Allura Red Research Articles

Effect of food colorant allura red on hematological, biochemical & antioxidant parameters of Swiss albino male mice

Colour additives are added in food to enhance the appearance of foodstuff. Today synthetic food colour are usually preferred than natural colour due to intense coloration and low cost. The aim of the present study is to observe the changes in the hematological, biochemical, and antioxidant parameters in Swiss albino male mice after 30, 45 and 60 days of treatment respectively with allura red. The experimental plan included 4 groups and in each group 6 mice were taken for statistically valid results. Group I served as control (received distilled water only), group II received allura red (AR) treatment (172.2 mg/kg body weight) for 30 days. Group III received AR treatment (172.2 mg/kg body weight) for 45 days and group IV received AR treatment (172.2 mg/kg body weight) for 60 days. The results revealed a noticeable decrease in white blood cell (WBC) count, red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit percentage (Hct) and platelets after 60 days of treatment. A significant decrease was also observed in CAT (catalase), SOD (superoxide dismutase) and GSH (glutathione) values in the treatment groups. However, marked increase was observed in mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Serum total protein, Albumin, GPx (glutathione peroxidase) and LPO (lipid peroxidase) values. The variations in the different parameters were highly significant after 60 days of treatment. In conclusion, it was clear that the administration of allura red in mice caused significant variations in haematological, biochemical and antioxidant parameters indicating allura red toxicity at the given dose level.

Determination of sunset yellow, allura red, and fast green using a novel magnetic nanoadsorbent modified with Elaeagnus angustifolia based on magnetic solid-phase extraction by HPLC

Sunset yellow (SY), allura red (AR) and fast green (FG) are frequently used in commercial food products, although they are considered to be hazardous to public health due to their toxic efficacy and high exposure risk potency. In this study, a new, rapid, and reliable method based on a magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) was developed for the simultaneous determination of SY, AR, and FG. Fe3O4 modified with Elaeagnus angustifolia was used for the first time as an adsorbent (Fe3O4-EA) in MSPE. It was characterized with scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer Emmet Teller surface area analysis and X-ray diffraction. MSPE parameters were optimized in terms of pH, adsorption, and elution time and elution volume. High-performance liquid chromatography was used for dye quantitation. Analytical separation was performed by applying ammonium acetate buffer, acetonitrile, and methanol as the mobile phase to a C18 reverse-phase analytical column. Intraday and inter-day repeatability of the method performed at the concentration of 0.2, 1.0 and 2.0 µg/mL exhibited <8.1% RSD (n=3). The limit of detection values was between 0.05-0.1 µg/mL. The adsorption data of SY, AR and FG on Fe3O4-EA were fitted with the Langmuir model with qmax values of 45.0, 70.4 and 73.0 mg/g, respectively.

α and γ Alumina Spheres for Azo Dye (Allura Red) Removal from Aqueous Media

Allura red or Red 40 (R40) is a dye widely used in the food, textile, and pharmaceutical industries; it is considered dangerous because it is soluble in water, and it has high toxicity and resistance to natural degradation. Several advanced wastewater treatments have been shown to be effective for R40 removal but some of them present disadvantages such as by-products obtention, high energy consumption, and high cost of the reactants used in the removal process. In the present work, α-Alumina (Alu) and γ-Alu spheres were synthesized by the encapsulation method. The prepared spheres were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM/EDS, and SBET, and it was determined the presence of only inorganic bonds from ceramic material, and the amorphous alumina was observed in spheres with a smooth and uniform surface and with pores. R40 adsorption kinetics and isotherms were performed, as well as material regeneration for consequent sorption cycles. Sorption tests for R40 removal were carried out under different conditions of initial concentration, pH value, and the presence of interfering ions. The maximal sorption capacity of the synthetized α- and γ-Alu spheres were situated between 0.1765 and 18.9865 mg/g. Different kinetic and isothermal equations were applied and finally, the experimental data was described by Elovich and Freundlich models. The γ-Alu spheres after five heat treatment regeneration cycles showed stable behavior and potential re-use in new sorption processes with R40 removal &gt;97.7% at pH 3 and &gt;85.6% at [Formula: see text] =10 mg/L. The obtained results showed that the γ-Alu spheres are novel, alternative, and sustainable synthesized materials for the advanced treatment of wastewater by adsorption process for the removal of Allura red azo dye in aqueous media.

Ultra-high SERS detection of consumable coloring agents using plasmonic gold nanostars with high aspect-ratio spikes.

Solution-based SERS detection by using a portable Raman instrument has emerged as an important tool due to its simplicity, and flexibility for rapid and on-site screening of analyte molecules. However, this method has several shortcomings, including poor sensitivity especially for weak-affinity analyte molecules, where there is no close contact between the plasmonic metal surface and analyte molecule. Examples of weak-affinity molecules include pigment molecules that are commonly used as a consumable coloring agent, such as allura red (AR), and sunset yellow (SY). As high consumption of colorant agents has been shown to cause adverse effects on human health, there is a strong need to develop a simple and practical sensing system with high sensitivity for these agents. Here we present a novel, highly sensitive solution-based SERS detection method for AR, and SY by using CTAC capped gold nanostars (GNS) having different aspect ratios (GNS-2, GNS-4, and GNS-5) without utilizing any aggregating agents which can enhance SERS signal however it reduces batch to batch reproducibility. The influence of the aspect ratio of GNS on SERS properties was investigated. We have achieved a limit of detection (LOD) of AR and SY as low as 0.5 and 1 ppb, respectively by using GNS-5 with the advantages of minimal sample preparation by just mixing the analyte solution into a well plate containing GNS solution. In addition, excellent colloidal stability and reproducibility have further enhanced the applicability in real-world samples. Overall, our results evidence that the solution-based SERS detection platform using high aspect-ratio GNS can be applied for practical application to detect pigment molecules in real samples with satisfactory results.

Toxicity, Genotoxicity and Ecotoxicity of Food Colourants Especially Synthetic Dyes and its Metabolites: An in silico Approach

In present study, in silico study was performed to predict rat oral acute toxicity, hepatoxicity, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity endpoints as well as ecotoxicity of daphnids and fish of different food colourants and its metabolites. A total 13 types of food colourants and 8 metabolites were selected. The prediction of rat oral acute toxicity (LD50) and genotoxicity endpoints, and ecotoxicity (LC50) were performed by using ProTox-II webserver and ECOSAR tool. It was obtained as 81 and 275 mg/Kg for tartrazine and green S as class 3 and rests were between class 4-6 for food colourants and 626 and 1925 mg/Kg for aminopyrazolone and 5-sulphoanthranilic acid as class 4 and rest were between 5-6 for metabolites. All the food colourants were non-hepatotoxic while four compounds were found immuno-toxic. For metabolites, only aminopyrazolone obtained hepatotoxic, but not immuno-toxic. Allura red was carcinogenic and few were mutagenic, but all were non-cytotoxic. For metabolites, few were carcinogenic but non-mutagenic and non-cytotoxic.

SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF SYNTHETIC DYES IN GUMMY CANDY USING NOVEL MESOPOROUS MAGNETIC GRAPHENE OXIDE@ZEIN AEROGEL FOLLOWED BY A HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-DIODE ARRAY DETECTOR

The present work aimed to determine colorants used as food additives to confirm the gummy candy products authentication using a newly designed adsorbent in magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction. Nowadays, many kinds of synthetic dyes are widely added to food products and should be strictly monitored and regulated like other food additives. A mesoporous aerogel magnetic graphene oxide@zein adsorbent was prepared in a template-free and facile self-assembling manner for magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction extraction of 8 frequently used synthetic dyes in gummy candy samples. The adsorbent was designed and successfully characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, vibrating-sample magnetometry, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. The isotherm parameters were calculated, and the amount of colorant was determined using high performance chromatography. The proposed method was validated according to the FDA guidelines over the concentration range of 0.05-50 µg/mL. The maximum adsorption capacities of the adsorbent for Tartrazine, Quinoline Yellow, Ponceau 4R, Sunset Yellow, Allura Red, Carmoisine, Indigo Carmine, and Brilliant Blue FCF were 43.3, 43.2, 26.9, 37.8, 38.3, 74.5, 28.3, and 19.9 mg g-1, respectively. Limits of detection (LODs) were from 5 to 20 ng/mL. Inter- and intra-day precisions and accuracies were within 10%. The developed method was proved specific to determine synthetic colorants in gummy candy samples and can be easily used in food quality control laboratories.

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of Allura Red AC for small non-food-producing mammals and ornamental birds (Versele-Laga).

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Allura Red AC for small non‐food‐producing mammals and ornamental birds when used as an additive that add or restore colour in feedingstuffs. The use of Allura Red AC up to the proposed conditions of use of 500 mg/kg complete feed is considered safe for guinea pig, chinchilla, degu, hamster, gerbil and chipmunk. The following maximum safe levels (mg/kg complete feed) apply to the following species: ferrets 99, rabbits 123, canaries, budgerigars, mynah and toucans 45, lovebirds 51, cockatiels 79, cockatoos 115, amazons 145, parrots 147, yellow breast macaw 150, blue‐throated macaw 173 and hyacinth macaw 214. The maximum safe level of Allura Red AC for other small non‐food‐producing mammal is 99 mg/kg feed and for other ornamental birds is 45 mg/kg feed. Inhalation exposure of Allura Red is regarded as hazardous. In the absence of data, the Panel cannot conclude on the potential of Allura Red to be a skin/eye irritant or a skin sensitiser. The FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the efficacy of the additive.

Pyridine Ionic Liquid Functionalized MOF-5 Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for Analysis of Allura Red in Food Samples

Pyridine Ionic Liquid Functionalized MOF-5 Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for Analysis of Allura Red in Food Samples

Adsorption performance of Food Red 17 dye using an eco-friendly material based on Luffa cylindrica and chitosan

Luffa cylindrica (LC), a lignocellulosic material coveted for its versatility, was investigated to immobilize crosslinked chitosan and remove Food red 17 (FR17) dye from aqueous solutions. LC/chitosan was crosslinked with epichlorohydrin (LC/CS/EPIC) and glutaraldehyde (LC/CS/GLUT). LC/CS/GLUT and LC/CS/EPIC presented an adequate morphology for mass transfer, relevant functional groups for adsorption. Furthermore, FR17 dye adsorption was favored at pH 2. Pseudo-second-order and Sips models represented the kinetic and isotherm data satisfactorily. The adsorption process for both adsorbents was endothermic, spontaneous, and favorable. The maximum adsorption capacity for LC/CS/GLUT was 77.66 mg g−1, and for LC/CS/EPIC was 43.01 mg g−1 for dye FR17. Furthermore, when reused, the adsorbents remain at around 70% of their original capacities after six adsorption cycles. Thus, the materials prepared from Luffa cylindrica and chitosan resulted in promising eco-friendly adsorbents.

Development of Three-Dimensional Nickel-Cobalt Oxide Nanoflowers for Superior Photocatalytic Degradation of Food Colorant Dyes: Catalyst Properties and Reaction Kinetic Study.

In this work, we present three-dimensional flower-like nickel-cobalt oxide (F-NCO) nanosheets developed in a facile, eco-friendly hydrothermal route to apply as photocatalysts for food colorant Allura Red AC dye removal under light illumination. Using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, it was found that the F-NCO nanosheets displayed a surface area of ∼53.65 m2/g and a Barrett-Joyner-Halenda pore size of ∼14 nm, which was also confirmed by the calculated crystallite size of ∼15 nm using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. From Williamson-Hall analysis of XRD spectra, F-NCO nanosheets revealed a crystal-lattice strain of ∼3.42 × 10-3 and a dislocation density of ∼4.397 × 1015 lines/m2 in the crystal structure. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that F-NCO nanosheets accumulated to form flower-like nanostructures of <100 nm length with a d-spacing of ∼2.6 Å, which is attributed to the (311) crystallographic plane (α = γ = β = 90°, a = b = c = 8.110 Å, JCPDS No. 00-020-0781) of the cubic phase. The F-NCO nanosheets exhibited an excellent photocatalytic efficiency of ∼94.75% in ∼10 min with sodium borohydride under UV light. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood model determined pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics of dye degradation using the versus time plot. The kinetic study produced a first-order rate constant (k) of ∼0.219 min-1, resulting in ∼3.16 min half-life (t1/2) for the F-NCO-catalyzed degradation reaction. Thus outstanding photocatalytic performance of F-NCO nanosheets would display their huge potential for organic-pollutant removal from water with exceptional recyclability for wide research applications in the future.

Microwave Assisted Reduction for Screening Banned Aromatic Amines in Azo Dyes

The study proposes a simple, novel and green alternative for the efficient reduction of azo dyes by the standard method, EN 14362-1:2012 (Annex. F) for detection of harmful aromatic amines in colorants, by incorporating microwave heating in place of convective heating. Basic dye response to reduction methods was explored by UV-visible spectroscopy and the results were confirmed through GC-MS and HPLC-DAD. Four azo dyes namely Acid red 1 (AR-1), Direct blue 15 (DB-15), Direct red 28 (DR-28) and Direct red 7 (DR-7) were reduced with sodium dithionite at 70 °C for 30 min in a buffered solution at pH 6.0, serving as a reference method. The decline in dye absorbance after their reduction was explored by UV-visible spectroscopy with carefully chosen bands of maximum absorbance from 300 to 700 nm. The alternative method exposed dye solutions to short microwave heating (10 s) and immediate cooling, in cycles till the desired duration of microwave heating was achieved. Results obtained from reference method were used for comparison with MAR (experimental method 1). Most prominent results of MAR were observed in the case of DR-28 dye. Hence DR-28 was further subjected to the conditions of experimental method 2, which was simply EN 14362-1:2012 (F) method modified with MAR. For standard method and experimental method 2, amines were analysed by GC-MS and HPLC-DAD. MAR methods were compared with reference and standard reduction methods for efficiencies. The total saving with MAR in terms of time and energy was ~70% and ~92% respectively.

Development of a biosponge based on Luffa cylindrica and crosslinked chitosan for Allura red AC adsorption

A new bioadsorbent from Luffa cylindrica and cross-linked chitosan was proposed in the present study. Luffa was used as a natural support medium for chitosan crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (LCsG) and epichlorohydrin (LCsE). Biosponges were applied to remove Allura red from aqueous solutions. LCsG and LCsE were produced using different concentrations of chitosan (1%, 3% and 5% (m v−1)) and crosslinking agents (0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% (v v−1)). Based on the FT-IR spectra, functional groups characteristic of chitosan crosslinked with glutaraldehyde and epichlorohydrin confirmed the crosslinking. In addition, the biosorbent revealed highly efficient functional groups and morphology with irregularities favorable for adsorption. It was found that the increase in the percentage of glutaraldehyde and epichlorohydrin increased the sample's swelling degree, and the degree of cross-linking was greater than 80% for all LCsG. The results regarding the degree of swelling and degree of crosslinking corroborated with the evaluation of the biosponge's adsorptive potential. The Sips model predicted the equilibrium isotherms, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 89.05 mg g−1 for LCsG and 60.91 mg g−1 for LCsE. The new procedure was successful. Luffa was excellent support for chitosan, resulting in an attractive, low-cost bioadsorbent, preventing renewable sources.

Minimizing Occupational Exposure to Pesticide and Increasing Control Efficacy of Pests by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Application on Cowpea

Pesticide operators are often exposed to high levels of contaminants, leading to potential adverse health impacts on these agricultural workers. In tropical regions, pesticide applicators are more vulnerable to dermal exposure than their counterparts in temperate regions. Thus, it is highly desirable to develop new spraying methods to minimize the pesticide exposure level without sacrificing the pest control efficiency. Due to their flexibility, high efficiency, and lower labor intensity, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have attracted considerable attention in precision pest management. However, the pesticide operator exposure assessment during the spraying application with UAVs, especially the comparison with conventional ground sprayers, has not been well investigated. In this work, the control effect against thrips on cowpea and operator exposure determination by aerial and ground spraying in Hainan Province were carried out and compared. When biopesticide spinetoram with the same dosage was applied, the field control efficacy against cowpea thrips sprayed by UAVs was higher than that of knapsack electric sprayers. Moreover, UAV spraying could greatly reduce water consumption and working time. For UAV spraying, when the amounts of water applied per hectare were 22.5, 30, and 37.5 L, the control effects on thrips on the first day were about 69.79%, 80.15%, and 80.58%, respectively. When Allura Red as a pesticide surrogate was applied under similar spraying scenarios with the field control against thrips on cowpea, the average total unit exposure of the knapsack operator (1952.02 mg/kg) was greatly higher than that of the UAV operator (134.51 mg/kg). The present research indicates that plant protection UAV is the direction of development of modern intensive sustainable agriculture.

Voltammetric Determination of Various Food Azo Dyes Using Different Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes

The food industries are developing very fast by improving the taste, odor, appearance of various food products. To do so, they are adding a variety of preservatives, sweeteners, and coloring agents and attracting a huge community of people. Dyes or coloring agents play an important role in enriching food's appearance, quality, and taste. Most used food coloring agents are synthetic azo dyes. They are cheaper than natural dyes, therefore, they are used in huge amounts very frequently. Most of the azo dyes like Amaranth, Tartrazine, Allura Red AC, and Metanil Yellow can cause serious health issues for all the living system, and therefore the use of them in food should be controlled, or the optimum level of these dyes in food and beverages should be measured. Many methods like thin layer chromatography, mass spectroscopy, spectrophotometry, capillary electrophoresis, cyclic voltammetry, high-performance liquid chromatography are used to detect azo dyes in the food. But cyclic voltammetry method is one of the simple, robust, highly selective, accurate, high speed, economical, and highly sensitive methods to determine the presence of azo dyes in foods. The main subject of this review article is the detection of several azo dyes utilizing modified carbon paste electrodes and cyclic voltammetry.

Monolayer graphene membranes for molecular separation in high-temperature harsh organic solvents

The excellent thermal and chemical stability of monolayer graphene makes it an ideal material for separations at high temperatures and in harsh organic solvents. Here, based on understanding of solvent permeation through nanoporous graphene via molecular dynamics simulation, a resistance model was established to guide the design of a defect-tolerant graphene composite membrane consisting of monolayer graphene on a porous supporting substrate. Guided by the model, we experimentally engineered polyimide (PI) supporting substrates with appropriate pore size, permeance, and excellent solvent resistance and investigated transport across the resulting graphene-covered membranes. The cross-linked PI substrate could effectively mitigate the impacts of leakage through defects across graphene to allow selective transport without defect sealing. The graphene-covered membrane showed pure solvent permeance of 24.1 L m-2 h-1 bar-1 and stable rejection (∼90%) of Allura Red AC (496.42 g mol-1) in a harsh polar solvent, dimethylformamide (DMF), at 100 °C for 10 d.

Efficient catalytic degradation of organic pollutants with cupric oxide nanomaterials in aqueous medium

In this work, an eco-friendly, facile, and efficient method has been applied for CuO nanostructures (NSs) synthesis using ascorbic acid as capping agent. For surface morphology, FESEM analysis was applied to reveal nanostructure with ~100 nm length, and ~90 nm width morphology which was also supported by TEM images of CuO. Thus obtained CuO NSs resulted in an optical energy having ~1.36 eV band gap obtained from Tauc plots of UV–visible plots because of strong quantum confinement effect of nanoparticles. XRD reveals a monoclinic phase of CuO NSs for which follow the reference JCPDS No. 98–004–3179 (Space group of C 12/c 1) crystal structure with high crystallinity of ~95.94% and crystallite size of ~38 nm. In addition, Williamson-Hall analysis was applied to calculate crystal lattice strain of ~3.01 × 10-3 for CuO catalyst followed by 28.36 m2/g high BET surface area (0.9999 correlation coefficient) having ~14.38 nm average BJH pore size. Furthermore, CuO NSs exhibited ultrafast and high catalytic degradation efficiency of ~90.54% for Allura Red AC dye (AR dye) in 480 s under UV light. The photodegradation kinetics followed a pseudo first-order reaction with rate constant (k) of ~0.0046 s−1 having approximately ~150.65 s of half-life (t1/2) for AR dyes in the aquatic medium as per the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model. As synthesized catalyst, CuO NSs explored good leaf-like morphology with high recycling ability after five degradation cycles of AR dye in aqueous medium.

Latest advances on the nanomaterials-based electrochemical analysis of azo toxic dyes Sunset Yellow and Tartrazine in food samples

Azo-dyes such as Allura Red, Carmoisine, Amaranth, Sunset Yellow (SY), Brilliant Blue, Tartrazine (Tz), etc., are popular as food coloring agents due to their low cost and stability. SY and Tz are the most used members of this group of dyes since they have similar colors and are usually used together in food products. Despite their advantageous industrial use, they exhibit a risk toxicity profile with adverse effects such as allergy, asthma, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, anxiety, etc. Therefore, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) regulate the permissions for using these compounds to provide safe food products for consumers and prevent adverse effects both short and long-term. Considering all of these, for the analysis of azo toxic dyes, highly sensitive, low-cost, simple, and rapid sensors are necessary. Electrochemical nanosensors, which combine the unique features of electrochemistry and nanotechnology, are devices with all these advantages and are widely used for the determination of azo dyes. SY and Tz step forth as the most used food dyes in the class of azo-toxic dyes. They are often preferred together in food products, increasing the occurrence and exposure risk. Therefore, the analysis of Sunset Yellow and Tartrazine in food products has significant importance.In this review, the latest nanomaterial-based approaches for the electrochemical sensors on the analysis of SY and Tz in food samples were evaluated in terms of used nanomaterials and applied food samples.

Annotation of chemotaxis gene clusters and proteins involved in chemotaxis of Bacillus subtilis strain MB378 capable of biodecolorizing different dyes.

This study explores the chemotactic potential of Bacillus subtilis MB378 against industrial dyes. Initial screening with swim plate assay showed significant movement of Bacillus subtilis MB378 towards test compounds. According to quantitative capillary assay, B. subtilis MB378 exhibited high chemotaxis potential towards Acid Orange 52 (CI: 9.52), followed by Direct Red 28 (CI: 8.39) and Basic Green 4 (CI: 5.21) in glucose-supplemented medium. Sequencing and gene annotation results evidently showed presence of chemotaxis genes and flagellar motor proteins in Bacillus subtilis draft genome. Methyl-accepting proteins (involved in chemotaxis regulation) belonged to pfam00672, pfam00072, and pfam00015 protein families. Annotated chemotaxis machinery of MB378 comprised 8 Che genes, 5 chemoreceptor genes, associated flagellar proteins, and rotary motors. Chemotaxis genes of B. subtilis MB378 were compared with genes of closely related Bacillus strains (168, WK1, and HTA426), depicting highly conserved regions showing evolutionary relation between them. Considering results of present study, it can be speculated that test compounds triggered chemotactic genes, which made these compounds bioavailable to the bacterium. Hence, the bacterium recognized and approached these compounds and facilitated biodegradation and detoxification of these compounds.

Vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent for the simultaneous identification of eight synthetic dyes in jellies and drinks using HPLC-PDA

Food dye quantity as well as their permitted limit and type, is of particular importance in the food industry. Hence, it is imperative to develop alternative methods to measure them in food quality control laboratories. For the first time, deep eutectic solvents was utilized in the concurrent extraction and separation of eight common synthetic dyes of Tartrazine, Quinoline Yellow, Sunset Yellow, Brilliant Blue, Ponceau 4R, Indigo Carmine, Allura Red, and Carmoisine in jellies and drinks. The results revealed that deep eutectic solvent was prepared from benzyltriethylammonium chloride, which is a hydrogen bonding acceptor. This combination with thymol as a hydrogen bonding donor can have better efficiency in extracting the dyes than the deep eutectic solvent, such as choline chloride combined with thymol. The enrichment factor was between 18.6 and 27.2 in the eight determined dyes. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation, ranged from 0.02 to 0.05 µg L−1 and from 0.04 to 0.15 µg L−1, respectively. Within a day and between day's relative standard deviations was calculated for the two levels of concentration (10 and 100 µg L−1), which was equal to 0.9–3.3% and 2.5–7.3%, respectively. The relative recoveries for the eight synthetic dyes was for the three levels of concentration (10, 100 and 500 µg L−1), between 87.2 and 107.4% in jelly samples and 89.1 to 104% in the drink samples, which was comparable to solid phase extraction method. As a result, the deep eutectic solvents -based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method can be announced as a powerful, fast, sensitive and easy method to measure dyes in jellies and drinks.

Kinetic Evaluation for Removal of an Anionic Diazo Direct Red 28 by Using Phytoremediation Potential of Salvinia molesta Mitchell.

The dye removal using phytoremediation has demonstrated its potential to degrade many recalcitrant dyes. The kinetic investigations for phytoremediation ability of Salvinia molesta Mitchell (S. molesta) were evaluated for Direct Red 28 (DR28) dye in the present research work. The potential of S. molesta was analysed at different pH and different initial dye concentrations. About 90 % of dye decolorization was achieved for 50mg L-1 dye solution with 4g of S. molesta plant at pH 6.5. The experimental results were evaluated with pseudo-first, pseudo-second and Elovich kinetic models. The validation indicated the most suitable curve with Pseudo-second order having the correlation value R2 ≥ 0.99. FTIR studies supported the phytoextraction of DR28 through functional group interaction between plant hairy roots and dye molecules. The results of the present studies suggests that S. molesta can be utilized for remediation of water bodies and wetlands contaminated with dye wastewater in natural conditions.