Alloxan-induced Mice Research Articles

Glucose-lowering activity of dark tea protein extract by modulating spleen-brain axis of diabetic mice.

The present study aims to explore the glucose-lowering effects of the previously characterised dark tea (Camellia sinensis L.) protein extract (DTPE) from Heimaojian on the spleen-brain axis of diabetic mice. DTPE was orally administrated (50-100 mg/kg) to alloxan-induced mice for 21 d; a biochemical assay and transcriptome profiling (RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq)) were performed. The results showed that DTPE can improve glucose tolerance. Compared with the model group, at day 21, the fasting blood glucose values were significantly (P<0·05) decreased by 44·9 % (13·8 v. 7·6 mmol/l) and 51·4 % (13·8 v. 6·7 mmol/l) for high dose of DTPE (100 mg/kg) and drug metformin (125 mg/kg) groups, respectively. Subsequently, transcriptome profiling (RNA-Seq) was performed on the spleen and brain of diabetic mice. Totally, fifty-two spleen-derived and forty-seven brain-derived differentially expressed genes related to the synthesis, transport and metabolism of glucose were identified. The regulatory network analysis indicated that DTPE may exert glucose-lowering effects through a thirty-seven-gene sub-network related to metabolism, Parkinson's disease, oxidative phosphorylation and immunity. In summary, for the first time, the present data revealed that dark tea-derived DTPE could exert a potential anti-hyperglycaemic effect by modulating the spleen-brain axis.

Antidiabetic Bioactivity Test Of Chromium(III) And Copper(II) Complex Compounds On Mice (Mus musculus L.)

The Chromium(III) complex compounds have been known to reduce glucose levels in people with type 2 diabetes. This study aims to test the antidiabetic bioactivity of mice from the synthesis of complex compounds of Cr(III) and Cu(II) with amino acid alanine. The antidiabetic testing was carried out in vivo using alloxan-induced mice. Antidiabetic test results are expressed in %GL (Glucose Lowering) for Cr-alanine dose of 50 μg at 29.79%, dose of 100 μg at 37.13%, and a dose of 200 μg at 59.19%. Whereas at Cu-alanine dose of 50 μg was 25.39%, dose of 100 μg was 33.87%, and the dose of 200 μg was 54.96%. Antidiabetic tests show that the Cr-alanine complex compound is more effective in reducing blood glucose levels in mice compared with Cu-alanine.

Assessment of the Annona muricata Leaf Ethanol Extract Effect on The Diameter of Pancreatic Islets in Alloxan-Induced Mice

Diabetes mellitus is one of a non-communicable disease whose prevalence continues to increase from year to year in both developed and developing countries. In Indonesia, it is estimated that 12 million people aged ≥15 years old had diabetes mellitus in 2013. Treatment of diabetes mellitus by using plant extract has been reported to have good results. One of the plants that have antidiabetic effects is Annona muricata. Annona muricata leaf extract was found to increase pancreatic beta-cell regeneration. This study aimed to determine the effect of Soursop Leaf Ethanol Extract (SLEE) on the diameter of pancreatic islets in alloxan-induced mice. This study used a true experimental design with posttest-only control group design. The samples used were 30 male Swiss Webster mice with 12-14 weeks of age and 20-30 grams of body weight. Samples were then randomly divided into 5 groups, induced with alloxan and treated for 14 days. The group consisted of: negative control, positive control that was treated with 0,65 mg/kg BW of glibenclamide, P1 that was treated with 150 mg/kg BW, P2 with 300 mg/kg BW and P3 with 600 mg/kg BW of SLEE. The diameter of pancreatic islets was measured by histopathological examination stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test and followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. Bivariate analysis showed a significant difference between negative control group with P1 (p = 0.007) and P2 (p = 0.004) group. Therefore, soursop leaf ethanol extract given in a dose of 300 mg/kg BW was the most effective in increasing the diameter of pancreatic islets.

Khả năng kháng oxy hóa của cao methanol rễ me keo (Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.) trên chuột bị stress oxy hóa

In the present study, antioxidant activities of the methanol extracts from Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. roots (PDR) were investigated by employing established in vitro systems, which included radical scavenging DPPH and ferric reducing. Alloxan was used at dose 135 mg/kg body weight to induce oxidative stress in mouse models. Lipid peroxidation in vivo activities was then conducted on these alloxan-induced mice. The results obtained from radical scavenging DPPH activity showed that the methanol root extract of PDR had a lower scavenging power of 8.7 times compared to that of Vitamin C (EC50=54.704 µg/mL and EC50=6.307 µg/mL, respectively). The total ferric reducing ability determination by Fe3+to Fe2+ transformation method which revealed that the reducing activity of methanol extract from PDR (EC50 = 26.66 µg/mL) was 1.93 folds lower than that of a standard Trolox (EC50=11.206 µg/mL). The PDR possessed high ABTS+ radical-scavenging activity with 88.7% at concentration of 10 µg/mL. The extracts of PDR contained relatively high levels of total polyphenols and flavonoids, with 56.682±0.76 mg GAE/g and 380.3±18.9 mg QE/g, respectively. The in vivo antioxidant activities were determined by measuring the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in brain, cardiac and skeletal muscle of the test mice. The results showed that the root extract from PDR significantly decreased serum MDA levels in mouse models and could be compared to that of the drug Glucophage.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Potential of Sarcostemma brevistigma Wight &amp; Arn. Using Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Murine Model

A multimillion-dollar boom is achieved every year by the ethnopharmaceutical companies, creating awareness around the globe to use herbal medicines to stay and live a healthy life. Nearly, two-thirds of the plants were discovered for herbal remedies, and some plants are even endangered to get extinct from the globe for their repeated utility. Sarcostemma brevistigma is one among the undiscovered medicinal plants which belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae found distributed in Indian states of Bihar, Bengal, Konkan, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala. This study was intended to determine the antidiabetic property of plant extract of Sarcostemma brevistigma evidenced by biochemical parameters, antioxidant activity, with the histopathological analysis in diabetic induced mice. Animals that were orally treated with the S. brevistigma extract showed blood glucose lowering effect when compared to the alloxan-induced mice, i.e., from 391.5 ± 6.3 to 193.6 ± 4.3mg/dL. There is the significant increase in insulin level (P < 0.05) (27.97 ± 1.6mIU/L) which is comparable to the metformin administered test group (30.35 ± 0.6mIU/L). A significant difference (P < 0.05) of both ALT and AST levels were observed when compared to the other groups. A significant increase in antioxidant activity (reduced glutathione, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase) in plant extract administered group was observed when compared to the other treatment groups. Histopathological studies showed abnormalities in the liver, pancreas, kidney, lungs, heart, and spleen of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The abnormalities were found to be normalized to a considerable extent after treatment with S. brevistigma extract. The results stood as evidence for S. brevistigma as an active antidiabetic herbal plant.

UJI PERBANDINGAN EFEKTIVITAS ANTIDIABETES EKSTRAK POLISAKARIDA DAN SENYAWA POLIFENOL ALGA COKLAT (Sargassum sp.) PADA MENCIT YANG DIINDUKSI ALOKSAN

Diabetes is one of the most common diseases in the world. So there is an effort to prevent or treat the disease. As brown algae (Sargassum sp.) Contains polysaccharides that regulate sugar intake in the body, and polyphenols act as antioxidants that can stimulate insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Antidiabetes Polysaccharide Extract and Brown Algae Polifenol Compounds (Sargassum sp) On Alloxaninduced Mice. The test animals were grouped into 4 groups I (CMC 1%), Group II (Glibenclamide 0.52mg / 20grBB), Group III (5mg / 20grBB polyphenol extract), Group IV (5mg / 20grBB polysaccharide extract). Blood glucose was measured using Easy touch glucometer on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Analyze data using one-way ANOVA, followed by LSD test. The percentage decrease in blood glucose level in positive control, polyphenol extract and polysaccharide were 42,86%, 58,12%, and 54,20%. Statistically, the polyphenolic extract and the brown algae polysaccharide lower the blood glucose level significantly compared with the negative control (p≤0,05). Decreased blood glucose in polyphenol extracts and polysaccharides showed statistically significant differences

THE EFFECT OF SAUCE OF L. LEUCOCEPHALA SEEDS (LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA [LAM.] DE WIT) ON LOWERING BLOOD GLUCOSE IN HYPERGLYCEMIC MICE

Objective: The research to investigate that the source of Leucaena leucocephala can lower blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic mice.Methods: In this study, 42 mice were divided into 7 groups each consisted of 6 mice: Normal Group I, Group II (metformin positive control), Group III (negative control), Group IV (sauce of L. leucocephala at a dose of 0.1 ml), Group V (sauce of L. leucocephala at a dose of 0.2 ml), Group VI (sauce of L. leucocephala with doses of 0.4 ml), and Group VII (sauce of L. leucocephala at a dose of 0.8 ml). The dosage of Group II, IV, V, VI, and VII was orally administered. Blood glucose levels in mice were observed during normal conditions and after administration of 200 mg/kg bw alloxan intraperitoneally (alloxan-induced mice). On day 0, 3, 7, and 14, blood was taken from the tail and glucose levels were measured with a glucometer.Results: Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by LSD test. Based on the results, the sauce at a dose of 0.8 ml was able to lower the blood glucose levels up to normal blood glucose levels.Conclusion: There was not significantly different between the groups given sauce of L. leucocephala at a dose of 0.8 ml with the group given metformin (positive control).

Hypoglicemic activity of gambier (Uncaria gambir robx.) drinks in alloxan-induced mice

Diabetes may cause complications in various parts of the body and increase the risk of early death. Gambier contains bioactive compounds and can be used as raw material in preparing gambier drink. The purpose of this study was to extract gambier, to determine the hypoglycemic activity of gambier drinks in alloxan-induced mice. In this study, gambier were extracted by 3 types of solvents with distilled water, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The gambier drinks was tested on 5 groups of mice wich consisting of 5 male mice. Group 1 was given 0.5% CMC 1%/bw, group 2 was given metformin 65 mg/kg bw, groups 3, 4 and 5 were given gambier drinks with dosage of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg bw. The results showed that extraction using distiled water produced the best gambier drinks. Gambier drinks with dosage 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg bb given for 15 days decreased the blood glucose level 27.69%, 38.75%, and 50.62% respectively, and increased the body weight 13.14%, 10, 91%, and 10.18% respectively. Treatment with gambier drinks was found to improve the condition of pancreatic langerhans island of alloxan-induced mice.

In vivo anti-diabetic activity test of ethanol extract of the leaves of Cassia Siamea Lamk

Cassia siamea Lamk has been used as a traditional medicine in Indonesia including to treat diabetes mellitus (DM). This study aimed to investigate in vivo anti-diabetic activities of the ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and n-hexane fraction of Cassia siamea Lamk in alloxan-induced mice. The study concluded that: (1) the ethanol extract and n-hexane fraction of Cassia siamea Lamk (Juar) leaves have anti-diabetic activity in Webster albino mice induced with alloxan, (2) The extract of Cassia siamea Lamk leaves, the fractions of 500 mg ethyl acetate and 500 mg n-Hexana of Cassia siamea Lamk provided better performances in lowering blood glucose levels compared to Ethanol extracts both 500 mg and 1000 mg. In the form of ethyl acetate and n-hexane fraction at a dose of 150 mg/kg BW provided the highest anti-diabetic activity compared to the other test groups that are able to decrease blood sugar level by 10.25% and 9.98% respectively. Its effect is equivalent to glibenclamide at a dose of 0.65 mg/kg BW which can lower blood sugar levels by 9.27%. Thus Cassia siamea Lamk leaf is very potential as an alternative drug antidiabetes mellitus, and (3) the 1000 mg Ethanol extract, 150 mg Ethyl acetate and 150 mg n-Hexana had no difference effects in lowering blood glucose levels compared to the anti-diabetic chemical drug glibenclamide.

Effect of Asperagillus awamori on Alloxan-induced Mouse Hyperglycemia

Problem statement: Though alloxan-induced mouse hyperglycemia was ameliorated by feeding of 5 % Asperagillus awamori (A. awamori)-fermented burdock root diet (fermented burdock diet), it is unclear whether the anti-hyperglycemia activity is due to A. awamori or antioxidant activity induced by the fermentation.Methods: A 0.05 % A. awamori diet was prepared. Acatalasemic mice, having a quite low catalase activity in blood, were divided three groups, and each group fed control, A. awamori and the fermented burdock diets for 14 weeks, separately. Then, alloxan monohydrate (200 mg/ kg of body weight) was intraperitoneally administrated to each mouse. Glucose, insulin, C-peptide contents in blood and glucose tolerance tests (GTTs) were examined. Results: Incidence of alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in acatalasemic mice maintained with the A. awamori diet or the fermented burdock diet was low (20 or 25%) compared to that (75%) maintained with the control diet. Feeding the A. awamori diet ameliorated insulin, C-peptide in blood and GTT like as mice fed the fermented burdock diet. It indicated that A. awamori in these diets plays an important role for the prevention of alloxan-induced hyperglycemia.Conclusions: It is suggested that A. awamori has the anti-hyperglycemia activity.

Hypoglycemic Effect of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) Seed and Senna Alexandria (Cassia angustifolia) Leaf Extracts on Alloxan-Induced Mice

ABSTRACTThe antihyperglycemic activity of solvent extracts of Nigella sativa seeds and Cassia angustifolia leaves were evaluated on alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice. Diabetic mice induced by alloxan monohydrate at 150 mg.kg–1 b.w., were administered orally with 1 mL of 0.5 μm Millipore-filtered pure solvent extracts of Nigella sativa seeds and Cassia angustifolia leaves at 1 mL. d–1 for 21 d. The highest antihyperglycemic effect occurred with the N. sativa petroleum ether extract followed by C. angustifolia methanol extract; the N. sativa aqueous extract and C. angustifolia petroleum ether extracts were the least effective in reducing the blood sugar level. Body weight of the diabetic mice treated with the plant extracts was better controlled and returned to normal sooner than control mice. The highest body-weight gain occurred with C. angustifolia methanolic extract and the lowest body-weight gain was observed with C. angustifolia distilled water extract.

Effect of the Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Thiamine for the Management of Diabetes in Alloxan-Induced Mice: a Stereological and Biochemical Study.

This research was carried out to evaluate the antidiabetic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and thiamine following experimental diabetes. Fifty-six 6-week-old female mice were used and divided into seven groups of eight animals. Diabetes was induced in fasted mice by using intraperitoneal (IP) injection of alloxan (180mg/kg). Groups included (I) non-diabetic control, (II) thiamine (30mg/l, IP), (III) alloxan-induced diabetic mice, (IV) diabetes + ZnO NPs (0.1mg/kg IP), (V) diabetes + ZnO NPs (0.5mg/kg IP), (VI) diabetes + ZnO NPs (0.1mg/kg IP) + thiamine (30mg/l, IP), and (VII) diabetes + ZnO NPs (0.5mg/kg IP) + thiamine (30mg/l, IP). Coincident with pancreas recovery, in diabetic treated mice (groups IV to VII), the mean islet volume, islets per square micrometer, and volume density of the pancreas had increased than in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. ZnO NPs and thiamine induced a decreasing blood glucose, lower serum triglyceride (TG), LDL, and total cholesterol (TC) levels in alloxan-induced diabetic mice treated with ZnO NPs and thiamine, simultaneously increasing HDL as well. In conclusion, ZnO NPs and thiamine are potent antidiabetic factors, and that, these compound supplementation possesses hypoglycemic properties and have effect on serum lipid parameters in diabetes mice.

Ameliorative Properties of Crude Diosgenin from Costus speciosus and Taurine on Testicular Disorders in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice

Diosgenin and taurine are two bioactive chemicals that get high attention in recent decades because it is claimed as an antioxidant, antidiabetic, and pro fertility. The study aimed to investigate the effect of the two substances when used in combination against diabetes-related infertility in male mice. By using completely randomized design, 35 Swiss albino male mice divided into 7 groups (n=5). Group 1 treated with distilled water as normal control. Group 2 receive only alloxan as diabetic control. Group 3 only fed diosgenin 20% as diosgenin control. Group 4 treated with alloxan and diosgenin 20%. Group 5 receive alloxan and diosgenin 30%. Group 6 treated with alloxan and taurine. Group 7 treated with alloxan, diosgenin 20% and taurine. Treatments were given intraperitoneally once daily for 14 days. The parameters assessed including blood glucose levels, body and testis weight, spermatogenic cells counts, sperm counts as well as sperm motility and viablity. The results showed crude diosgenin extract from C.speciosus in normal mice lowers the number of spermatogonia,spermatocytes and spermatids cells in addition to decrease sperm motility. In alloxan-induced mice, diosgenin ameliorates the blood glucose levels but noteffective in normalization of the testicular parameters of the animals. Taurine, on the contrary, waseffective both to cope with the blood parameters and testicular disorders in alloxan-induced mice. Application of diosgenin combined with taurine in alloxan-induced mice, at the end of treatment,most effective in lowering blood glucose levels compared with other treatment but shows little contribution in normalization testicular parameters. Thus, it can be concluded that crude diosgenin extract from C.speciosus even though combined with taurine has little effect on testicular disorders in alloxan-induced diabetic mice in comparison to the application of taurine alone. Keywords: Diosgenin, Costus speciosus, Pacing, Diabetes, Taurine, Alloxan.

Anti-hyperglycemic activity of polysaccharides from calyx of Physalis alkekengi var. franchetii Makino on alloxan-induced mice

The present study was undertaken to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of polysaccharides (PPSC) isolated from calyx of Physalis alkekengi var. franchetii Makino in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Seven polysaccharide fractions were obtained through a DEAE-52 column and Sephadex G-100 gel column and they were the main composes of PPSC. The PPSC treatment could prevent the loss of body weight in diabetic mice and result in a decrease of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycated serum protein (GSP) and an increase of fasting serum insulin in a dose-dependent manner. The histopathological examination of pancreas revealed the ability of PPSC to protect and reverse β-cells from necrosis due destruction of alloxan in diabetic mice. Furthermore, oral PPSC upregulated the expression of PI3K, Akt and GLUT4 mRNA in skeletal muscles and adipose tissues. The results suggest that PPSC possess significant anti-diabetic activity, as evaluated using alloxanised diabetic mice model. Consequently, PPSC might be a promising candidate for the development of a new anti-diabetic agent.

Hypoglycemic effects of Prunus cerasus L. pulp and seed extracts on Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice with histopathological evaluation.

The study was undertaken to investigate the acute and subchronic hypoglycemic effects of an ethyl acetate (EtAc) extract of red sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) pulps and seeds in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The Prunus cerasus pulp (PPc) and seed (SPc) EtAc extract s were IP-administered to the mice in doses of 100, 150 and 200mg/kgbody weight (b.w.) for acute study (6h) and subchronic study (8days). The in vivo effects of (PPc) and (SPc) EtAc extracts were assessed through blood glucose levels (BGL), changes in body weight as well as antioxidant enzyme activity. At the end of the study, animals were sacrificed for obtaining pancreatic tissues samples to assess histopathological changes in pancreas of control and alloxan-induced mice. Acute administration of either PPc or SPc for 6h at all tested doses, significantly (P≤0.05) decreased BGL as compared with vehicle treated diabetic control (DIA CTRL) group with PPc showing more significant acute antidiabetic activity than those of SPc. In addition, subchronic administration of PPc has shown more significant (P≤0.05) amelioration of hyperglycemia, weight-loss and oxidative stress at all doses compared to SPc administration. Histologically, treatment with PPc and SPc showed significant pancreatic cell regeneration compared to diabetic controls. Results indicated that ethyl acetate extracts of Prunus cerasus pulps and seeds promote acute and subchronic hypoglycaemic effects in alloxan-induced diabetic mice with pulp extracts having a more pronounced effect.

Antidiabetic Activity of Flavonoid from Binahong Leaves (Anredera cordifolia) Extract in Alloxan Induced Mice

Objective: To evaluate antidiabetic activitiy of flavonoid from binahong (Anredera cordifolia) leaves. Method: α-glycosidase enzyme inhibiting activity was tested in vitro and antidiabetic activity in alloxan-induced mice. Results: The research shows that ethyl acetate extract of binahong leaves had α-glycosidase enzyme inhibition of 81,23 μg/mL. Isolation of active compounds in binahong leaves successfully identified flavonoid compound of 8- Glucopyranosyl-4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone, which is also known as 8-Glucopyranosylapigenin. 8-Glucosylapigenin that is also popularly known as Orientoside was found to have α-glycosidase enzyme inhibiting activity with IC50 value of 20, 23 μg/mL and have an ability to decrease blood glucose in alloxan-induced mice. Conclusion: Ethyl acetate extracts of binahong (Anredera cordifolia) leaves contain flavonoid compound of 8- Glucopyranosyl-4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone, which is also known as 8-Glucopyranosylapigenin, 8-Glucosylapigenin, which is able to decrease blood glucose and inhibit enzim α-glycosidase enzyme.

Hypoglycaemic and antioxidant effects of the basidomycetes &lt;i&gt;Lyophyllum connatum&lt;/i&gt; (Lyophyllaceae) and &lt;i&gt;Tuber melanosporum&lt;/i&gt; (Tuberaceae) in mice

The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus is on the rise and treatment failure is common. New agents that have superior profile in diabetic treatment are therefore needed. This present study investigates the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the fruiting bodies of the basidiomycetes Lyophyllum connatum and Tuber melanosporum for antioxidant and hypoglycaemic activities. The effects of the extracts were tested in normoglycaemic and alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic mice intraperitoneally, at doses of 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg body weight. Blood glucose level was estimated with a hand held glucometer. The crude extracts were also assayed for DPPH scavenging property while phytochemical constituents of the extracts were determined using standard protocols. Results show that a significant time–dependent reduction in blood glucose concentration in normoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic mice, comparable to the reference drugs chlorpropamide. The aqueous extract of L. connatum induced a maximum fall of 33% in blood glucose concentration, greater than the 25% fall induced by the ethanolic extract at a dose of 1500 mg/kg. T. melanosporum lowered blood glucose level by up to 75%. Alkaloids, carbohydrates and flavonoids are the most abundant phytochemicals present in the extracts. The ethanolic extract of T. melanosporum showed the most potent DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC 50 value of 251 μg/ml. The fruiting bodies of L. connatum and T. melanosporum have significant hypoglycaemic activity in mice but possess weak free radical scavenging activity which may be attributable to the presence of flavonoids. Keywords: Lyophyllum connatum ; Tuber melanosporum ; Mushrooms; Diabetes mellitus; Hypoglycaemia

Imbalanced Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Activations in Response to Candida albicans in a Murine Model of Diabetes Mellitus

ABSTRACTBloodstream infections caused by Candida species are responsible for high morbidity and mortality, and diabetes mellitus (DM) is an important underlying disease in candidemia episodes. Although DM patients show an enhanced proinflammatory profile, they are highly susceptible to mycobacterial and mycotic infections. Attempting to understand this paradox, we investigated if imbalanced macrophage and dendritic cell (DC) activations could be associated to high incidence and/or severity of Candida albicans infection in the hypoinsulinemia-hyperglycemia (HH) milieu. HH alloxan-induced mice were infected with C. albicans and peritoneal aderent phagocytes were co-cultured with or without lipopolyssaccharide or heat-killed C. albicans, and the production of cytotoxic metabolites, cytokines, and chemokines was evaluated. We also evaluated the surface expression of MHC-II and CD86 in splenic DCs. Our findings showed that both uninfected and C. albicans-infected HH mice showed less production of CCL2 and reduced expression of CD86 by peritoneal phagocytes and splenic DCs, respectively.

Effects of Reg3 Delta Bioactive Peptide on Blood Glucose Levels and Pancreatic Gene Expression in an Alloxan-Induced Mouse Model of Diabetes.

The endocrine regeneration of the pancreas holds great potential for stable diabetes therapy. The Regeneration (Reg) family of proteins has been associated with pancreas regeneration. Hence, the Reg3 delta bioactive peptide from a mouse was evaluated to see whether it can reverse hyperglycemia in a mouse model of diabetes with any effects on pancreatic gene expression. In this study, we administrated the synthetic Reg3 delta bioactive peptide to healthy mice and to alloxan-induced mouse models of diabetes for 30 days, with weekly measurements of body weight and blood glucose levels. After 1 month, pancreatic gene profiling of these mice was performed for the Ngn-3, Pdx-1, MapK8, IGF-1, IGF2bp2, Reg3 beta and Reg3 delta genes. The glycemic levels in mice with diabetes were decreased significantly, restored almost to normal. Furthermore, the gene expression levels measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed that messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of 2 important transcription factors (Ngn-3 and Pdx-1) were increased during the Reg3 delta peptide treatment. This study shows that Reg3 delta has the potential to reverse hyperglycemia by modulating gene expression in pancreatic endocrine precursor markers Pdx-1 and Ngn-3, which require further investigation at the protein and immunohistology levels.

Neurodefensive Effect of Olea europaea L. in Alloxan-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction and Brain Tissue Oxidative Stress in Mice: Incredible Natural Nootropic

Background: In the controlling of Alzheimer disease (AD) plant with antioxidant activity has attained considerable attention. The plant Oleaeuropaea (OE) L. belong to family Oleaceae is a rich source of natural antioxidant. Therefore the intention of this study was to analyze the neuroprotective effects of ethanolic extract of OE (EEOE) fruits in alloxan-induced cognitive impairment and brain tissue oxidative stress in mice by using Hole Cross (HC) test, Open Field (OF) test, Free Exploration (FE) test, Y-Maze (YM) test and contents of thiobarbituric acid reactivesubstances(TBARS)in braintissuehomogenates of mice. Methods: EEEO fruits were administered to alloxan-induced mice for 21st days. The neuroprotective effects ofthis fruit extracts were examined by using behavioral studies such as HC test, OF test, FE test, YM test and biochemical study such as lipid peroxidation (TBARS) assay. Results: In HC test, administration of EEOE on 14th and 21st day was remarkably (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) increased the number of hole crossed from one chamber to another by mice as compared to the disease control group. Administration of EEOE significantly (P < 0.01) increased the number of square travelled by mice on 21st day with respect to that of disease control group in OF test. In FE test EEOE considerably (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) increased the number of entries to the novel area and time spent in the novel area of the mice on 7th, 14th and 21st day as compared to the disease control group. The administration of EEOE significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) increased the percentage of spontaneous alternation behavior of the mice on 14th and 21st day as compared to that of disease control group in YM test. EEOE administration for successive days markedly (P < 0.05) decreased TBARS level in the brain tissue homogenates of mice with respect to disease control group. Conclusion: The existing study suggests that EEOE fruit shows momentous neurodefensive activity. Consequently, this fruit extract may have impending therapeutic value in the treatment of some neurological disorders alike AD.