Alloxan-induced Hyperglycemia Research Articles

Comparison of physiological and biochemical changes in old and young hyperglycemic rats submitted to aerobic exercise and anabolic steroid use

Prolonged hyperglycemia conditions are a risk factor for chronic degenerative diseases such as diabetes and obesity. Testosterone is known to cause muscle hypertrophy, reduced fat mass, and increased body strength. The study aimed to verify possible alterations and differences in the influence of testosterone on the physical performance in post-exercise conditions of young and old animals with alloxan-induced hyperglycemia. We randomly assigned 32 young Wistar rats to groups of untreated non-diabetic young, treated non-diabetic young, untreated diabetic young, and treated diabetic young rats, and 32 aged Wistar rats to groups of untreated non-diabetic elderly, treated non-diabetic elderly, untreated diabetic elderly, and treated diabetic elderly rats, with eight animals each group. The treated non-diabetic and treated diabetic groups received injections of 15 ​mg/kg weight Durateston™. All the trained groups performed aquatic training with an overload of 5% of the body mass. Following the experiment, we anesthetized and euthanized the animals after exercise (exhaustion). Hemoglobin, erythrocytes, and hematocrit values were higher in the treated groups. The treated diabetic elderly group had the highest leukocyte and neutrophil counts compared to the untreated young groups (p ​< ​0.05). As for the lipid profile, untreated rats had the highest values. Glucose concentration was higher at rest and after exercise in the untreated diabetic groups (p ​< ​0.05). Lactate was more elevated in the untreated diabetic groups, and the testosterone-treated groups performed the longest swimming time after the maximal test (p ​< ​0.05). The use of testosterone in conjunction with physical exercise improved physical performance in water, blood glucose, and lipid profiles.

Pharmacotherapeutic effect of methanolic and ethanolic extract of Spinacia oleracea L. leaves on glycemic and lipidemic indexes of alloxan-induced diabetic mice

With the various side effects associated with synthetic medicines for treating diabetes, there is a need to develop herbal remedies as an alternative. Although Spinacia oleracea L. leaves are used to treat various health conditions, including diabetes, there is little research to validate its antidiabetic properties. This study aimed to investigate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Spinacia oleracea L. leaves against alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in mice. Hyperglycemia was induced by an injection of alloxan monohydrate 80mg/kg bw. (i.p.). After 72 hours, mice with Blood Glucose Levels above 11.0 mmol/L were selected for the investigation. Both methanolic and ethanolic extracts at 200 mg/kg bw. doses were observed to have antidiabetic effect for 21 consecutive days. Blood Glucose Level was monitored after 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 days and compared with Glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg b.wt.). Serum lipid profile [total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein] and liver enzymes such as SGPT, and SGOT were also determined. Oral administration of both extracts showed significant (P &lt; 0.05) antihyperglycemic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The diabetic mice had significant (P &lt; 0.01) reduction in blood glucose; serum liver enzyme level (SGPT and SGOT) and lipid profile were compared with normal mice.

Pancreatic regenerative potential of manuka honey evidenced through pancreatic histology and levels of transcription factors in diabetic rat model

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus is a commonly occurring metabolic disorder accompanied by high morbidity and alarming mortality. Besides various available therapies, induction of pancreatic regeneration has emerged as a promising strategy for alleviating the damaging effect of diabetes. Honey, a potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory agent, has been reported in the literature archive to exhibit favourable results in the regeneration process of several organ systems. DesignThe current research work was intended to explore the potential role of manuka honey in pancreatic regeneration in alloxan-induced diabetic rats by accessing the pancreatic histology and levels of relevant transcription factors, including MAFA, PDX-1, INS-1, INS-2, NEUROG3, NKX6-1, and NEUROD. An equal number of rats were allocated to all four experimental groups: normal, negative control, positive control, and treatment group. Diabetes was induced in all groups except normal through a single intraperitoneal dose of alloxan monohydrate. No subsequent treatment was given to the negative control group, while the positive control and treatment groups were supplemented with metformin (150 mg/kg/day) and manuka honey (3 g/kg/day), respectively. ResultsStatistical comparison of glucose and insulin levels, oxidative stress indicators, changes in the architecture of pancreatic islets, and expression levels of regeneration-associated transcription factors advocated the potential role of manuka honey in ameliorating the alloxan-induced hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinemia, oxidative stress, and necrotic changes in islets along with significant upregulation of relevant transcription factors. ConclusionThis suggests to us the auspicious role of antioxidants in honey in pancreatic regeneration and advocates the favourable role of manuka honey in combating diabetes mellitus.

The effect of carvacrol upon experımentally ınduced dıabetıc neuropathy and neuropathıc paın ın rats

Diabetic neuropathies are the most frequent complication of diabetes. While numerous metabolic pathways are disrupted in diabetic neuropathy, oxidative stress has been indicated as a significant reason for this condition. In this study, the effect of carvacrol, which has antioxidant effects, on experimental diabetic neuropathy and neuropathic pain was investigated. Alloxan was used to induce diabetes in the experiment. Diabetes was created by administering 120mg/kg of alloxan intraperitoneally (i.p) once a day for 3 days. Rats with a blood glucose concentration above 250mg/kg in the blood taken from the tail veins at the end of three days were considered diabetic. Rats were categorized under healthy control (HG), alloxan-induced hyperglycemia (AG), and alloxan-induced hyperglycemia + carvacrol-treated (ACG) groups. Carvacrol was i.p injected at 50 mg/kg dose to the ACG (n=6) group of rats with hyperglycemia. The same volume of distilled water as the solvent was applied in the same way to AG (n=6) and HG (n=6) rat groups. This procedure was repeated once a day for three months.Carvacrol showed anti-hyperglycemic effect in diabetic rats, protective effect against lowering pain threshold and analgesic activity in rat paws in rats. Carvacrol prevented the oxidant/antioxidant balance from changing in favor of oxidants. The results supported that carvacrol is an agent against alloxan-induced peripheral diabetic neuropathic pain.

Hyperglycemia-associated Alzheimer's-like symptoms and other behavioral effects attenuated by Plumeria obtusa L. Extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic complaint with numerous short- and long-term complications that harm a person's physical and psychological health. Plumeria obtusa L. is a traditional medicine used in the treatment of diabetes to reduce complications related to behavior. Plumeria is a genus with antipsychotic activities. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a methanolic extract of Plumeria obtusa L. in the attenuation of diabetes, on symptoms of Alzheimer disease, and on other associated behavioral aspects. A single dose of alloxan was administered to an experimental group of rats to induce development of diabetes (150mg/kg, intraperitoneal) and the rats were then administered selected doses of methanolic extract of Plumeria obtusa L. (Po.Cr) or glibenclamide (0.6mg/kg) for 45 consecutive days. Behavioral effects were evaluated using three validated assays of anxiety-related behavior: the open field test, the light and dark test, and the elevated plus maze. Anti-depressant effects of Plumeria obtusa L. were evaluated using the forced swim test (FST) and memory and learning were assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM) task. Po.Cr was also evaluated for phytochemicals using total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and high-performance liquid chromatography assays, and antioxidant capability was assessed through assays of DPPH radical scavenging, total oxidation capacity, and total reducing capacity. In the alloxan-induced model of diabetes, the administration of Po.Cr and glibenclamide for 45days produced a marked decrease (p < 0.001) in hyperglycemia compared to control animals. Po.Cr treatment also resulted in improvement in indicators, such as body weight and lipid profile (p < 0.05), as well as restoration of normal levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) (p < 0.001), a biomarker of liver function. Diabetic rats presented more Alzheimer-like symptoms, with greater impairment of memory and learning, and increased anxiety and depression compared to non-diabetic normal rats, whereas treated diabetic rats showed significant improvements in memory and behavioral outcomes. These results demonstrate that Po.Cr reversed alloxan-induced hyperglycemia and ameliorated Alzheimer-related behavioral changes, which supports additional study and assessment of conventional use of the plant to treat diabetes and associated behavioral complications.

Effect of honey bee venom on the histological changes of testes and hormonal disturbance in diabetic mice.

Hyperglycemia associated with hyper- or hypo-insulinemia is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is firmly linked to decreased male infertility. Recently, bee venom (BV) has shown potential health prosperities, including antidiabetic; however, no study focuses on the effect of BV on male fertility in diabetic conditions. This study aimed to detect the effect of BV on histological and hormonal alteration of the testis in diabetic mice. Twenty adult male mice were selected and assigned to four groups: Control, diabetic (150 mg/kg alloxan), BV1 (diabetic + 0.5 mg/kg BV), and BV2 (diabetic + 1 mg/kg BV). After 35 days, the serum levels of glucose, insulin, testosterone, follicular-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin were estimated. The histological structure of the testes was also evaluated. Alloxan-induced hyperglycemia and decreased insulin concentrations were reversed significantly by BV. Furthermore, diabetic mice exhibited various alterations in fertility hormones, while these disturbances were improved considerably to normal concentrations by BV. Similarly, alloxan-induced changes in sperm and testis histological parameters such as motility, viability, abnormality, sperm count, the number and diameter of seminiferous tubules, and the number of Leydig and Sertoli cells were significantly ameliorated to the normal condition by BV. Changes in the number, size, and shape of seminiferous tubules, the number of Leydig and Sertoli cells, and initial degeneration and vacuolization in interstitial cells and spermatogonia and spermatocyte were seen in diabetic mice. All these changes were shifted almost to normal structure by BV. The BV could be used as an alternative therapeutic agent that manages the markers related to diabetic conditions concomitant with the improved histological structure of the testes and hormone production to accelerate male fertility.

Antioxidant and hypoglycemic effect of Vasconcellea candicans (A. Gray) A. DC. in albino mice: a native fruit of the Peruvian flora

“Mito”, “Andean Papaya” and “kerko” are the popular names of Vasconcellea candicans (A. Gray) A. DC. In some regions in Peru, this species is a shrub tree, endemic to the Peruvian Andes and Ecuador. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic effect of the ethanolic extract of Vasconcellea candicans fruit on alloxaninduced hyperglycemia in albino mice. Vasconcellea candicans fruits were collected in Uruiza, Lucanas-Ayacucho, Peru. Phytochemical analysis was carried out to confirm chemical groups, and antioxidant activity in vitro was measured using two methods, 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid) diammonium salt radical cation (ABTS). In the pharmacological evaluation, hyperglycemia was induced with alloxan using doses of 170 mg/kg in albino mice, animals with a glucose level of more than 250 mg/dL were included in the treatment. Animals were randomized into five groups (I: Alloxan 170 mg/kg; II, III, and IV: Vasconcellea candicans extract: 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg body weight; and V: glibenclamide 5 mg/kg). The phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, saponins, and phenolic compounds. It was observed that at doses of 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg, blood glucose was reduced by 43.6%, 60.8%, and 70.5 %, respectively, after 16 days of treatment. The ethanolic extract had an IC50 = 19.6±0.5 µg/mL and 5.05±0.01 µg/mL against DPPH and the ABTS radical, respectively. In conclusion, the ethanolic extract of the Vasconcellea candicans fruit was demonstrated to be effective at 500 mg/kg following 14 days of treatment in mice.

Chronically administered Agave americana var. marginata extract ameliorates diabetes mellitus, associated behavioral comorbidities and biochemical parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

IntroductionDiabetes mellitus causes hyperglycemia and associated complications to the brain. In current study, the traditionally reported remedial claims of Agave americana var. marginata has been scientifically investigated in diabetic rats. MethodologyThe methanolic extract of leaves of Agave americana var. marginata (Aa.Cr) was characterized for total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant potential through in-vitro testing. The rats chronically pre-treated with Aa.Cr (400 and 600 mg/kg) for 45 days were challenged with alloxan-induced hyperglycemia. The dose-dependent effects of Aa.Cr on blood glucose levels and body weights were compared with diabetic rats using glibenclamide (0.6 mg/kg) as a standard. The animals were tested for diabetes-associated neurological comorbidities through behavioral and biochemical evaluation. ResultsThe phenols and flavonoids enriched Aa.Cr caused a significant dose-dependent hypoglycemic effect. Aa.Cr showed protection from comorbid anxiety, depression and cognitive impairment as compared to diabetic rats. The alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein were prominently reduced, and high-density lipoprotein was increased in rats treated with Aa.Cr. Moreover, the oxidative stress in isolated brains was reduced by Aa.Cr. ConclusionThese findings suggest that Aa.Cr is enriched with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytoconstituents valuable for diabetes and related neurological complications.

Pasuchaca (Geranium ruizii Hieron.): A Medicinal Plant of the Geraniaceae Family with Hypoglycemic Effect on Alloxan-Induced Hyperglycemia in Mice

Pasuchaca (Geranium ruizii Hieron.): A Medicinal Plant of the Geraniaceae Family with Hypoglycemic Effect on Alloxan-Induced Hyperglycemia in Mice

GlucoMedix®, an extract of Stevia rebaudiana and Uncaria tomentosa, reduces hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension in rat models without toxicity: a treatment for metabolic syndrome

BackgroundThe objective of this in vivo study is to evaluate in five rat models the pharmacologic effects and toxicity of a commercial hydro-alcoholic extract, GlucoMedix®, derived from Stevia rebaudiana and the pentacyclic chemotype of Uncaria Tomentosa (Willd.) DC, for use as a treatment for metabolic syndrome. The extract contains phytochemicals of Stevia (e.g., steviol glycosides) and Uncaria (e.g., pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids, but lacks tetracyclic oxindole alkaloids).MethodsThe pharmacologic assessments in three rat models include reductions in chemically induced hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia (cholesterol and triglycerides), and hypertension, all of which are comorbidities of metabolic syndrome. Acute toxicity and 28-day subacute toxicity were assessed in rat models at doses higher than those used in the efficacy models.ResultsThe acute oral toxicity was evaluated in Holtzman rats and the extract did not produce acute toxic effects or lethality, with the LD50 > 5000 mg/kg (extract wet weight). Furthermore, subacute oral toxicity was evaluated in rats for 28 days at daily doses as high as 2000 mg/kg without toxicity or abnormal clinical chemistry or hematological effects. Daily oral doses of 250 - 1000 mg/kg were used to evaluate the treatment effects in hyperglycemic (alloxan-induced and glibenclamide-controlled), hyperlipidemic (cholesterol-induced and atorvastatin-controlled), and hypertensive (L-NAME-induced and enalapril-controlled) rat models. Alloxan-induced hyperglycemia was reduced in a dose-dependent manner within 28 days or less. Cholesterol-induced hyperlipidemic rats exhibited dose-dependent reductions in cholesterol and triglycerides at 21 days. Furthermore, GlucoMedix® produced a dose-dependent decrease in systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats at 28 days.ConclusionsThe five in vivo rat models revealed that the all-natural phytotherapy GlucoMedix® is a safe and effective treatment for hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. This extract is expected to affect multiple comorbidities of metabolic syndrome, without any acute or subacute oral toxicity in humans. Although multiple prescription drugs are well known for the treatment of individual comorbidities of metabolic syndrome, no drug monotherapy concurrently treats all three comorbidities.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TWO SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF CITRUS LIMON LEAVES IN ALLOXAN INDUCED HYPERGLYCEMIA IN MICE

The objective of the study was comparative study of two different solvent extracts of Citrus limon leaves in alloxaninduced hyperglycemia in mice. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts of lemon leaves were prepared using a Soxhlet extractor. Diabetes was induced in mice by intraperitoneal administration of alloxan (70 mg/kg b.w.) and blood glucose levels were measured by a glucose meter during the experimental study. The results were compared to both methanolic and ethanolic extracts at the same dose (150mg/kg b.w.). It was found that the methanolic lemon leaves extract was potent than ethanolic lemon leaves extract. The results showed a significant (P less than 0.05) reduction in blood glucose revert back to near normal level in alloxan-induced diabetic mice administered with (150 mg/kg b.w.) methanolic and ethanolic leaves extracts. Overall, the results suggest that both ethanolic and methanolic lemon leaves extract contains an effective anti-hyperglycemic potential which may find applied in the treatment of diabetes without causing toxic effects.

Pharmacological effects of novel microvesicles of basil, on blood glucose and the lipid profile: a preclinical study

Microencapsulation represents a process that can create targeted, controlled release kinetics of drugs, thus optimizing therapeutic efficacy. Our group has investigated the impact of this technology on Wistar rats to determine pharmacological efficacy of basil extracts. Animals were treated with water extract of Ocimum basilicum in microvesicles and with combination of basil extracts and 3α,7α-dihydroxy-12-keto-5-cholanate, also known as 12-monoketocholic acid (MKC) acid in microvesicles for 7 days. Alloxan was used to induce hyperglycemia. Pharmacological effects on glycemia were evaluated by measuring blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Microvesicles were prepared using the Büchi-based microencapsulating system developed in our lab. The dose of basil extract that was orally administered in rats was 200 mg/kg and the dose of MKC acid was 4 mg/kg as per established protocols. A seven-day treatment with basil aqueous extract, as well as a combination of basil and MKC acid extract in the pharmaceutical formulation, led to a statistically significant reduction in the blood glucose concentration of animals with alloxan-induced hyperglycemia compared to pre-treatment values (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01), which indicates that basil has hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effects. Microvesicles, as a pharmaceutical-technological formulation, substantially enhance the hypolipidemic action of basil extract with MKC acid.

Anti-diabetogenic and in vivo antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of Dryopteris dilatata in alloxan-induced male Wistar rats

Aims Oxido-inflammatory stress has been implicated as the main targets in alleviating diabetic complications induced by hyperglycaemia. Dryopteris dilatata: a bioactive plant serves great medicinal benefits in ethnopharmacology to ameliorate pathological conditions. This study investigated the protective effects of ethanol extract of Dryopteris dilatata (EEDD) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats through mechanism involving inhibition of oxidative stress and liver and kidney inflammatory markers. Methodology Male Wistar rats were made diabetic via alloxan monohydrate (100 mg/kg) administration intraperitoneally. Diabetic rats were post-treated with EEDD (800 mg/kg) and Metformin (50 mg/kg) orally for two weeks. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), body and organ weight change, markers of oxidative stress, liver and kidney inflammation were evaluated. Results Our results revealed that EEDD significantly reduced alloxan-induced hyperglycaemia in the diabetic rats after 5, 10 and 15 days of treatment. Markers of oxidative injury were also significantly ameliorated in the pancreas, liver and kidney of the diabetic rats following treatment with EEDD. However, liver and kidney injury markers were significantly attenuated with marked decreased organ weight in the diabetic rats after treatment with EEDD. Conclusion Here in, we found that Dryopteris dilatata could be used as nutraceuticals in the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its related complications through positively modulating oxidative stress and liver and kidney inflammatory markers

Chemical Profiling and Antihyperglycaemic Study on Butanol Fraction of Chlorophytum alismifolium Baker (Liliaceae)

Purpose: Diabetes mellitus is a disorder associated with debilitating complications. This study was aimed at evaluating the chemical profile and antihyperglycaemic effect of butanol fraction of Chlorophytum alismifolium. Methodology: The powdered plant was extracted sequentially using soxhlet apparatus with solvents of varying polarities until butanol fraction was obtained. GC-MS analysis, phytochemical screening and acute toxicity studies were carried out. Antihyperglycaemic study was carried out using alloxan-induced hyperglycaemia in rats. Male Wistar rats were injected with 120 mg/kg of alloxan intraperitoneally, the rats with fasting blood glucose levels between 200 and 350 mg/dL were considered hyperglycaemic. Experimental groups were set up using normal rats in group I and hyperglycaemic rats in five groups of six rats each. Group II was the hyperglycaemic control while groups III, IV and V received the butanol fraction of C. alismifolium at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg respectively. Group VI received glimepiride 1 mg/kg. Blood glucose levels were monitored before treatment at 0 hour and 1, 2, 3 and 5 hours after treatment. Findings: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides and triterpenes while GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of thirteen compounds some of which include; isoxazolidine, isothiazole and acetamide. Oral median lethal dose of the extract in rats was estimated to be >5,000 mg/kg. The butanol fraction of C. alismifolium at all the doses tested showed significant (p<0.05) blood glucose lowering effect when compared over time. Conclusion: The findings from this research showed that butanol fraction of Chlorophytum alismifolium possesses important compounds with antihyperglycaemic activity. Keywords: Chlorophytum alismifolium, Hyperglycaemia, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Hypoglycemic Activity of Aqueous Extract of Latex from Hancornia speciosa Gomes: A Study in Zebrafish and In Silico

Hancornia speciosa Gomes is a tree native to Brazil and has therapeutic potential for several diseases. Ethnopharmacological surveys have reported that the plant is used as a hypoglycemic agent and to lose weight. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the aqueous extract from H. speciosa latex (LxHs) in a zebrafish model of diabetes. The extract was evaluated through high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HTPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). We then tested treatments with LxHs (500, 1000, and 1500 mg/kg) by assessing blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic animals, and metformin was used as a control. The toxicity was evaluated through histopathology of the pancreas and biochemical assessment of serum levels of AST, ALT, creatinine, and urea. The extract was also assessed for acute toxicity through several parameters in embryos and adult animals. Finally, we performed in silico analysis through the SEA server and docking using the software GOLD. The phytochemical study showed the compounds cornoside, dihydrocornoide, and 1-O-methyl-myoinositol (bornesitol). The treatment with all doses of LxHs significantly decreased alloxan-induced hyperglycemia without any significant histological or biochemical abnormalities. No significant frequency of teratogenesis was observed in the embryos exposed to the extract, and no significant behavioral changes or deaths were observed in adult animals. In silico, the results showed a potential interaction between inositol and enzymes involved in carbohydrates’ metabolism. Overall, the results show a hypoglycemic activity of the extract in vivo, with no apparent toxicity. The computational studies suggest this could be at least partially due to the presence of bornesitol, since inositols can interact with carbohydrates’ enzymes.

The effect of the experimental chronic hyperglycemia on the kidney and myocardium

Abstract. The number of patients with diabetes increases annually. Modern forecasts predict that diabetes will be the seventh leading cause of death in 2030. Despite many significant advances in the research of diabetes and the use of new modern treatments, the disease is still progressing, and it is necessary to continue to study the effects of diabetes on human systems and organs: kidney and myocardium.&#x0D; Methods. A total of 24 rats of reproductive age (6 months old) were involved in this experimental study. Experimental rats were injected with alloxan intraperitoneally once at a dose of 20 mg/100 g on an empty stomach. In addition, they received a 10% glucose solution 24 hours after alloxan injection and a 5% glucose solution during the experiment. We measured glucose level with Accu-Chek Advantage (Boehringer, Germany) after 2, 12, and 24 hours after alloxan injection, and then weekly. The subjects of the investigation were kidney and heart of the experimental (n=12) and control (n=12) animals for correct comparative analysis.&#x0D; Results. The average blood glucose level remained at 11 mmol/L ± 2 mmol/L. During the experimental period, the rats' weight gain, dilation of both ventricles and relative renal weight gain were determined. By the histological examination of the myocardium, we revealed polymorphic nuclei, perinuclear cytolysis, fragmentation, wavy-like deformation of cardiomyocytes, stromal and perivascular edema, uneven filling of blood vessels, and local fibrosis. Thinning of fibrous capsule and cortical layer, destruction of nephrons, and hemorrhages were detected in the kidney.&#x0D; Conclusions. Our study confirms the robustness of alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in rats. We came to this conclusion because the early changes in the kidneys and heart are explained by the development of microangiopathies, which is a typical feature of the pathogenesis of diabetes. With prolonged exposure to chronic hyperglycemia, structural disorders of vital organs are worsened. This experimental model could be used for conducting comprehensive research aimed to study the mechanisms of diabetes mellitus, the effects of hyperglycemia on organs and tissues, and correct the complications.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling and analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antihyperglycemic potentials of Persea americana.

Objective(s):The present study determines the chemical constituents of Persea americana using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and its different activities. Materials and Methods: Air-dried powdered leaves of Persea americana were extracted by 95% methanol and fractionated consecutively with petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. The saponifiable matter, EtOAc and aqueous fractions were subjected to GC-MS. The analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antihyperglycemic properties of extracts, different fractions, and crude polysaccharide were determined by hot plate, carrageenan-induced paw edema, yeast-induced pyrexia, and alloxan-induced hyperglycemia methods, respectively. Results:Fourteen fatty acid methyl esters were identified in GC-MS-based profiling of the saponifiable matter. Alongside, 13 compounds were determined from EtOAc fraction and 6 compounds from the aqueous fraction of P. americana leaves. The ethyl acetate fraction and total stem extract displayed high anti-inflammatory potential with percentage of paw edema reduction by 48.99 and 47.54 %, respectively, compared with that of indomethacin (42.90 %). The ethyl acetate fraction and total stem extract revealed the highest analgesic activity with 137.95 and 137.12 % percent of protection against external stimulus, respectively. Investigation of antipyretic efficiency showed the total stem extract and crude polysaccharides attained normal temperature after 3 hr, which was very close to that of acetylsalicylic acid. The total leaf and stem extracts displayed significant antihyperglycemic activity with significant reduction in the level of blood glucose by 76.67 and 59.05 %, respectively.Conclusion: P. americana had analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antihyperglycemic properties, which refer to its bioactive metabolites.

Methylation of Quercetin by Diazomethane and Hypoglycemic Activity of its Tetra-O-Methyl Ether

The tetra-O-methyl ether of quercetin (QU) 3 (54%), 3,7,4′-tri-O-methyl ether 4 (30%), and a previously unreported 3,7,3-tri-O-methyl ether of QU 5 (7%) were obtained via methylation of QU by an excess of diazomethane in dioxane. Their structures were established using 2D NMR (1H–1H COSY, 1H–1H NOESY, 1H–13C HSQC, 1H–13C HMBC). Tetra-O-methyl ether of QU 3 exhibited pronounced hypoglycemic activity, reduced alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in rats by 44.5% compared to a control, and was 2.7 times more active than QU.

Hypoglycaemic activity and cardiac autonomic neuropathy amelioration of neem in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats

Introduction: Diabetes-related complications encompass injury to blood vessels, renal system, integuments, feet and nerves resulting from hyperglycaemia. As herbal remedy, the effects of aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaves on hyperglycaemia and Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy (CAN) in rats were assessed. Methods: Thirty-five Wistar rats (both sexes) used in this study were assigned into two phases of three groups in each phase and a common control group; - Control (C), Diabetic group (DG), Glibenclamide group (AG), and Neem group (AN) with five rats in each group. All the groups in phase 1 except control were rendered diabetic by injection of 2% solution of alloxan monohydrate, intraperitoneally at 150 mg/kg. AG and AN rats were immediately given Glibenclamide (0.5mg/kg) and Neem extract (500mg/kg) respectively. The control group received 0.5ml of normal saline daily for 2 weeks. In phase 2, after injection of 2% alloxan monohydrate, rats were left till we confirmed that they were diabetic using glucometer before Neem and Glibenclamide were introduced to the corresponding groups. This was done at 48 hours when all rats were confirmed diabetic. At two weeks, Electrocardiography (ECG) was recorded. Results: There were signs of Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy (CAN) in the DG groups during both phases such as increased heart rate, myocardial infarction, increased R and T amplitudes, Atrial fibrillation and flutter. Significance: It could be concluded that Neem reversed alloxan-induced hyperglycaemia but could not totally ameliorate the cardiovascular effects of CAN in diabetic rats once it is fully established.

PENGARUH EKSTRAK RUMPUT LAUT (EUCHEMA SP.) TERHADAP HISTOLOGI SEL Β PANKREAS PADA RATTUS NOVERGICUS GALUR WISTAR DENGAN DIABETES MELLITUS YANG DI INJEKSI ALOKSAN

Metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus tends to increase, diabetes is not well controlled can cause oxidative stress. Oksidatf stress can increase ROS and antioxidants in our bodies may decrease, resulting in cell damage one pancreatic β cells. To overcome the effects of free radicals on penderit DM and the possibility of complications that need an exogenous antioxidants include seaweed. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of seaweed extract (Euchema SP.) Against pancreatic β cell histology in wistar rats with alloxan-induced hyperglycemia.&#x0D; This research type experimental dalah Post Test Only Control Group Design conducted on 25 male rats aged 2-3 months ISTAR. Rats were divided into five kelompokyaitu 1 negative control group (KN) were given a standard diet, the first group of positive control (KP) induced alloxan in Intra Peritoneal 150 mg / kg, 3 Kelompom induced alloxan and given a seaweed extract (PI): 174mg / 200gr BB rats (P2): 352, 8 mg / 200 g BB rat, (P3): 529.2 mg / 200 g BB rats. The treatment was done for 48 days. Data were statistically processed using ANOVA test formula with a 95% confidence level.&#x0D; Results showed The average number of pancreatic β cells in the negative control (45.8 ± 8.871), the group of the positive controls (110 ± 1581) on the treatment kelompk occurred increasing the number of pancreatic beta cells, PI (176.6 ± 2.074), P2 (17.25 ± 2.02) P3 (30.6 ± 40.99). Annova test showed significant difference with P Value 0.0005 Alpha P ≤ 0.05. It is concluded that the extract of seaweed (Euchema SP.) On histological cell β pancreas in rats Wistar hyperglycemia induced by alloxan, the results of this study can be applied in humans, especially people with diabetes because it has been tested, it extracts umput sea can repair cells pancreatic β on the state of hyperglycemia.