Risk Allocation Research Articles

Some systemic risk indicators

This paper aims to introduce novel systemic risk indicators based on risk allocation methods employed in actuarial science. We present diverse general approaches for constructing these indicators and utilize them to derive indicators based on commonly used risk measures such as Value at Risk, Tail Value at Risk, and Expectiles. Furthermore, we analyze the influence of the dependence structure on the behavior of these indicators using a range of copula models. To support our findings, we provide numerical illustrations.

Dynamic interdependence structure of industrial metals and the African stock market

The study assesses the interdependence structure between industrial metals (aluminium, copper, nickel, tin, and zinc) and African stocks (Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zambia). This paper employed a sample of 2700 daily observations on each asset class for the period ranging from January 1, 2012, to November 30, 2022. The bivariate analysis revealed a heterogeneous interdependence structure between industrial metals and African equities through a moderate comovement among the sample assets over the medium to long term. It also noted the hedge and haven prospects of base metals and select African stocks in both a normal (2012–2018) and turbulent (2019–2022) period. In contrast, the wavelet multiple correlations showed a higher degree of integration, with the fortnightly scale recording a near-perfect correlation. The wavelet cross-correlation results also showed that only copper was able to respond to shocks on monthly and quarterly scales, while the remaining scales had no immediate lag. By examining the structure of interdependence between base metals and the African stock market, we uncovered discoveries that have a profound policy, diversification, and risk allocation ramifications.

Improving the management of public-private partnership in the conditions of change

Introduction. This paper examines the important task of improving public-private partnership (PPP) management in a constantly changing environment. In an era marked by economic fluctuations, political changes, technological progress and societal demands, PPPs must demonstrate adaptability, flexibility and a forward-looking approach. Key findings highlight the critical importance of adaptability, transparency and stakeholder engagement in navigating changing landscapes. Flexible contract structures, clear risk allocation, and sound risk management practices are becoming important tools to overcome the complexities of change. The findings from this study offer a comprehensive framework for improving the governance of PPPs, ultimately contributing to the sustainability and effectiveness of these partnerships in the face of change. The purpose of the paper is to explore the strategies and approaches to improve the management of PPPs in changing conditions. Results. This research underscores the need for flexible contract design, continuous monitoring, and robust risk management strategies in response to changing circumstances. The trends reflect the changing landscape of public-private partnerships driven by technological advances, environmental imperatives and the globalization of best practices. The study highlights the significance of transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement as pillars of trust-building and risk mitigation. Furthermore, it emphasizes the value of adaptive leadership, technology integration, long-term planning, and diversified funding sources in ensuring the sustainability and effectiveness of PPP projects. Conclusion. The conclusions drawn from this research offer a comprehensive framework for enhancing PPP management, ultimately contributing to the sustainability and effectiveness of these partnerships in the face of change. Further research is also proposed to explore specific areas of PPPs, such as the impact of emerging technologies and environmental considerations, to inform future practices and policies.

Transit-oriented development, development corridors and economic access: The Louis Botha development corridor’s impact

Apartheid’s impact on South Africa’s urban spatial patterns persists, resulting in spatial fragmentation and inequality. Unsustainable urban sprawl exacerbates challenges related to economic access. To address said challenges, the City of Johannesburg (CoJ) implemented the Corridors of Freedom (CoF) initiative, emphasising economic inclusion. Amid substantial public sector investment, the initiative prioritised the Louis Botha Development Corridor (LBDC) to create a dense, mixed-use, walkable urban environment. However, limited research investigated the LBDC’s impact from an economic access perspective. This study investigates how the LBDC has improved economic access and provides policy insights for urban areas in South Africa, within the conceptual framework of transit-oriented development (TOD) and development corridors. A quantitative research approach using Network Analyst reveals that the Rea Vaya Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system increased economic access by 16% compared to other LBDC transport services. This study demonstrates the potential of the dual implementation of TOD and development corridors to foster economic access in the study area and concludes with policy recommendations centred on cross-departmental collaboration, feasibility studies and risk allocation, location-based criteria and transit accessibility targets, transit-oriented design guidelines, and integrated transport systems.

Accelerating Indonesia Sustainable Infrastructure Development through ESG Initiatives in PPP Ecosystem

The Government of Indonesia committed to implement the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to end poverty, inequality, and mitigate climate change. The submission of an Enhanced Nationally Defined Contribution (ENDC) to UNFCC strengthens Indonesia’s commitment in a low-carbon and climate-resilient economy development. The Minister of Finance has launched an ESG Framework to mainstreaming ESG through government support and facilities on infrastructure financing, in which IIGF (Indonesia Infrastructure Guarantee Fund) has a significant role in providing sovereign guarantee for Public-Private Partnership (PPP). Qualitative approach was used to examine the benefit of ESG and additional value of IIGF’s ESG integrated guarantee to support the acceleration of the Indonesia’s sustainable infrastructure development. This paper concludes that in addition to de-risking instrument, the guarantee will bring additional value in ensuring a fair ESG risk allocation, project structuring and long-term risk management and monitoring. This will allow privates to access green and sustainable financing. The challenges mainly on capacity building and alignment of policy and standards among stakeholders. However, IIGF has opportunity to link with stakeholders and build collaboration to fill gaps and connecting to suitable market. This paper, however, report initial findings of the ongoing comprehensive studies as part of IIGF ESG initiative roadmap.

Multi-Objective Job Rotation in Rice Seed Harvesting With Equitable Injury Risk and Cost Allocation

This article presents a non-linear multi-objective optimization model with four different objectives for manual rice seed harvesting, aiming to ensure members' fairness and mutual benefits for a group of rice field owners responsible for seed planting and a group of workers tasked with harvesting rice seeds. The harvesting plan primarily focuses on minimizing the average injury risk to workers and secondarily balances this risk among workers. Simultaneously, the model seeks to minimize and equitably allocate wage costs for rice field owners. Worker characteristics, including age, gender, and body mass index are considered to influence injury risk differentially. The optimal solution involves rotating workers to different rice stalk types in several fields, all within appropriate work and rest periods. This approach serves to prevent musculoskeletal disorders and fatigue among the workers while helping rice field owners reduce their costs. This collaborative planning has the potential to enhance sustainability within the farming community.

Validation of ELN 2022 Risk Classification in Patients Diagnosed with AML Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Background: In 2022, the European LeukemiaNet (ELN) updated their guidelines (Döhner H et al., Blood 2022) for risk allocation of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) based on essential genetic features at diagnosis as defined in the newest classifications (Arber D et al., Blood 2022, Khoury JD et al., Leukemia 2022). Methods: Retrospective analysis of the 147 consecutive patients diagnosed with AML and available genetic information who underwent alloHCT in a complete morphological response (CR) between 2011 and 2021 in a single institution (HCB). Data was collected retrospectively and updated in July 2023. G-banding karyotype, FISH, qualitative and quantitative PCR and targeted Next Generation Sequencing were assessed at diagnosis to classify patients according to ELN 2022 risk classification. Our primary goal was to validate the ELN 2022 risk classification in patients undergoing alloHCT analyzing overall survival (OS). Secondary objectives were analyzing leukemia-free survival (LFS), 24-month cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) and in the different molecular subgroups within the ELN2022 risk groups. Results: The main patient, disease-related and transplant characteristics are displayed in Figure 1. Overall, the median age was 52 years (range 18-70), 53.7% of the patients males, with 88% of the patients undergoing alloHCT in CR1. Twenty-two patients could not be classified through NGS assessment between 2011 and 2016 and included in the intermediate risk category due to normal karyotype and wildtype recurrent abnormalities measured by PCR. Patients in the adverse-risk group were older (p <0.001) and underwent alloHCT less often with undetectable measurable residual disease (p = 0.006). Moreover, patients in the favorable or intermediate risk group underwent alloHCT more often in CR2 or CR3 (p = 0.02). In addition, alloHCT characteristics were similar for all the patients included. With a 67-month median follow-up for LFS (95CI: 55-76), the median OS and LFS in patients classified into the favorable and intermediate risk groups were not reached (5-year OS and LFS rate in favorable risk group: 81% (95CI: 73-89) and 72% (95CI: 63-81). 5-year OS and LFS rate in intermediate risk group: 62% (95CI: 56-68) and 64% (95CI: 58-70). Patients included in the adverse risk group had an OS and LFS of 23.7 months (15.3-NR, p <0.001 between intermediate and adverse risk. Figure 1B) and 15.2 months (5.79-NR, p=0.015) respectively, with a significant lower 5-year OS rate (40%, 95CI: 34-46), LFS rate (38%, 95CI: 32-44) and a higher CIR (18% in the favorable risk group (95%CI: 11-26) vs. 20% in the intermediate risk group (95%CI: 18-23) vs. 40% in the adverse risk group (95%CI: 38-44), p = 0.024). Based on these results, a subanalysis was conducted in the patients classified into the adverse group. Those patients diagnosed with complex karyotype, inv(3), t(3;3), del(17p) and/or TP53 mutated were reassessed into a new risk category group called: Adverse-Plus (AdvP).No different baseline characteristics between the AdvP patients and the other subgroups were found. AdvP patients presented a shorter OS (NR in the rest of subgroups vs. 8.73 months in AdvP, p < 0.001 for AdvP vs. adverse risk. Figure 1C), LFS (NR in the rest of subgroups vs. 5.2 months, p < 0.001), and a higher CIR (62.5% in the AdvP group, p <0.001 between adverse risk and AdvP). Interestingly, using this four-group classification including AdvP, the other risk groups presented similar OS, LFS, and CIR without statistical differences in between them Summary/Conclussion: ELN2022 risk classification discriminates properly accurate in patients undergoing alloHCT. Reclassifying AML adverse risk patients diagnosed with complex karyotype, inv(3), t(3;3), del(17p) and/or TP53 mutated in a different subgroup should be considered due to a much worse prognosis after alloHCT, although it remains mandatory in first complete response.

Exploring the Applicability of Pre-Anesthetic Cardiac POCUS in Unexpected Conditions: Could it be Helpful?

Formal preoperative echocardiography has traditionally been recommended when there is substantial cardiovascular disease without recent follow up, unexplained dyspnea, a functional class less than 4 METS or a Duke Activity Status Index less than 34. However, it is important to note that certain patients may present with a variety of cardiac abnormalities due to their preexisting condition or multiple treatments, and these individuals warrant consideration. The objective of pre-anesthetic cardiac POCUS is to provide clinical information in a timely manner. Although it does not aim to replace conventional echocardiography, cardiac POCUS can undoubtedly assist anesthesia practitioners in identifying asymptomatic and potentially hazardous conditions, allowing for more accurate risk allocation and individualized patient care.

Making sense of the definition of public-private partnerships

PurposeDespite the widespread study and application of public-private partnerships (PPPs) since the 1980s, the field lacks a universally accepted definition that captures the concept's complexity. This study aims to offer a definition and foster a more substantive and comprehensive discourse on PPPs to improve communication and understanding between academics and practitioners from diverse disciplines and legislative backgrounds.Design/methodology/approachGrounded in the family-resemblance concept proposed by German philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, this study conducts a comprehensive literature review to identify core and non-core elements frequently cited in PPP descriptions. The authors used these findings to develop the PPP sunflower model as a structured framework for defining PPPs.FindingsThe analysis elucidates six core elements consistently present in PPP descriptions: clarity of roles and responsibilities, appropriate risk allocation and sharing, injection of expertise and resources, cooperation and teamwork, a bundle of services, and long-term contracts. Coupled with identified non-core elements, these core components comprise the PPP sunflower model, a structured framework for defining PPPs that accommodates their multi-faceted nature.Originality/valueThe PPP sunflower model distinguishes itself as a unique contribution to the PPP literature. It offers a rigorous theoretical framework that can elucidate the complexity of PPPs for various stakeholders. The model serves as a practical tool for evaluating the authenticity and viability of PPP projects. The study's novelty lies in its adoption of the family-resemblance concept, thereby providing a comprehensive, multi-dimensional framework that enhances the understanding of PPPs across different disciplines and legislative contexts.

The Challenges and Opportunities of Small-Scale Public-Private Partnership Scheme to Finance Indonesia Local Street Lighting Equipment Projects : The Case of the Madiun Regency

The Public-Private Partnerships Scheme (PPP) has become an important option in overcoming the gap in infrastructure financing needs. From the total number of PPP projects implemented in several countries, it was found that the number of small-scale PPP projects was relatively greater than mega PPP projects. In line with this, in the Indonesian context, regional governments are expected to be able to innovate infrastructure financing, including by using the PPP scheme. The Madiun Regency Street Lighting Equipment (APJ) PPP project is the first small-scale PPP that has completed the auction process and signed the Cooperation Agreement in Indonesia. Using the qualitative method through the relevant case study approach, this research succeeded in identifying several challenges as well as opportunities for more massive implementation potentials of small-scale PPP in APJ in the future as follows: (1) optimal risk allocations; (2) the strong commitment of the regional government as the party responsible for the cooperation project; (3) financial aspects/parameters accepted by the market; and (4) doable projects.

Impact of project risk allocation on PPP housing project delivery in Nigeria: partial least square structural equation modeling approach

Purpose This paper aims to help understand how adopting risk allocation criteria impacts the delivery of public–private partnership (PPP) mass housing in Nigeria with the view of promoting the adoption of PPP housing scheme in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach The research design adopts the census sampling approach by using well-structured questionnaires distributed to stakeholders involved in PPP-procured mass housing projects, i.e. consultants, in-house professionals, contractors and the organized private sector, registered with PPP departments in the Federal Capital Territory Development Authority, Abuja, Nigeria. Sixty-three risk factors, nine risk allocation criteria and nine project delivery indices were submitted for the respondents to rank on a Likert scale of 7. Two hypotheses were formulated to test whether the risk allocation criteria impacted PPP mass housing delivery or otherwise. The study adopts partial least square-structural equation modeling to model the effect of risk on risk allocation criteria on project delivery indices and risk severity. Findings The finding shows that project risk allocation criteria have less effect on project delivery indices than on risk severity. The study concludes that risk allocation principles do not directly affect the delivery of PPP-procured mass housing projects. This is evident by the path coefficient of 0.724 values, which is not statistically significant at a 5% alpha protection value. The study concludes that allocating critical risk factors influences the performance of PPP-procured mass housing projects, as the path coefficient of 0.360 is also not significantly far from 0 and at a 5% alpha protection value. Originality/value The study is one of the recent studies conducted in PPP-procured mass housing projects in Nigeria owing to the novelty of procurement option in the sector. It highlights the risk factors that can jeopardize the PPP-procured mass housing project objectives. The study is of immense value to PPP actors in the sector by providing the necessary information required to formulate risk response methods to minimize the impact of the risk factors in PPP mass housing projects.

Environmental Justice at the Environmental Regulation in Indonesia and Uzbekistan

Justice theory, which emphasizes the fair and equitable allocation of risks and benefits, has significantly influenced the idea of environmental justice. Indonesia and Uzbekistan have made it mandatory for laws and regulations to implement the concept of environmental justice. Still, in practice, the rules created give birth to social-environmental conflict dimensions that are increasingly prevalent and far removed from environmental justice. This research aims to understand and analyze environmental justice regulation in Indonesia and Uzbekistan. This research uses a normative juridical approach with a literature review involving primary and secondary legal sources. The results show that the provisions of the Job Creation Bill in the forestry and environmental sectors negate access to justice via litigation at the State Administrative Court (PTUN) so that there is no public space to continue an AMDAL decision or environmental approval as part of an environmental licensing instrument in the realm of administrative law. Regulatory problems that co-occur and are followed by implementation problems at a later date relating to the legitimacy and protection of people's constitutional rights will harm the community's sense of justice. At the same time, the issue of environmental injustice in Uzbekistan arises from the ecological crisis beginning with green space, waste management, and the water crisis that has afflicted the nation, as indicated by the preceding explanation. The government must establish national policies, institutional instruments, and central and regional environmental management authorities to facilitate development with an eye toward environmental justice.

Abstract 16789: Modeling the Optimal Strategy of Natriuretic Peptide Testing for Heart Failure Prevention in Diabetes: A Pooled Cohort Analysis

Introduction: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is associated with heart failure (HF) risk and measurement is recommended in diabetes. Incorporation of NT-proBNP with WATCH-DM, a HF risk score validated in diabetes, improved HF risk prediction in low-risk individuals (score <13). Whether WATCH-DM can improve the yield of NT-proBNP testing and inform allocation of SGLT2 inhibitors is unknown. Methods: Adults with diabetes and free of HF at baseline from ARIC, CHS, CRIC, DHS, FOS, and MESA cohorts were included. Participants without cardiovascular disease (CVD) were stratified into high- vs. low-risk categories based on 4 approaches: 1) WATCH-DM (score ≥ vs. <13); 2) NT-proBNP (≥ vs. <125 pg/mL); 3) WATCH-DM plus NT-proBNP (both high vs. not); 4) WATCH-DM-based NT-proBNP (if score <13, measure NT-proBNP) (either high vs. not). Five-year cumulative incidence rates of HF, number needed to treat (NNT 5 ) and number needed to screen (NNS 5 ) were estimated based on pooled treatment effects of SGLT2 inhibitors. Results: The study included 6,410 participants (47.5% women, 35.1% Black, 20.5% with CVD) with 428 (6.7%) incident HF events over 5-year follow-up. The 5-year risk of HF was 12.3% among participants with CVD and comparable to those without CVD identified as high-risk based on all 4 approaches ( Figure ). Among participants without CVD, WATCH-DM-based NT-proBNP identified 46% of participants as high-risk and accounted for 80% of HF events. The NNT 5 with an SGLT2 inhibitor to prevent 1 HF event in participants with CVD was 25 and similar to the primary prevention population identified as high-risk ( Figure ). The NNS 5 was lowest in the WATCH-DM-based NT-proBNP strategy ( Figure ). Conclusions: Selective NT-proBNP assessment based on a validated clinical risk score for HF improved the yield of testing and may represent an efficient approach to risk stratification and allocation of therapies among individuals with diabetes.

Eat or be eaten: Implications of potential exploitative competition between wolves and humans across predator-savvy and predator-naive deer populations.

Recolonization of predators to their former ranges is becoming increasingly prevalent. Such recolonization places predators among their prey once again; the latter having lived without predation (from such predators) for a considerable time. This renewed coexistence creates opportunities to explore predation ecology at both fundamental and applied levels. We used a paired experimental design to investigate white-tailed deer risk allocation in the Upper and Lower Peninsulas (UP and LP) in Michigan, USA. Wolves are functionally absent in the LP, while deer in the UP coexist with a re-established wolf population. We treated 15 sites each in UP and LP with wolf olfactory cues and observed deer vigilance, activity, and visitation rates at the interface of habitat covariates using remote cameras. Such a paired design across wolf versus no-wolf areas allowed us to examine indirect predation effects while accounting for confounding parameters such as the presence of other predators and human activity. While wolf urine had no effect across most metrics in both UP and LP, we observed differences in deer activity in areas with versus without wolves. Sites treated with wolf urine in the UP showed a reduction in crepuscular deer activity, compared to control/novel-scent treated sites. Furthermore, we observed a strong positive effect of vegetation cover on deer vigilance in these sites. This indicates that simulated predator cues likely affect deer vigilance more acutely in denser habitats, which presumably facilitates predation success. Such responses were however absent among deer in the LP that are presumably naïve toward wolf predation. Where human and non-human predators hunt shared prey, such as in Michigan, predators may constrain human hunting success by increasing deer vigilance. Hunters may avoid such exploitative competition by choosing hunting/bait sites located in open areas. Our results pertaining to fundamental predation ecology have strong applied implications that can promote human-predator coexistence.

Public land, value capture, and the rise of speculative urban governance in post-crisis London

The capture of value from public land has emerged as a central concern in recent scholarship on urban financialization. Drawing on the case of local authority housing companies in London, this paper explores why and how the local state is engaging in an increasingly speculative mode of land development, and with what effects. By conceptualizing state-led value capture as a political technology of risk management that operates across scales, I develop two key arguments. First, I argue that struggles over the allocation of the risks and costs of public debt have shaped local authorities’ speculative engagement with land. Unlike the case of US municipalities that are structurally reliant on private bond markets, I show how local authorities’ growth politics have been underwritten by the central state and accelerated by budgetary austerity. Second, I argue that this translocation of risk at the scale of the local gives rise to a form of state power organized around the allocation, production, and constant monitoring of financial and political risks. The politics of risk that underpin municipal experiments in state-led value capture combine an embrace of uncertainty and value expansion, with the principles of austerity budgeting, downscaling, and retrenchment. Ultimately, the effects of this form of state intervention are a heightening of uneven development, an exacerbation of local fiscal crisis, and a weakening of democratic governance.

Covering the financial risks of companies in the HoReCa field through insurance contracts and methods of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) for these contracts

The issue of financial risks of companies in the HoReCa field has acquired a new dimension with the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic, as they are forced to reevaluate their contractual risk allocation and financial loss coverage mechanisms. This situation generated a reassessment of the importance of insurance contracts, especially business interruption insurance. The interpretation of clauses in existing contracts that did not expressly refer to the pandemic situation increased the number of disputes generated by this lack of clarity. The present article represents a general presentation of the risks of the activity in the HoReCa field, of the insurance contracts specific to this field, as a way of addressing these risks. The article also refers to the methods of out-of-court settlement of disputes in the field of HoReCa insurance, respectively to the arbitration organised in this field, as well as to the alternative dispute resolution methods (ADR) used in Romania and at the level of the European Union.

Determining the return-maximizing portfolio leverage and its limitations

Leverage in the risk allocation of an investment portfolio can be an effective strategy in achieving overall portfolio goals. While the literature on portfolio leverage is robust, quantifying the amount and discussion of its limitations are often minimized. This article focuses on the limitations by explicitly including the volatility drag from leveraging the expected portfolio returns. Maximizing the expected portfolio returns with respect to leverage results in a return-maximizing condition that balances the gains from leverage with the losses in the volatility drag. The return-maximizing condition is graphically illustrated over a range of investment returns to produce a return-maximizing leverage curve.

COVID-19에 따른 무역계약위반의 면책범위에 관한 연구

Purpose : In this paper, legal implications were presented by analyzing whether the COVID-19 pandemic corresponds to force majeure, which is the reason for immunity from violating trade contracts, and analyzing the scope of immunity in practical application.
 Research design, data, and methodology : For this study, prior studies on force majeure clause were reviewed, and the characteristics of international unification laws such as CISG, PICC, and PECL were analyzed to examine their applicability to COVID-19.
 Results : In contracts on the international sales of goods, it is common to have detailed provisions on Force majeure, and it is desirable for the contracting parties to freely modify the allocation of non-performance risks according to the circumstances of individual contracts.
 Conclusions : Even if force majeure such as the COVID-19 pandemic occurs, the contract should be observed through the principles of good faith and Hardship rather than the termination of the contract, and the Governing law should be specified in the contract.

Judgment Standards of Chinese Courts when Impediments to Performance of Contracts Arise in International Trade Contracts

Purpose: This paper analyzes trends in court rulings as well as application of the law to China's international trade activities in contract disputes caused by COVID-19.
 Research design, data, and methodology: This paper adopts a case study approach by analyzing the application of legal provisions to the judicial practice of Chinese courts in international contractual disputes for goods related to the pandemic.
 Results: Case analysis shows that COVID-19 is an obstacle to the performance of China's international trade contracts, and Chinese courts still follow the principle of first examining whether there is a force majeure clause in the contract between the parties.
 Conclusions: This paper suggests it is necessary to include specific contractual provisions relating to hardship and force majeure in order to establish the intended allocation of contractual risk well in advance.

Has the risk of liver re-transplantation improved over the two decades?

Despite advancements in liver transplantation (LT) over the past two decades, liver re-transplantation (re-LT) presents challenges. This study aimed to assess improvements in re-LT outcomes and contributing factors. Data from the United Network for Organ Sharing database (2002-2021) were analyzed, with recipients categorized into four-year intervals. Trends in re-LT characteristics and postoperative outcomes were evaluated. Of 128,462 LT patients, 7254 received re-LT. Graft survival (GS) for re-LT improved (91.3%, 82.1%, and 70.8% at 30 days, 1 year, and 3 years post-LT from 2018 to 2021). However, hazard ratios (HRs) for GS remained elevated compared to marginal donors including donors after circulatory death (DCD), although the difference in HRs decreased in long-term GS. Changes in re-LT causes included a reduction in hepatitis C recurrence and an increase in graft failure post-primary LT involving DCD. Trends identified included recent decreased cold ischemic time (CIT) and increased distance from donor hospital in re-LT group. Meanwhile, DCD cohort exhibited less significant increase in distance and more marked decrease in CIT. The shortest CIT was recorded in urgent re-LT group. The highest Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score was observed in urgent re-LT group, while the lowest was recorded in DCD group. Analysis revealed shorter time interval between previous LT and re-listing, leading to worse outcomes, and varying primary graft failure causes influencing overall survival post-re-LT. While short-term re-LT outcomes improved, challenges persist compared to DCD. Further enhancements are required, with ongoing research focusing on optimizing risk stratification models and allocation systems for better LT outcomes.