Allocation Of Income Research Articles

Faktor - Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Konsumsi Bahan Pangan di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

he welfare level indicator of a household or population is the expenses allocation. The poorer of a household or population in a region, the higher expenses allocation for food. Howefer, the household expenses relatively in proportion to family income. The objectives of the research is to determine the factors influence the allocation of the household income for the food consumption. The expenses for consuming rice was affected by the hedonic price of cassava, family income and the amount of the family members. The parameter of cassava and corn hedonic prices is positive, means that the cassava and corn are rice substitution. The expenses for consuming cassava was affected by hedonic price of cassava, family income and location. The parameter of rice and com hedonic price is negative. means that the rice and corn are cassava complementary. The expenses for consuming corn was affected by hedonic price of corn, family income, the amount of the family members and location. The parameter of rice and cassava hedonic prices is positive, means that the rice and cassava are com substitution. Key words: Consumption, hedonic price, foodstuffs

Kebijakan Ekonomi Khalifah Umar Ibn Khatab

Economics is an activity that can be said to be the same as human existence on this earth, so that then economic motives arise, namely a person's desire to fulfill his life needs. Economic principles are steps taken to meet needs with certain sacrifices to obtain maximum results. During the reign of Caliph Umar, the issue of zakat was not an issue. Even because there are many people who pay zakat, they can form councils, including military councils, social security for providing wages to employees. In this paper contains three problems. How was the economic condition of the people during the leadership of Caliph Umar, what were the forms of economic policy of Caliph Umar, and how was the influence of Umar's economic policies?. This research uses library research method (library research). The data sources used by the author are mainly primary and secondary sources. Then the author will analyze the data using a descriptive method, which is to determine the interpretation of the data collected in the form of rich words, not numbers. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the economic life of the Islamic community during the reign of Caliph Umar was the majority of economic activities with trade, agriculture, and industry. The policies of Caliph 'Umar bin al-Khathtab in the economic field include: the establishment of baitul mal, land ownership, Zakat, usyur, currency, sodaqah for non-Muslims, classification and allocation of state income. and The influence of 'Umar's economic policy cannot be separated from several factors: 'Umar's concern about economic issues, using deliberation in making every policy that is set, prioritizing the benefit of the people, and 'Umar is a responsible and ascetic person.

Case Study Analysis of the OECD Pillar One and Pillar Two Allocations to Developing Countries

In this article, the author considers whether the taxable income allocation under the OECD’s Pillar One and Pillar Two proposals can generate consistent tax revenue for developing countries to fund their sustainable development. The analysis adopts a case-study approach that simulates the operation of the OECD proposals under three profit-shifting schemes.

Economic and Ethical Motivations for Forest Restoration and Incentive Payments

Private forest owners are both the suppliers and consumers of forest ecosystem services which poses a unique challenge to using incentive-based strategies to encourage forest restoration. We used focus groups and deliberative monetary valuation (DMV) methods to understand the choices of forest owners in Mississippi and Florida. Participants acted as jurors and made judgements about what actions a hypothetical forest owner should make when offered compensation to enhance key ecosystem services. Fifteen major themes were identified via qualitative data analysis. Results support a proposed conceptual model that links perspectives toward forest management with the expression of cultural values and choice. Allocation of income to ecosystem improvements revealed that intentional forest owners seek to maximize utility through personal achievement benefits, rather than income generation alone. Findings have important implications for forest policy and program design by improving the design and efficiency of economic interventions.

The discipline of context: commercializing a “women’s crop” in Southern Malawi

Commercialization may disempower women if men take control of “women’s crops”. We tested this hypothesis for pigeonpea with a sample of 175 married households in Phalombe district, Southern Malawi. Commercialization did not change women’s control over decision-making for pigeonpea. An experimental game was used to identify preferences for the intra-household distribution of income at two different levels of income from pigeonpea. At both low and high levels of income women and men both preferred to pool income rather than have separate shares. The allocation of income between investment and consumption did not differ between women and men, nor when wives played independently or together with their husbands. Women were only willing to accept a higher income from pigeonpea if this increase was shared equally with their husbands. We conclude that the commercialization of pigeonpea will not disempower women. A matrilineal system of inheritance and matrilocal marriage strengthen the bargaining power of women in Southern Malawi. Context determines who wins from commercialization.

The Effect of Regional Original Income and general allocation funds on Regional Expenditures on South Bolaang Mongondow Regency

The purpose of this study was to determine how much influence revenue (PAD) and general allocation fund (DAU) to spending in South Bolaang Mongondow area, either partially or simultaneously. This research is quantitative by using secondary data from the Budget Realization Report Revenue and Expenditure in local government South Bolaang Mongondow. This study indicates that Regional Original Income and general allocation funds positive and significant effect on Regional Expenditures. With the results of the first t-test analysis of 0.003 <0.05 and the t-count value of 3.975 > t-table 2.262, the second t-test of 0.003 <0.05 and the t-count value of 4.103> t table 2,262, and there is a simultaneous influence of Regional Original Revenue and general allocation funds on Regional Expenditures with F test analysis of 0.008 < 0.05 and F arithmetic value 8.823 > F table 4.10. Thus, regional Original Revenue and general allocation funds simultaneously or together positively influenced Regional Expenditures for South Bolaang Mongondow Regency in 2009-2020, expected that government areas to continue to improve reception on local revenue sources to create local independence. Besides the local government, South Bolaang Mongondow must also manage allocation funds with the right target.

The OECD Unified Approach: Understanding the Real Deal for Market Countries

The OECD Unified Approach under Pillar One deviates from the existing international business tax rules in many aspects. First, it extends the right to tax business profits on the basis of mere sales in addition to the existing “physical presence” nexus rule. Second, the income allocation rules go beyond the arm’s length principle of transfer pricing rules, as well as beyond the transfer pricing approach to the formulary apportionment method in respect of allocating profits to market countries. Third, it recognizes demand-side factors, represented by sales, alongside supply-side factors for the allocation of business profits. However, the proposal raises serious doubts as far as the effective allocation of business profits to market countries is concerned. The scope of this article is to find out whether the proposed profit allocation rules under the OECD Unified Approach are effective in allocating income to market countries. As several attributes of the proposals are still under discussion, it is important to flag some of the concerns at this stage.

Impact of post- reclamation of soil by large-scale, small-scale and illegal mining on water balance components and sediment yield: Pra River Basin case study

Gold mining is extremely valuable for countries involved in it due to the potential for employment, income allocation and socio-economic development. As a result of the attraction of international investors by governments of countries rich in this natural resource and increasing gold prices, large-scale, small-scale and unlicensed and illegal (Galamsey) mining activities are expanding. This expansion can have significant effects on the environment, such as pollution and altering the hydrological regime, constituting a threat to the natural ecosystems and the health of the populace staying in gold mining zones. This research focuses on the evaluation of the effects of different types of soil reclamation measures used by large-scale, small-scale and galamsey miners on hydrological components and sediment yield in the Pra River Basin (PRB), Ghana, using the Soil and Water Analysis Tool (SWAT). Soil samples were collected from the reclaimed sites of the three mining types, analyzed and used as input into the SWAT model to assess their effect on the hydrological components and sediment yield. The results showed that apart from the first two soil layers of large scale, almost all the three mining types have a significant change in the reclaimed soil constituents of various layers of the soil. The trend and magnitude of post-reclamation impact on hydrological components from galamsey and small-scale mining are almost the same. With reference to the natural background, galamsey and small-scale activity, respectively, increased surface runoff by 51.5 % and 43.9 %, and reduced baseflow by 24.4 % and 22.9 %, while large-scale activity depicted the decrease in runoff and increase in baseflow. Sediment yield from all the three types of gold mining increased significantly. In the PRB, galamsey prominently produced much sediment (161.9 ton/year), followed by small-scale (151.1 ton/year) and large-scale (67.5 ton/year). This paper identified that the effects of land degradation linked to mining cannot be attributed only to galamsey but also to small-scale and large-scale mining. From the outcomes, special attention should be given to reclamation and water management activities that can solve emerging regulatory and environmental management problems that are being encountered by the mining sector.

EFISENSI DISTRIBUSI PENDAPATAN DALAM EKONOMI ISLAM

Transitions between production, distribution, and consumption in an economic system are inseparable from one another. If one of them experiences a problem, it will have an impact on all of them (economic problems occur scarcity), meaning that if one of the three foundations is scarce it will cause problems in the wheels of the economy. creates conflict, this is different from the economic system in Islam, that property should not be controlled by a handful of people or groups in order to have justice and distribution. The purpose of this paper is to find out how the distribution patterns of production in Islam and conventional. Meanwhile, the problem formulated is how the effectiveness of production distribution without having to harm one of the parties, so that the distribution will reach the market which is the meeting place between traders and consumers. The object of this study is focused on how the efficiency of distribution in Islamic and conventional economic systems, while the data used is in the form of scientific works and writings related to distribution, then the data analysis is a descriptive qualitative method. The theory used is related to distribution as Adiwarman A Karim's opinion, which states that justice in the distribution system does not have any parties being judged. The conclusion of the paper is that the efficiency of allocation and distribution of income based on the Islamic perspective can be said to be efficient if it has been fulfilled and there are no parties being judged.

Understanding the Roles and Influence of the Farmers' Wives in Farming Activities, Farming Practices, and Credit Availment

This study is descriptive research, which looks into the role of women in farming practices and involvement in decisions about choice of farming practice, credit availment, and allocation of farming income. This was conducted in two TSPI Branches in Pangasinan, namely Mangatarem and Bugallon. A one-page survey questionnaire was used as the data gathering instrument. The wives do not play major roles in most farming activities. Their involvement becomes more apparent at the end of the production process when the product is about to be translated into cash, i.e. in storage and selling. This role is well-acknowledged by the husbands who recognize the important involvement of the wives at this stage, considering that they are the keeper of the income from farming and more aware of the financial needs of the households. The wives are not just waiting until their husbands give the income from farming but started to come in the process of handling the produce. In terms of decision-making, the wives’ influence is also more related to decisions related to money matters. In most cases, the husband and wife are jointly making the decisions on credit availment for production capital and on where to allocate the farm income. Interestingly, some of them are involved in technical aspects of farming such as the choice of seeds and fertilizer.

Strategic Planning of an Integrated Fuel Production System with a Fair-Sustainable Approach

This work introduces a systematic approach for the optimization of an integrated system to produce fuels and simultaneously capture emissions while accounting for fairness schemes and sustainability metrics. The proposed fair-sustainable approach is relevant because a fair allocation of resources is key for long-term sustainability. The considered stakeholders in the integrated system include refineries, biorefineries, and eco-industries (taken in this work as endeavors for forest plantations resulting in capturing emissions). The optimal allocation of income among these stakeholders is analyzed by evaluating different fairness schemes (social welfare, Rawlsian welfare, and Nash approaches) and a sustainability metric (sustainability weighted return on investment). To incentivize the installation of eco-industries, economic compensation options are included. The applicability of the optimization formulation is demonstrated using a case study of Mexico. However, the model is general and can be applied to different case studies. The results show distinct income allocations under the fairness schemes and the sustainability metric. These allocations are compared to their utopic points. Additionally, the avoided emissions and the generated jobs obtained through the distinct schemes are analyzed. The results also show that the Nash scheme can provide fair trade-offs among the stakeholders’ income and environmental and social functions.

Social well-being as a reflection of socioeconomic inequality in the country

This article substantiates social well-being of the population as one of the key indicators of socioeconomic inequality. The author advances a scientific idea is that the system of allocation of income and national wealth formed in the post-Soviet Russia, when excessive advantages of some (small social groups) are provided at the cost of limiting functional capabilities of others (larger social groups), which severely contradicts the basic principles of inclusive society and cannot be recognized as socially fair. The conducted analysis of the peculiarities of inequality in post-Soviet Russia describes it as “socially unfair” and excessive. Such inequality negatively affects social well-being of the individuals. It is demonstrated that excessive inequality, with characteristic massive poverty (absolute and relative), in the meta-space of social well-being of the population or the Russian Federation, the prevalent type of life realization of an individual is the “negative expectations”; most significant risk factors for the worsening of social well-being are moral and emotional state of society and some status characteristics of the individual (level of education, professional activity). Using cluster analysis, the author tests the hypothesis on the impact of excessive inequality upon the level of manifestation of deviant behavior of the people in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Recommendations are formulated on amending the redistributive policy of the government aimed at reduction of socioeconomic inequality and improvement pf social well-being of the population.

Distribution of the benefits of agricultural supply chain cooperation based on interval-valued least-squares pre-nucleolus solutions

Fair and reasonable profit distribution is the key to the long-term sustainability of agricultural supply chain cooperation alliances, helping to improve cooperation efficiency and increase profitability, which is a typical fuzzy cooperative game problem. We study the cooperative income distribution of the agricultural product supply chain. Based on the idea of least square, interval valued least square pre-nucleolus solution method is adopted and applied to specific cases. The results show that the algorithm of interval valued least squares pre-nucleolus solution is a more reasonable cooperative income allocation method for agricultural product supply chain. The method considers the principle of minimum dissatisfaction, reduces the fuzziness and uncertainty, and improves the enthusiasm of all participants in the agricultural product supply chain.

Allocating taxable income for provincial corporate income taxation in Canada, 2015-2017: practice and analysis

Canada is one of the few countries in the world where an intra-country formula allocation (FA) mechanism plays an important role in the taxation of corporate income by sub national governments, that is provinces. This paper presents and analyses information prepared for its authors by CRA on the allocation of taxable income between provinces for three years: 2015, 2016 and 2017. Profits allocated using the FA approach account for about one third of taxable income. The Income tax regulations contain one general formula and nine sector specific formulas, the general one is used to allocate more than 85% of revenues between provinces. The second most important one pertains to the banking sector. The formulae used by the CRA date back mainly to 1947 and have applied to all provinces since 1960.They have not been the object of much analysis. In particular the use of a two factor formula with weights of 50% for each of payroll and revenues has not been much discussed. The paper thus presents both the existing distribution of taxable revenues between provinces and simulates what it would be if one of alternative formulas either used in the United States or under examination in Europe was used. The three factor formula would change the distribution of taxable income significantly between provinces

The Effects of Biased Labor Market Expectations on Consumption, Wealth Inequality, and Welfare

Idiosyncratic labor risk is a prevalent phenomenon with important implications for individual choices. In labor market research it is commonly assumed that agents have rational expectations and therefore they correctly assess the risk they face in the labor market. We analyze survey data for the U.S. and document a substantial optimistic bias of households in their subjective expectations about future labor market transitions. Furthermore, we analyze the heterogeneity in the bias across different demographic groups and we find that high-school graduates tend to be vastly over-optimistic about their labor market prospects, whereas college graduates have rather precise beliefs. In the context of a quantitative heterogenous agents lifecycle model we show that the optimistic bias has a quantitatively sizable negative effect on the life-cycle allocation of income, consumption and wealth and implies a substantial loss in individual welfare compared to the allocation under full information. Moreover, we establish that the heterogeneity in the bias leads to pronounced differences in the accumulation of assets across individuals, and is thereby a quantitatively important driver of inequality in wealth.

Allocating to green bonds

Green bonds are about a decade old financial instrument with cash flows earmarked to improve the environment or combat climate change. We show the spectacular growth of the asset class over time, but note that it is currently still less than 1% of the entire fixed income market. The composition of the asset class has changed considerably over time. At the start, it were mainly very safe supranational institutions issuing in a variety of currencies with relatively short maturities. They were followed by corporates, especially utilities, and more recently also governments have started issuing green bonds. This change of composition leads us to conclude that historical data from before 2015 is less representative for the future. Our returns- and characteristics-based analyses show that an investor allocating to green bonds should finance this from an aggregate fixed income allocation to reduce the impact on the risk and return characteristics of the existing portfolio.

Gender Differences in Judicial Decisions under Incomplete Information: Evidence from Child Support Cases

We compare decisions by female and male judges in child support trials where a judge decides on the father's income allocation to children. We investigate two types of cases: 1) when fathers have a formal job, their income is known to judges, and awards are set as a fraction of it, and 2) when fathers work in the informal sector, their income is unknown to judges, and awards are given as a fixed amount of money. By exploiting random assignment of cases to judges, we find that female judges set lower awards in both cases in comparison to male judges. However, the gender gap under incomplete information is around two thirds the size of that under complete information. In exploring mechanisms underlying this difference, we propose a simple framework to elicit judges' beliefs about the unknown income in such cases by using their judicial behaviour in cases where income is known. We find that female judges estimate that the unknown income is higher, but still award lower amounts of child support than male judges do. Thus, gender differences act as a countervailing force and explain the attenuation of judges' gender differences in decisions under incomplete information.

Choosing inequality: how economic security fosters competitive regimes

In a novel experimental design, we study how social immobility affects the choice among distributional schemes in an experimental democracy. We design a two-period experiment in which subjects first choose a distributional scheme by majority voting (“social contract”). Then subjects engage in a competitive real-effort task to earn points. Based on production success, participants are ranked from best to worst. In combination with the initially chosen scheme, these ranks determine the final payout of the first round, leading to a pattern of societal stratification. Participants are informed individually about points and rank, before the same sequence of voting, production and payoff determination is repeated in a second round. To test the effect of social immobility on choosing distributional regimes the experiment is conducted with and without a social immobility factor, i.e. a different weighting of the two rounds. In our standard scenario, payoffs are simply added. In our “social immobility setting”, we alter the game as follows: the actual income in round 2 is calculated by adding 0.2 times the raw payoff from the second production game and 0.8 times the income from round 1. With the higher importance of round 1 success, we simulate the fact that economic movement upwards and downwards in societies (“social mobility”) is a de facto rigid constraint: high and low incomes tend to reproduce themselves. Our main findings are that in the Equal Weight Treatment, most groups opt for complete equality in both rounds, while in the unequal weight setting the initial choice of equality is followed by a shift to the most competitive regime. In both treatments, we observe that those performing well in round 1 tend to vote for unequal schemes in round 2, while low-performers develop an even stronger “taste for equality”. This supports a central Rawlsian idea: behind an (experimental) “veil of uncertainty”, the lack of idiosyncratic information is strong enough to let people decide as if driven by social preferences. The different group decisions in round 2 suggest that for this to happen, stakes need to be sufficiently high. To our surprise, other factors like gender, social background or real-life income have hardly any impact on unveiled decision making. We conclude that in our experimental democracy, competition based income allocation (a “market economy”) finds support only if people are sufficiently well off. Hence, increasing inequality perpetuated by social immobility is likely to undermine the general support for market-based systems.

المقالة الجلیة فی اختلاف المدارس الأصولیة فی بعض مسائل العموم والخصوص

المقالة الجلية في اختلاف المدارس الأصولية في بعض مسائل العموم والخصوص من خلال دراسة بعض المسائل التي تتعلق بمبحث العام والخاص عند الحنفية واختلافهم فيها, وتأييد قول أحدهم بالأدلة والبراهين من أقوال الأصوليين الآخرين, يکون هدف البحث: بيان التطور الأصولي داخل المدرسة الواحدة. ولما کان العام وأحواله التي تعرض له کثيرة منها أن صيغ العموم قبل التخصيص تثبت الحکم فيما تحتها من الأفراد قطعا, کما هو رأي أکثر الحنفية, وظنا کما هو رأي غيرهم, لکثرة التخصيص في العام, حتى شاع أنه ما من عام إلا ودخله التخصيص. ويهدف البحث أيضا إلى بيان هذه المسائل ومدى اختلافها في المذهب الحنفي, مع بيان مذهب المتکلمين فيها. کما يهدف البحث أيضا إلى بيان أهمية الوقوف على اختلاف أصحاب المدرسة الواحدة في النظر في بعض مسائل أصول الفقه, واستخلاص الراجح في هذه المسائل في صورة قريبة من أفهام المعاصرين. The article that is evident in the difference sins of fundamentalist schools in some matters of generality and particular By examining some of the issues related to the public and private research at the Hanafi and their differences in it, and supporting one's statement of evidence and evidence from the statements of other fundamentalists, the goal of the research is to show the fundamentalist development within the same school. Since the general and its conditions, many of which have been subjected to it, the general formulas before the allocation prove the judgment under which the individuals are certainly, as is the opinion of more hanafi, we thought as others, because of the high allocation in general, until it was rumored that there is no year but his income allocation. The research also aims to illustrate these issues and the extent to which they differ in the Hanafi doctrine, with a statement of the doctrine of their speakers. The research also aims to demonstrate the importance of identifying different owners of the same school in considering some issues of the origins of jurisprudence, and to draw the most likely on these issues in a way that is close to the understandings of contemporaries.

Modeling maladaptation in the inequality\u2013environment nexus

Adaptation against environmental degradation has the potential to generate further environmental pressures. Does this aspect of adaptation affect the inequality–environment link? To answer this question, we develop a one-sector and one-input model which integrates threats to social and environmental sustainability posed by feedback effects of agents’ adaptation strategies. We distinguish between income inequality and welfare inequality with the latter depending on environmental quality, leisure time, income level and allocation of income to consumption or adaptation. Despite its parsimony, the model describes the conditions for the existence of different inequality–environment dynamic regimes. The model confirms the standard view that environmental degradation exacerbates welfare inequality, but it also produces non-trivial and surprising insights. It illustrates that income inequality affects the type of dynamic regime followed by the economy. High-income economies and economies with high-income inequality are most at risk of following a pattern of maladaptive growth with increasing welfare inequality and environmental pressure.