25 faculty from UC campuses and county UC Cooperative Extension (UCCE) offi ces conduct research at KREC each year. The center currently supports 90 research and extension projects in 130 different fi eld and laboratory locations. KREC also houses the UCCE Central Valley regional offi ce. The cutting-edge and practical research conducted at Kearney has helped San Joaquin Valley agriculture become a $16 billion industry, yielding roughly half of California’s farm production. This issue of California Agriculture commemorates the 40th anniversary of KREC with reviews and reports on recently completed research, much of which has immediate relevance to farmers, packers and shippers. Kearney has seen steady expansion, modernization and diversifi cation over its 40-year history. Its laboratories and greenhouse facilities rival those found on the UC campuses, and its postharvest facility is state-of-the-art. The center encompasses a variety of alluvial soil types, and more than 50 different crops are cultivated under commercial growing conditions. This combination of land, laboratories and greenhouses enables UC scientists to conduct studies in a carefully managed setting. Professional staff monitor cultivated crops and continually check the operation of sophisticated laboratory facilities. Collaborative environment. Located in the center of a remarkable agricultural region, Kearney fosters interactions with industry, government agencies, environmental and public policy groups, and university scientists. Whether on small research plots, in laboratories or on-site conference facilities, growers and scientists meet here daily in the collaborative spirit envisioned by the creators of the land-grant university system. Collaboration fosters Kearney scientifi c achievements

REMOTE SENSING IMAGERY IN THE STUDY AND MAPPING OF FLOODPLAIN SOILS IN HUMID REGIONS

Aerial and space photographs are employed in the mapping of floodplain soils of West Siberia, with reliance placed upon indirect interpretation keys. Particularly important among the latter are terrain features and vegetation. Considerable attention is devoted to a description of the variation of the percentage compositions of various alluvial soil types under different terrain and vegetation conditions and the problems inherent in the selection of scale and of the taxonomic level(s) serving as basic units of mapping. Translated by Elliott Urdang, Providence, RI 02906 from: Aerokosmicheskiye metody v pochvovedenii i ikh ispol'zovaniye v sel'skom khozyaystve [Remote Sensing Methods in Soil Science and Their Utilization in Agriculture: A Collection of Scientific Works]. Moscow: Nauka, 1990, pp. 128–134.