Alloxan-induced Hyperglycemic Rats Research Articles

Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Clitoria ternatea flower extracts and fractions on blood glucose and MDA in rats induced by alloxan

Background: Clitoria ternatea, rich in anthocyanins with antioxidant properties, can help prevent oxidative stress and reduce complications associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). Objective: To investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of the ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of Clitoria ternatea in rats induced by Alloxan. Method: Ethanol extract from Clitoria ternatea was fractionated with ethyl acetate and then screened for phytochemicals using TLC. Antidiabetic and antioxidant activities were evaluated on alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats at 150 mg/kgBW and 300 mg/kgBW, respectively. Result: The Clitoria ternatea flower's ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction had a flavonoid content of 68.003±0.366 mg QE/g and 78.767±0.262 mg QE/g, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction, administered at 300 mg/kg BW, showed a 45.5986 mg/dl reduction in blood glucose levels, not significantly different from the positive control (acarbose (p = 0.14). The ethyl acetate fraction showed a significant reduction of 76.5% in MDA levels, similar to quercetin as a positive control (p = 0.275). Conclusion: Clitoria ternatea showed antidiabetic and antioxidant properties in alloxan-induced rats.

Effect of ethanol extract of Andrographis paniculata leaves on selected biochemical parameters in alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic wistar albino rats

Effect of ethanol extract of Andrographis paniculata leaves on selected biochemical parameters in alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic wistar albino rats

Pharmacognostic Profile and Anti-Hyperglycemic Activity of Jatropha Tanjorensis Linn (Euphorbiaceae) Leaf on Alloxan-Induced Hyperglycemic Rats

Background: Jatropha tanjorensis has been used traditionally for the treatment of a variety of diseases, these include; renal problem, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, inflammation and in moderate depression. The pharmacognostic standardization of it’s can be used in the development of it’s monograph. Diabetes mellitus is disease that is responsible for millions of death yearly. Over the years, efforts have been made in the discovery of new bioactive compounds with Antidiabetic activity
 Objective: The objective of the study was to establish the pharmacognostic profile and anti-hyperglycemic activity of methanol leaf extract of Jatropha tanjorensis on alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats.
 Methods: The phytochemical analysis, pharmacognostic profile and acute toxicity study were done using standard methods. The anti-hyperglycemic activity of the methanol leaf extract of J. tanjorensis was investigated by using normal and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats for acute and sub-acute studies.
 Results: Phytochemical screening revealed alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, saponins and tannins. The moisture content obtained was 5.67% w/w. The total ash value was 8.39%w/w, acid-insoluble ash value was 0.72% w/w and water-soluble ash value was 3.91% w/w. There was no mortality or any signs of behavioral changes or toxicity observed after oral administration of Jatropha tanjorensis up to the dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight in mice. The sub-acute anti-hyperglycemic study was carried out for 14days, there was a significant (p<0.05) dose-dependent anti-hyperglycemic effect of the methanol leaf extract of J. tanjorensis of 11.76, 55.51 and 77.65% blood glucose level reduction for 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively, when compared with the negative control (- 23.18 %)and 67.29 % for positive control; Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg)which has less activity.
 Conclusion: From this study, it shows that J. tanjorensis leaf have anti-hyperglycemic property, which could justify its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The Pharmacognostic profile can be used for a monograph of the plant for its proper identification and quality control.

Gymnema Sylvestre Supplementation Restores Normoglycemia, Corrects Dyslipidemia, and Transcriptionally Modulates Pancreatic and Hepatic Gene Expression in Alloxan-Induced Hyperglycemic Rats.

Gymnema sylvestre is traditionally used as an herbal remedy for diabetes. The effect of Gymnema sylvestre supplementation on beta cell and hepatic activity was explored in an alloxan-induced hyperglycemic adult rat. Animals were made hyperglycemic via a single inj. (i.p) of Alloxan. Gymnema sylvestre was supplemented in diet @250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg b.w. Animals were sacrificed, and blood and tissues (pancreas and liver) were collected for biochemical, expression, and histological analysis. Gymnema sylvestre significantly reduced blood glucose levels with a subsequent increase in plasma insulin levels in a dosage-dependent manner. Total oxidant status (TOS), malondialdehyde, LDL, VLDL, ALT, AST, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and total protein levels were reduced significantly. Significantly raised paraoxonase, arylesterase, albumin, and HDL levels were also observed in Gymnema sylvestre treated hyperglycemic rats. Increased mRNA expression of Ins-1, Ins-2, Gck, Pdx1, Mafa, and Pax6 was observed, while decreased expression of Cat, Sod1, Nrf2, and NF-kB was observed in the pancreas. However, increased mRNA expression of Gck, Irs1, SREBP1c, and Foxk1 and decreased expression of Irs2, ChREBP, Foxo1, and FoxA2 were observed in the liver. The current study indicates the potent effect of Gymnema sylvestre on the transcription modulation of the insulin gene in the alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rat model. Enhanced plasma insulin levels further help to improve hyperglycemia-induced dyslipidemia through transcriptional modulation of hepatocytes.

Dietary supplementation of Muntingia calabura leaves ameliorates reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels: clinical study on alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats

Dietary supplementation of Muntingia calabura leaves ameliorates reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels: clinical study on alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats

Effect of Prosopis ruscifolia on incretin and insulin secretion in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats

Background: Diabetes mellitus treatment is based on oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin. Medicinal plants constitute an option, and the leaves of Prosopis ruscifolia (Pr) were shown to be effective in reducing glycemia in hyperglycemic animals. Objective: In this paper, we report the effect of P. rusciofolia (Pr) on insulin and incretin secretion in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats. Methodology: The effective dose was selected, and four groups (n=10) of Wistar rats were used. Two groups with normal glycemia received water or Pr (75 mg/Kg, per os, p.o.), and two groups with hyperglycemia induced by alloxan (intraperitoneal, ip), received water or Pr (75 mg/Kg, p.o.) for 2 weeks. Oral glucose tolerance test, and incretin and insulin levels were measured at the end of the experimental period. Results: The results showed that extract promotes better tolerance to oral glucose overload, in addition to a statistically significant (p<0.001) increase in blood levels of incretin and insulin, compared to the hyperglycemic rats. Conclusion: It is concluded that the ethanolic extract of P. ruscifolia leaves has a hypoglycemic effect in hyperglycemic animals by a mechanism that involves the incretin-insulin system.

Anti-diabetic Effect of Ethanolic Extracts of Cissus Quadrangularis linn Fruits and Michelia Champaea Leaves in Alloxan Induced Hyperglycaemic Rats and in 3T3L1 Cell Lines

Background: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that results in increased blood sugar. This study came up with a search for alternative medicines with no or fewer side effects for antidiabetic therapy. Materials and methods: The plants are extracted and screened for phytochemical study of crude extracts. Anti-diabetic activity in alloxan induced hyperglycaemic rats, in single dose study, multiple dose treatment was investigated. In vitro cellular assay using 3T3L1 cell line was performed to check the cell viability with increasing plant extract treatment. Results: Phytochemical investigation reveals the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpinoids, carbohydrates, and glycosides in both plant extractions. In acute toxicity studies, no mortality was observed with either of the extracts even at a dosage of the level of 5000 mg per kg of body weight. The ethanolic extracts showed a noteworthy decline in blood glucose level in alloxan induced rats in both single and multiple dosage methods. Significant changes were observed in the serum glucose and body weight from day 0 to day 14. The cell viability of the extracts was also comparable with the standard. Conclusion: Our results report that CQ fruits and MC leaves have potent antidiabetic action and on further studies, can be a credible resource in antidiabetic therapy.

Evaluation of the glycemic and lipidemic effect of Murraya koenigii (L.) spreng ethanolic leaf extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Background: Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia and often accompanied by lipid abnormalities. The ongoing search for natural antidiabetic remedies is concentrated on plants used as such in ethnomedicine. Murraya koenigii is also known as curry leaf plant, belonging to the family Rutaceae. Few studies have shown the activity of M. koenigii in management of diabetes mellitus and lipidemic effect. Aim: This study evaluated the effect of M. koenigii leaf extract on glucose tolerance and lipid profile in alloxan-induced diabetic male rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats were used for the study. The animals were randomly selected into four groups (1, 2, 3, and 4) of five rats each. Group 1 served as normal control, Group 2 as diabetic control, while Groups 3 and 4 were diabetic and orally treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of M. koenigii extract, respectively. After 14 days of administration, oral glucose tolerance test was performed on overnight fasted rats. Thereafter, the animals were anesthetized and blood samples obtained were used for biochemical assay. Results: There was no significant differences (P < 0.05) in the glucose tolerance between the normal control and the M. koenigii (200 and 400 mg/kg)-treated groups. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) between the diabetic control group and the normal control was noted at 30, 60, and 120 min following glucose load. Furthermore, there was no significant changes (P < 0.05) in the lipid parameters between the normal control and the treated groups of the alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that ethanolic extract of M. koenigii administered for a 2-week period had no effect on the glucose tolerance and lipid profile of the alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats.

Comparative studies on the hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of Vernonia amygdalina delile and Baccharoides tenoreana olive in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats

BackgroundVernonia amygdalina is a bitter culinary vegetable known to possess anti-diabetic principle. Baccharoides tenoreana belonging to the same species as V. amygdalina, is also used in cooking soup and it is comparatively non-bitter. However, its glycemic properties have not been studied. This study becomes imperative to find out if B. tenoreana possesses hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties and how it compares with V. amygdalina. Should B. tenoreana be better than V. amygdalina, it should be preferable since it is non-bitter and can comfortably be taken compared to V. amygdalina. This study investigated the comparative hypoglycemic and antioxidant potentials of V. amygdalina (VA) and B. tenoreana (BT).MethodsThirty male Albino wistar rats assigned into six groups of five rats per group were used for the study. Diabetes was induced in groups B-F rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate at 160 mg/kg. Groups C-E rats were treated with VA (200 mg/kg), BT (200 mg/kg) and combination of VA & BT (100 mg/kg each) respectively. Group F rats were administered glibenclamide (2 mg/kg) whereas groups A and B rats were given distilled water. All treatments were through the oral administration, once daily for 21 consecutive days. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were determined after 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 24 h, 7 days, 14 days and 21 days while lipid profile, in vivo antioxidant and pancreatic histomorphology were assessed on day 21 post-treatment.ResultsThe VA-treated rats recorded marginally reduced FBG, malondialdehyde and low-density lipoprotein levels when compared to the counterpart treated with BT. The high-density lipoprotein values were significantly higher in VA-treated rats than in BT-treated rats. The histomorphology of the pancreas of VA-treated rats expressed more islet cells compared to the counterpart treated with VT.ConclusionBoth VA and BT exhibited hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities with varying potencies.

Antihyperglycemic effect of turmeric aqueous root extract and morphological changes in the pancreas of alloxan-induced hyperglycemic Wistar rats

Introduction: The study aims to evaluate the anti-hyperglycaemic effect of turmeric and the histological changes in the pancreas of adult Wistar rats.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Forty adult Wistar rats were divided into four groups of [A-D] ten rats per group. Group A was normal control, group B was diabetic control, group C was treated with 300mg/kg weight of extract and group D was 500mg/kg body weight. All animals had access to food and water ad libitum. Aqueous extract of turmeric was administered orally, once daily for 14 days. The rats were then anaesthetized with dichloromethane before sacrifice and sample collection. Pancreatic tissues were processed, stained using the hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) method. Blood glucose estimation was determined using the glucose oxidase method.&#x0D; Results: The mean body weights of the rats across groups were not statistically significant. Similarly, blood glucose levels across groups revealed a progressive statistically significant increase from group A to D and from day one to day 17. Pairwise comparison of group A with B, C and D showed a statistically significant increase but a comparison of Group B with C and D were not significant.&#x0D; Discussion: There was progressive body weight increase of the rats from day one to the final day across all groups and reduction in the blood glucose levels of the animals treated with 300mg/kg and 500mg/kg body weights, after seven days of treatment, but these, progressively increased with time even with treatment. The overall pancreas features indicate moderate inflammatory changes.&#x0D; Keywords: turmeric, anti- hyperglycemia, alloxan, Wistar rats

Ameliorative effect of crude and solvent partitioned fractions of Gymnema sylvestre in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic and dyslipidemic Rattus norvegicus

The present study aims to evaluate the ameliorative effect of crude and solvent partitioned fractions of Gymnema sylvestre in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic and dyslipidemic rats. The extract and fractions of Gymnema sylvestre were administered to alloxan (120 mg/kg) induced diabetic rats at doses of 100, 300, and 600 mg/kg. Metformin (100 mg/kg) was used as the reference drug. All treatments were administered daily for 14 days through the oral route. Effects of the treatments on blood glucose levels, body weight, and serum lipid profiles were monitored. The results revealed that all the extracts and fractions were able to reduce the blood glucose levels and improved the body weight of diabetic rats, with more pronounced effects at the treatment of 300 mg/kg of crude methanol and ethyl acetate fraction. The blood glucose of diabetic untreated rats continued to increase up to the time of euthanization. There were significant reductions (p&lt;0.05) in the levels of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) of all the treated groups when compared to the diabetic untreated. However, a significant (p&lt;0.05) decrease in the serum concentration of highdensity lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL- C) was observed in the diabetic untreated rats when compared to the HDL-C levels in the treated rats. The ameliorative effect of the crude extract and the partitioned fractions on the diabetic induced alterations in serum lipid profile occurs in a significant (p&lt;0.05) dosedependent manner. In conclusion, G. sylvestre extracts possess hypoglycaemic effects and attenuated diabetic induced dyslipidemia in rats

English

This study evaluated the anti-hyperglycemic potential of Stemonocoleus micranthus Harms. (Fabaceae) stem bark. Three models used in this study were: normoglycemic animal model, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic model for acute and prolonged administration. Five (5) groups of rats (n=5) were used for all models; group 1 served as the control (received 2 ml/kg of distilled water; p.o.), groups 2, 3, and 4 received S. micranthus extract (SME) 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, respectively, while group 5 received glibenclamide (GLI 0.2 mg/kg) as a reference drug. In the normoglycemic study, the % reduction in blood glucose concentration (BGC) was 22.24, 29.97, 30.03 and 37.28% for SME (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and GLI, respectively. In the OGTT study, suppression in BGC was statistically significant (p&lt;0.05) at 120 min for the 400 mg/kg SME group. The glycemic changes (%) observed in SME (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) treated rats were 3.4, 0.86 and 0.45%, respectively at the 120 min relative to 0 min values. Also, oral administration of SME (100, 200, 400 mg/kg) and GLI significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced the BGC to varying degrees in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats. The SME at 400 mg/kg produced the highest percentage diminution in BGC of 23.26 and 67.66% for the acute and the prolonged anti-hyperglycemic study respectively, whereas the standard drug, GLI, exhibited 73.55 and 66.10%, respectively. Histopathological studies revealed protection from the harmful effect of alloxan on the kidney and liver by SME-treatment after 28 days as against GLI treated group where there was evidence of mild hepatosis. From the results, it can be deduced that S. micranthus stem bark possesses anti-hyperglycemic effects, thus scientifically corroborating with the folkloric use.&nbsp; Key words: Stemonocoleus micranthus, alloxan, glibenclamide, normoglycemia, hyperglycemia.

Antihyperglycemic, antidyslipidemic and antioxidant properties of hydromethanol extract of Eremomastax speciosa leaf in alloxan monohydrate-induced hyperglycemic rats

Purpose: To investigate the antihyperglycemic, anti-dyslipidemic and antioxidant properties of hydromethanol extract of Eremomastax speciosa leaf in alloxan monohydrate-induced hyperglycemic rats.&#x0D; Methods: Hydromethanol extract of Eremomastax speciosa leaf was tested at dose range of 25 to 100 mg/kg against vehicle (distilled water) and glibenclamide (2 mg/kg, reference standard) in alloxaninduced hyperglycemic rats. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed in the identification of phytoconstituents. The fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum lipid profile, malondialdehyde, catalase and superoxide dismutase levels as well as the histopathology of the pancreas of the animals were evaluated.&#x0D; Results: The extract (25 mg/kg) significantly reduced FBG, lipid profile and malondialdehyde levels relative to vehicle treated group but increased the superoxide dismutase and catalase levels and reversed alloxan-induced pancreatic islet cell degeneration. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of 4,5-dimethylthiazole (4.38%), benzenesulfonic acid, methyl ester (15.62%), benzenesulfonyl chloride (40.62%), benzopyran-4-one, 5,7-dihydroxy-2-phenyl- (21.25%), 2(5H)-furanone, 4-methoxy-5-phenyl-(12.50%), and p-chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride (5.62%)&#x0D; Conclusion: The hypoglycemic effect of the extract validates the folkloric uses of E. speciosa leaf in the ethnobotanical care of diabetes mellitus.&#x0D; Keywords: antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, anti-dyslipidemic, Eremomastax speciosa

Preparation, standardisation and evaluation of hypoglycaemic effect of herbal formulation containing five ethnomedicinal plants in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic wistar rats

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the pharmacognostical parameters, formulation, standardization and hypoglycaemic effect of herbal preparation in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The physicochemical properties of polyherbal finished product were: Specific gravity (1.03 at 25°C), pH of 10%v/v solution (4.543), solid content (7% w/v), viscosity (4.59 cp), surface tension (43.37 dynes/cm) and refractive index (1.37). The colour (brown), odour (sweet aromatic), and taste (sweet) of polyherbal formulation was satisfactory in physical appearance. The study was also aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of herbal formulation in alloxan induced diabetic rats model. The results of the body weight and blood glucose level of control, diabetic control group, standard group (Glibenclamide 5mg/kg)-standard drug used and two different doses of trial formulation (600mg and 300mg/kg)-summarised in Table No 1 and Table No 2 respectively. The initial body weight of Herbal formulation low dose and high dose were 123.33±5.78 and 185±8.38 respectively and after 11 days of treatment the bodyweight was decreased to 119.33±8.45 and1 70.33±7.79 respectively. Two different doses of the herbal formulation (low dose and high dose) i,e 123.33±5.78 and 185±8.38 blood glucose level were studied in two different groups of animals. Both groups showed a significant decrease of blood glucose level on alloxan induced diabetic rats when compared to control group. The low dose result shows for respective day 3: 5.01±0.21, day 7: 33.23±1.70 and day11: 63.20±2.46 and for high doses for day 3: 6.59±0.34, day 7: 35.26±1.84 and day 11: 65.63±2.46. Both groups showed a significant decrease of blood glucose level on alloxan induced diabetic rats when compared to control group. The present study showed that the investigation of the polyherbal formulation containing five herbs has a potent anti diabetic effect which could be used in the management of diabetes mellitus effectively.

Hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and anti-lipid peroxidation properties of a methanol extract of Paullinia pinnata root-bark, in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats

Abstract This study evaluated the hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and anti-lipid peroxidation properties of a methanol extract of Paullinia pinnata root-bark, in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats. The extract of P. pinnata root-bark was prepared using a cold maceration method with 80% methanol and concentrated at 40°C in hot air oven. The extract was administered once daily per os at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg for 21 consecutive days. Distilled water (5 mL/kg) and glibenclamide (2 mg/kg) were used as the vehicle and reference standard, respectively. The serum lipid profile, markers of liver and kidney functions, antioxidant status (malondialdehyde level, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities), histopathological changes in liver and kidney were examined 24h after the last treatment on day 21. The extract reduced serum lipid profile, markers of liver and kidney functions of treated rats relative to vehicle-treated rats. The superoxide dismutase and catalase activities of the extract treated rats were also elevated relative to the vehicle-treated rats. The extract reversed liver and kidney injuries induced by alloxan in the treated rats. This study provides some basic information which suggest that P. pinnata could be effective in managing diabetic complications.

Morinda lucida Aqueous Stem Bark Extract Ameliorates Hepato-Renal Dysfunctions in Experimental Diabetes Model.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a leading pan-systemic endocrine disorder with attendant high morbidity and mortality owing to its deleterious effects on vital body organs caused by untreated chronic hyperglycemia, attendant oxidative stress and glycation processes. The present study is designed to investigate possible protective role and mechanism(s) of action 125-500 mg/kg/day of Morinda lucida aqueous stem bark extract (MLASE) on renal and hepatic functions in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats for 8 days. Forty-two alloxan-induced hyperglycemiic male Wistar rats were randomly allotted to Groups II-VI and orally treated with 10 ml/kg/day distilled water, 5 mg/kg/day glibenclamide, 125 mg/kg MLASE, 250 mg/kg MLASE, and 500 mg/kg/day MLASE, respectively. Group I normal rats served as untreated control and were orally treated with 10 ml/kg of distilled water, all under same sham-handling. Blood samples were taken for measurement of fasting blood glucose, renal and hepatic function profile. Liver and kidney tissue samples were taken for determination of the activities of oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and superoxidase dismutase (SOD). Results showed that intraperitoneal injection with 120 mg/kg of alloxan in cold 0.9% normal saline reliably and significantly induced a steadily sustained hyperglycemia which were ameliorated by short-term oral treatment with 125-500 mg/kg/day of MLASE, dose dependently, similar to that ameliorated by the standard antihyperglycemic drug, glibenclamide. Similarly, MLASE significantly mitigated against derangements in the measured renal and hepatic function parameters as well as oxidative stress induced by alloxan-induced hyperglycemia. In conclusion, results of this study showed the protective role of 125-500 mg/kg/day of MLASE in chronic hyperglycemia-associated renal and hepatic dysfunctions which was mediated via antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of MLASE.

Persea americana Leaf Ethyl Acetate Extract Phytochemical, In-vitro Antioxidant and In-vivo Potentials to Mitigate Oxidative Stress in Alloxan-induced Hyperglycaemic Rats

The purpose of this study was to investigate the in-vivo and in-vitro potentials of ethyl acetate extract of P. americana leaf in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Quantitative phytochemicals analyzed includes; flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and phenolics. Measurement of antioxidant activity using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, total antioxidant capacity, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical and ferric reducing activity of the extract was carried out. Hyperglycemia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate to albino rats. In-vivo anti-oxidant potentials of the extract were evaluated by measuring liver homogenate activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and malondyaldehyde in alloxan-induced diabetic rats administered with the extract. A total of 30 Albino rats were used for this experiment and they were divided into six groups of 5 rats each. Group A; normal control, Group B; diabetic control, Groups C-E; experimental groups administered with different doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight respectively); of the extract and Group F; glucophage (84 mg/kg body weight, standard drug) for 4 weeks. This study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, Kano, in August, 2018. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA with P=.05 value considered as significant. Results of the quantitative phytochemical investigation shows that the extract is rich in phenolics (184.1±0.6), flavonoids (115.8±2.1), alkaloids (41.5±1.8), with least concentration of tannis (21.2±0.8) and saponins (15.2±2.3). The extract exhibited high radical scavenging activity against synthetic free radicals (DPPH), reactive oxygen species (peroxide, superoxide and hydroxyl acid) and high ability to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ (FRAP). The activities of antioxidant enzymes of the treated rats were increased significantly (P=.05) while the level malondyaldehyde was significantly decreased (P=.05) in the treated groups. Ethyl acetate leaf extract of Persea americana contains phytochemical substances which improved antioxidant status and can be use as herbal therapy for the management of oxidative stress induced by diabetes mellitus and associated complications.

Comparative Study of Different Solvents Extract of Persea americana Leaf on Alloxan Induced Hyperglycemic Rats

Comparative Study of Different Solvents Extract of Persea americana Leaf on Alloxan Induced Hyperglycemic Rats

Antidiabetic potential of the combination of fermented soy milk and flaxseed milk in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Type-1 diabetics are an autoimmune disease first appears at childhood or early adolescence. The prevalence of this disease is increasing around the world and no preventive procedure exists. The naturally effective flaxseed and soybeans have various health benefits. The study was carried out to evaluate the effects of probiotic soy and flaxseed milk in alloxan-induced rats. Methods: Fermented soy and flaxseed milk (FSFM) was screened for their antidiabetic potential in alloxan-induced diabetic rats using the oral route. Fermented milk with probiotics increases the efficacy of isoflavones in the treatment of diabetic mellitus. Single and multiple dose (28 days) studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the fermented milk through blood glucose level, body weight, hematological profile, estimation of insulin level, biochemistry parameters, as well as homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance. Results: Intraperitoneal administration of alloxan into the rats caused significant diabetogenic response with increase in the levels of blood sugar as compared with normal rats. As a control, metformin was used to compare the potential of FSFM in rats. Oral administration of low dose and high dose of FSFM significantly reduced blood glucose level in normoglycemic and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats with comparative increase in the insulin production as that of metformin dose. There were no evident hematological changes in all the groups. The body weight and feed intake of the diabetes induced rats were increased after treatment with FSFM throughout the study period as compared with the normal and diabetic control group. Conclusion: The observed data showed the antidiabetic potential of FSFM against Type-1 diabetes of alloxan-induced rats and can be used as an antidiabetic supplement. Clinical Impact: At present, there is no effective medication to cure Type 1 diabetics. The available treatments are causing number of side effects in long-term usage. The present study on flaxseed and soy milk shows that it is effective in reducing Type 1 diabetics without any after effects.

Ameliorative Effects of Helianthus Annuus Against Nephrotoxic, Cardiac, and Haematological Disorders in Alloxan-induced Hyperglycaemia in Albino Rats.

IntroductionThe study evaluated the ameliorative effects of Helianthus annuus leaf extract on nephrotoxicity, cardiac, and haematologic disorders in alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic rats.Material and MethodsThe cold maceration method with 80% methanol was used in the preparation of H. annuus extract. Thirty alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic rats were randomly assigned to five equal groups (A–E). Groups A and B received 5% tween-20 solution in water (5 mL/kg) and glibenclamide (2 mg/kg), respectively; while groups C, D, and E received 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg of the extract, respectively, per os once daily for 21 consecutive days. The levels of serum urea, creatinine, haematological indices, and histopathological changes in the kidneys and heart were evaluated 24 h after the last treatment on day 21.ResultsThe extract and glibenclamide significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the levels of serum urea and urea : creatinine ratio in diabetic rats when compared with the vehicle treated group. The extract and glibenclamide also ameliorated haematological disorders and kidney and cardiac damage induced by alloxan.ConclusionH. annuus extract produced nephroprotective, cardioprotective, and haematoprotective effects and might prevent the advancement of diabetic complications such as diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular diseases in diabetic patients.