Allowable Deviation Research Articles

ОКРЕМІ АСПЕКТИ ОПЕРАТИВНОГО ПІДВЕЗЕННЯ МАТЕРІАЛЬНО-ТЕХНІЧНИХ ЗАСОБІВ ПІДРОЗДІЛАМ ШВИДКОГО РЕАГУВАННЯ ПІД ЧАС ПРОВЕДЕННЯ СПІЛЬНИХ ОПЕРАЦІЙ НА ДЕРЖАВНОМУ КОРДОНІ З ЗАСТОСУВАННЯМ ПРОГРАМНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ

Certain aspects of prompt delivery of material and technical means to rapid response units during joint operations at the state border with the use of software have been identified.The article highlights the concept of "transportation", its main stages and defines the basic principles of organization of transportation of material and technical means.The article reveals the methodological approaches to the formalization and calculation of key indicators that characterize the process of transportation of material and technical means.This takes into account the methods of accelerated (operational) calculation of the need for transportation of material and technical means. Their advantage is the relatively small cost of time for calculations with allowable errors and deviations from the values obtained by applying the universal method. The application of such dependencies meets the requirements of the guiding documents for mastering the methods of operational planning and organization of material and transport support, transportation of material and technical means, combat and other types of support.The calculations of the accelerated (operational) calculation of the need for transportation are based on the following operational indicators: combat composition of units, pace of hostilities, duration of hostilities, tasks performed by border rapid response units, typical and established rates of consumption and loss of logistics in battle, etc. The need for transportation is determined by the types of material and technical means that have the largest share in the cargo flow (ammunition and fuel), with the accrual of the corresponding percentage of other types of material and technical means of the total need for transportation of ammunition and fuel.Identification and disclosure of certain aspects and methodological approaches to the prompt delivery of logistics to rapid response units, will deepen research to address the issue of operational delivery of logistics to rapid response units.

Pole placement and LQR implementation on longitudinal altitute holding control of wing in surface effect vehicle

The longitudinal altitude holding control system (LAHCS) of wing in surface effect (WiSE) vehicle has been developed using Simulink/Matlab. The LAHCS is designed to maintain the altitude of the vehicle stands at 1 m above the surface, with a maximum allowable deviation of 0.5 m. The purpose is to gain an additional lift generated by the surface effect to increase the aerodynamic performance. This control system is investigated using two approaches, i.e., the pole placement and the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) methods. Originally, the system shows an unstable response on the phugoid mode, indicated by the positive value of its Eigen. After the pole placement method is applied, the system is stable and capable of maintaining the reference command altitude. This method produces 0.27 of the maximum altitude deviation when the disturbance, represented by the doublet input elevator ±5° is applied. Moreover, the time needed for the system to reach the steady-state response of altitude is around 2.2 seconds. In comparison, the LQR method is also applied to the system with the same scenario. Although the settling time response is quite similar to the previous result, its maximum altitude deviation is significantly reduced by around 80 %. In conclusion, both of the methods used to design the LAHCS are capable of maintaining the altitude of the WiSE vehicle always below its maximum deviation tolerance.

Measurement of Geometric And Functional Accuracy With ISO 1710 Standard on Feasibility of Welding Bending Test Equipment

The bending test tool is a machine used for the bending strength testing process to determine the mechanical properties of metal materials and welded joints. Therefore a machine needs to have machine elements with ideal functional and geometric characteristics. The frame, hydraulics, and specimen mounts are examples of important machine elements in bending test machines. The ISO 1710 standard which is applied in functional and geometric testing of bending test equipment is expected to help analyze the test so that the bending test tool becomes more accurate the test results. The expected accurate category is the size, shape, and pressure applied to the specimen as desired. The accuracy of bending test equipment performance is very important in the manufacturing process to produce high-quality products. Testing includes functional on the frame by comparing actual dimensions and design, welding strength by comparing manual calculations and actual welding tests, and testing cylinder strength by comparing manual calculation of cylinder selection with the actual operation of cylinders on bending test equipment, and geometric testing, namely measuring flatness with deviations. permissible straightness 0.02mm per 1000mm, straightness with an allowable deviation of 0.025mm per 300mm and straightness 85 ° -90 ° in welded joint bending test equipment. The geometrical test results of flatness measurement at datum A using a waterpass are stated not to exceed the permitted limits with a flatness result of 0 °, the alignment test of the frame against datum A using a waterpass is still in accordance with the allowable deviation limits with the test results of the right side 89.7 ° and the left side 89.8 °, the test the alignment of the cylinder with the dial gauge is stated to be still in accordance with the permissible deviation with the results of the X-axis 0 mm and Y-axis 0 mm. measuring ruler with the results of each predetermined measurement point is 800 mm, geometric deviations were found on the flatness test of the specimen jig holder in the longitudinal and transverse directions, namely 0.2 ° or 0.88 mm on the backside of the stand or the third measurement, this is probably due to because the thickness of the diameter welded mount, it is highly recommended to re-weld so that the test results are in accordance with the permitted deviation. The results of the functional testing of the bending test equipment are stated to be able to carry out tests with an accuracy of 95-99% with details of the comparison of the dimensions of the frame with the actual test, the functional testing of the frame based on the strength of the welding and the functional testing of the cylinder is still below the allowable limit.

The technological innovation of hybrid and plug-in electric vehicles for environment carbon pollution control

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) have been promoted by providing Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) infrastructure as a possible solution to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) and other emissions by utilizing energy instead of oil for effective environmental management. The promising solution for reducing air pollution in cities is commonly regarded as electric vehicles, which helps to optimize the environment management more effectively, as a key to future low carbon mobility. However, their environmental benefits rely on the temporal and spatial sense of real use, and challenges such as limited range complicated for the rollout of an Electric Vehicle (EVs). This paper investigates the environmental carbon pollution in cities and control preventions using Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV). Further, the Artificial intelligence model has been introduced, which defines optimal automobile designs and the assignment of vehicles to drivers across a variety of scenarios, including minimum net life cycle expense, GHG emissions, and oil usage for effective environmental management. By designing overspent vehicle power for corresponding output, weight, and cost impact, the life cycle costs and the emission of GHG are reduced utilizing high battery swinging and replacing batteries as needed. Moreover, energy consumption (EC) and pollution have been greatly influenced by the use of energy sources in the environment. The significant energy consumption and pollution variables resulted in a large proportion of coal-fired energy. The results show that the PHEV can achieve better fuel economy by combining the proposed model with an allowable deviation from the state of the charge.

Deviation Analysis for the Max-Product Fuzzy Relation Inequalities

Max-product fuzzy relation inequalities have been widely applied in foodstuff management, wireless communication base-station system, and wireless server-to-client network system. Under such application background, any solution of the max-product fuzzy relation system represents a feasible scheme. In order to reflect the stability of a given feasible scheme in this article, the concepts of allowable deviation and maximum deviation are defined for a given solution. Moreover, the centralized solution is further defined as the solution, which owns the biggest maximum deviation in a given max-product system. The centralized solution could be viewed as the most stable solution in the system. Two algorithms with polynomial complexities are proposed for obtaining the maximum deviation of a given solution and the centralized solution of a given max-product system, respectively. Numerical examples illustrate the feasibility and efficiency of our proposed algorithms.

A suggested modification to ANSI S12.51 (ISO 3741) Annex D

Annex D of ANSI S12.51 (ISO 3741) addresses the issue of qualifying reverberation rooms for determining sound power of fixed sources that emit sound at discrete frequencies. At low frequencies reverberation rooms have reduced modal density which causes a highly varying (spatially) sound field, resulting in a less accurate measure of the space-average sound pressure level in the reverberant field of the room compared to higher frequency bands. Annex D sets limits on the maximum allowable standard deviation in the 1/3-octave bands from 100 Hz to 2,500 Hz, and Annex E provides limits for 50 Hz, 63 Hz, and 80 Hz. This presentation discusses the required test procedure and presents examples of real room qualification test results and how rooms can be modified to meet this requirement. One fairly unique example will also be shown where the room fails to meet the qualification limits, when in fact it truly should. A recommended modification to the data analysis process is suggest to resolve this unique problem.

Microgrid Frequency Fluctuation Attenuation Using Improved Fuzzy Adaptive Damping-Based VSG Considering Dynamics and Allowable Deviation

Recently, virtual synchronous generators (VSGS) are a hot topic in the area of microgrid control. However, the traditional fixed-parameter-based VSG control methods have an obvious disadvantage. Namely, if the damping value is set to be small, the amplitude of frequency deviations under external power disturbances is large, meaning that the frequency suppression capacity is insufficient, but if the damping value is large, the dynamics of the system will be greatly sacrificed. To solve the problem, taking the dynamic characteristics and the maximum allowable frequency deviation (MAFD) into account, in this paper an improved fuzzy adaptive damping-based VSG control strategy is proposed to simultaneously attenuate the microgrid frequency fluctuations and guarantee the system dynamics. Firstly, in order to address the necessity of using an adaptive damping-based VSG, the structure of a fixed-parameter VSG method that incorporates the f-p/Q-V droop controllers is introduced, based on which a small signal model is established to discuss the impacts of the virtual damping on the frequency response characteristics concerning the different penetration levels of power disturbances. Then, considering the dynamics and MAFD, a fuzzy adaptive controller is constructed relying on the well-designed membership functions, control rules and output scaling factors. The main feature of the improved fuzzy controller is that two alternative output scaling factors are employed to allow the system to be overdamped when the frequency deviation is large and undamped when the frequency deviation is small, balancing the frequency response dynamics and stability characteristics. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy adaptive damping-based VSG technique, a computer simulation is conducted on a microgrid system in MATLAB/Simulink, and the obtained results are compared with the conventional droop control and fixed-parameter based VSGs. By using the proposed fuzzy adaptive damping-based VSG control method, the peak frequency deviations under the large power disturbances would become at least 8% lower compared to the traditional droop control and fixed-parameter VSG control, and meanwhile, the frequency response speed is fast when the disturbance stands at a low position. Consequently, it is valuable to promote the proposed techniques in engineering.

Automatic Load-Shedding Protection at a Coal-Chemical Plant: Examining and Designing Effective Low-Frequency Backup Protection Methods

This article examines and studies a coal-chemical plant through a dynamic computer model as well as designs an automatic load-shedding protection. The plant has on-site generation to support partial plant loads. In the past, disconnecting from the utility grid had caused frequency and voltage decays in the plant electrical system to dropout critical loads. A complete system computer model is constructed, including generator dynamics, excitation/automatic voltage regulators (AVRs), and prime mover/governor control characteristics. Transient stability simulations of various loading and generation conditions were carried out to understand and study system frequency and voltage behaviors and patterns of change under a sudden islanding case. This was accomplished by analyzing frequency versus time and rate of change of frequency versus time curves. Further, through carefully evaluating plant load priorities as well as load dependencies, a feasible load-shedding control scheme with backup strategies was configured and simulated by computer modeling and study. Simulation results verified that the proposed loadshedding scheme can correctly respond to frequency drop and automatically initiate the shedding of noncritical and independent loads to prevent further system frequency drop, thereby exceeding the allowable deviation. The suggested solution is automatic and feasible and has been successfully implemented at the plant.

Manufacturing and qualitative properties of glass fiber/epoxy composite boards with added air bubbles for airborne and solid-borne sound insulation

Recently, composite materials contain not only good mechanical property but also they possess additional properties such as damage sensing, piezoelectricity. In this study, glass fiber reinforced composites (GFRC) containing air bubbles were manufactured by vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) with potential uses as sound insulation. To verify the effectiveness of these bubbles for sound insulation, fragmentation testing with acoustic emission (AE) was introduced using single fiber composites (SFC). The SFC consisted of a single glass fiber which was covered with epoxy resin containing air bubbles. During the fragmentation tests, an AE sensor was installed on the SFC which detected fracture of glass fiber and measured the resulting AE amplitude and energy. In manufacture of GFRC, randomly-chopped glass fiber mats were used for collecting air bubbles in the epoxy resin. These air bubbles were relatively easily introduced into the mats. Four AE sensors were installed on the GFRC specimen to measure the wavespeed and change in amplitude. Finally, the qualitative sound pressure level (SPL) was measured to ascertain the retardation of sound by the GFRC using lab-made impedance tube which was comparative evaluation due to the allowable measurement deviation. The AE amplitude and energy resulting from fiber fracture during fragmentation were smaller in the specimen containing air bubbles than for those in neat condition specimens. In bulk tests, the SPL shielded by GFRC containing air bubbles was comparatively lower than that in the neat condition as well.

Retention Time and Ion Abundance Ratio of 8 Common Drugs （Poisons） by LC-MS/MS Qualitative Analysis.

Objective To investigate the maximum allowable deviations of retention time and ion abundance ratio of the 8 common drugs （poisons） from 3 categories, poisons （methamphetamine, morphine, ketamine）, benzodiazepines （estazolam, midazolam, diazepam, clonazepam） and barbiturates （phenobarbital） in blood, by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （LC-MS/MS） in forensic toxicology analysis. Methods The deviations of retention time and ion abundance ratio at 7 low mass concentrations, limit of detection （LOD）, 2LOD, limit of quantitation （LOQ）, 1.5LOQ, 2LOQ, 4LOQ and 6LOQ, were tested by LC-MS/MS after liquid-liquid extraction under the conditions of two chromatographic columns and three chromatographs. Results The deviation of absolute retention time of 98.11% of 8 drugs （poisons） in the blood samples was within the range of ±0.05 min, and that of the relative retention time of 96.21% was within the range of ±0.4%. The maximum deviation of the ion abundance ratio was highly correlated with the mass concentration. When the mass concentration of drugs （poisons） was LOQ or above, more than 95% of the absolute deviation and relative deviation of the ion abundance ratio were in the range of ±25% and ±40%, respectively; when the mass concentration was below LOQ, the range could be expanded to ±35% and ±50%, respectively. Conclusion It is recommended for the determination range of the absolute retention time deviation of 8 common drugs （poisons） to be ±0.1 min and that of the relative retention time deviation to be ±1.0%. The determination range of absolute deviation of the ion abundance ratio should be ±25% when the mass concentration is LOQ or above, and the relative deviation should be ±40%. When the mass concentration is below LOQ, the deviation determination range can be expanded to ±35% and ±50%, respectively.

FRAUD DETECTING WITH BENFORD’S LAW: AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH WITH BDS AND CRITIC VALUES

Despite has many critical as much as defenders, Benford’s Law has been used many different ways in accounting. The purpose of the study is to create an alternative standard and critical values that can be used to assess financial data compliance with Benford's law for using as an audit procedure. To this end, the allowable deviation limits were determined on an average basis by analysing the quarterly (20 periods total) balance sheet and income statements of the companies traded in BIST for the years 2013-2017. Analysis done in Excel software by performing 1. Digit, 2. Digit and First 2 Digit tests of Benford Analysis. As a result, a new measuring standard BDS (Benford Digit Score) and conformity limits have been created that evaluated is more effective for audit aims.

Research on the Influence of Torque, Speed and Allowable Loss Deviation on the Optimized Current in the Efficiency Optimization Control of IPMSM

In the efficiency optimization control of IPMSM, the working state of the search should be determined by using the search method to obtain the initial optimized current set. For any system, it is expected that the working state of the search should be as little as possible. Meanwhile, according to the initial optimized current set, the interpolation method can be used accurately to realize the efficiency optimization of the whole state. Based on the total loss model of IPMSM, various constraints of running and optimization theory, the equation satisfying the optimization current was obtained, and the influence of motor speed and torque on the optimization current was theoretically analyzed. Through the simulation test of electric drive system of electric vehicle, the optimization current of motor in various states is searched. The simulation results verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis results. Then the number of states to be searched under different allowable loss deviations is analyzed to obtain the initial optimized current set.

Reconstruction of Velocity Distribution in Partially-Filled Pipe Based on Non-Uniform Under-Sampling

In the process of research on the flow velocity distribution in a partially filled pipe, the under-sampling of measurement data often occurs. For the first time, this problem is solved by the improved non-uniform B-spline curve fitting approximation (NBSC) method. The main innovation of this method is to reconstruct the flow velocity distribution fitting curve with a small amount of non-uniform feature points containing flow velocity information. First, the curvature of a whole discrete sampled data is analyzed, then the weighted threshold is set, and the sampled points that satisfy the threshold are extracted as the initial velocity distribution feature points. Next the node vectors were constructed according to the initial feature points, and the initial interpolation fitting curves are generated. Secondly, by using the relative deviation between the initial approximation curve and each sampled point, new feature points were added where the curve allowable deviation exceeded the specified tolerance, and then a new interpolation fitting curve was obtained. The above procedure was repeated until the fitting curve reached expected accuracy, thus the appropriate feature points were determined. Experimental results showed that, in the case of the same approximation deviation, the proposed NBSC method can solve the problem of under-sampling of measurement data better.

Evaluation on Frozen Shellfish Quality by Blockchain Based Multi-Sensors Monitoring and SVM Algorithm During Cold Storage

IoT-enable monitoring can provide valuable information for the shellfish quality evaluation during cold storage condition. However, IoT based information storage relies on the centralized platform, it is possible to tamper. In this paper, we establish blockchain based multi-sensors (WSN) monitoring system to collect quality parameters and verify captured information for improving transparency and trust during cold storage. The implementation of the K-means and SVM algorithms were used in quality evaluation applications to classify and predict the quality loss of frozen shellfish. The results show blockchain based WSN monitoring can achieve the dynamic indicators continuous monitoring and ensures the data security and reliability. The proportion of the training set and the test set in the allowable deviation range is 88.89% and 87.17%. The root mean square error (RMSE) of training set and test set are 0.1502 and 0.1793 by SVM model. The performance of the K-means and SVM model has higher accuracy than BP model. This paper could help to reduce the risk of food losses and improve quality and safety management of frozen shellfish during cold storage.

Ion Abundance Ratios of Qualitative Analysis by GC-MS of 4 Common Drugs （Poisons.

Objective To investigate the maximum allowable deviation of ion abundance ratios of characteristic fragment ions in common drugs （poisons） in blood by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） method. Methods Four common drugs （poisons） （dichlorvos, phorate, diazepam and estazolam） were detected by GC-MS full scan mode after liquid-liquid extraction in two laboratories and under three chromatographic conditions. The deviations of ion abundance ratios of the four common drugs （poisons） in marked blood samples with concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0 and 10.0 μg/mL were analyzed. At the same time, the false negative rates of ion abundance ratios were analyzed when the mass concentration was limit of detection （LOD）, 2LOD, limit of quantitation （LOQ） and 2LOQ, and the false positive rates of ion abundance ratios were analyzed with blank blood samples. Results Under the two laboratories, four common drugs （poisons） and three kinds of chromatography conditions, the differences in deviations of the ion abundance ratios of marked blood samples were not statistically significant （P>0.05）. More than 95% of the absolute deviations of the ion abundance ratios of the marked blood samples were within the range of ±10%, and more than 95% of the relative deviations were within the range of ±25%. In cases of low concentration （concentration less than 2LOQ） or low signal to noise ratio （3-15）, the false negative rate was less than 5% and the false positive rate was 0% when the relative deviation was greater than 50%. Conclusion The absolute deviations of ion abundance ratios of four common drugs （poisons） in marked blood samples are advised to have a determination range within ±10%, and the determination range of relative deviations within ±25%.

Data‐based iterative learning mechanism for unknown input‐output coupling parameters/matrices

SummaryIn this paper, we explore how to get the information of input‐output coupling parameters (IOCPs) for a class of uncertain discrete‐time systems by using iterative learning technique. Firstly, by taking advantage of repetitiveness of control system and informative input and output data, we design an iterative learning scheme for unknown IOCPs. It is shown that we can get the exact values of IOCPs one by one through running the repetitive system T+1 times if the control system is with identical initial state and noise free. Secondly, we give the iterative learning scheme for unknown IOCPs in the presence of measurement noise, system noise, or initial state drift and analyze the influence factors on the performance of developed iterative learning scheme. Meanwhile, we introduce the maximum allowable control deviation into the iterative learning mechanism to minimize the negative impact of noise on the performance of learning scheme and to enhance the robust of iterative learning scheme. Thirdly, for a class of multiple‐input–multiple‐output systems, we also develop iterative learning mechanism for unknown input‐output coupling matrices. Finally, an illustrative example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed iterative learning scheme.

Process simulation of impurity impacts on CO2 fluids flowing in pipelines

Captured carbon dioxide flowing in pipelines is impure. The impurities contained in the carbon dioxide fluid impact on the properties of the fluid. The impact of each impurity has not been adequately studied and fully understood. In this study, binary mixtures containing carbon dioxide and one impurity, at the maximum permitted concentration, flowing in pipelines are studied to understand their impact on pipeline performance. A hypothetical 70 km uninsulated pipeline is assumed and simulated using Aspen HYSYS (v.10) and gPROMS (v.5.1.1). The mass flow rate is 2,200,600 kg/h; the internal and external diameters are 0.711 m and 0.785 m. 15 MPa and 9 MPa were assumed as inlet and minimum pressures and 33 °C as the inlet temperature, to ensure that the fluid remain in the dense (subcritical or supercritical) phase. Each binary fluid is studied at the maximum allowable concentration and deviations from pure carbon dioxide at the same conditions is determined. These deviations were graded to rank the impurities in order of the degree of impact on each parameter. All impurities had at least one negative impact on carbon dioxide fluid flow. Nitrogen with the highest concentration (10-mol %) had the worst impact on pressure loss (in horizontal pipeline), density, and critical pressure. Hydrogen sulphide (with 1.5-mol %) had the least impact, hardly changing the thermodynamic properties of pure carbon dioxide.

A Novel Capacitor Voltage Balancing Method for MMCs with Less Computation and Lower Switching Frequency

Aiming at the computation complexity and high switching frequency existing in conventional voltage balancing method of high-level modular multilevel converters (MMCs), a novel capacitor voltage balancing method based on insertion priorities of sub-modules (SMs) is proposed. Instead of sorting the voltage values of SMs, an Allowable Capacitor Voltage Distribution Band (ACVDB) is applied to constrain the fluctuation range of capacitor voltages. And the insertion priorities of SMs in current control cycle are determined by comparing their voltage values in last control cycle with the upper and lower limits of ACVDB respectively. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by a 41-level MMC model in MATLAB/Simulink R2017a. Simulation results demonstrate that the switching frequency can be reduced significantly with an allowable deviation of capacitor voltages in both steady state and transient process.

Automatic Steering Control Algorithm Based on Compound Fuzzy PID for Rice Transplanter

In order to realize automatic steering controls of rice transplanters in paddy fields, an automatic steering control algorithm is essential. In this study, combining the fuzzy control with the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control and the kinematics model, a compound fuzzy PID controller was proposed to adjust the real time data of the PID parameters for the automatic steering control. The Kubota SPU-68C rice transplanter was then modified with the new controller. Next, an automatic steering control experimental with the modified transplanter was carried out under two conditions of linear tracking and headland turning in verifying the automatic steering effect of the transplanter in different steering angle situations. The results showed that the deviation with the new controller and the modified transplanter was acceptable, with maximum deviation in linear tracking of 7.5 cm, the maximum headland turning a deviation of 11.5 cm, and the average a deviation of less than 5 cm. In conclusion, within the allowable deviation range of the field operation of the rice transplanter, the proposed algorithm successfully realized automatic steering controls of the transplanter under different steering angles.

Effect of Asymmetric Control Constraints on Fixed-Wing UAV Trajectories

Reference trajectories, for the longitudinal states of a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle subjected to asymmetric control constraints, are distinguished using the characteristics of regions of asymptotic stability calculated as ellipsoidal domains by solving linear matrix inequalities. These domains are used to determine the maximum allowable deviations from the reference, for which stable closed-loop tracking can be ensured. Constraints are imposed on a linear state feedback controller with the saturation modeled as a sector nonlinearity.