Allium Chinense Research Articles

The protective effect of Allium chinense on anti-cerebral anoxia through regulating NLRP3/NF-κB

Allium chinense G. Don is a popular medicinal and aromatic plant, known as “Ganoderma of vegetables” in history for treating blood stasis syndrome that reduces red blood cell oxygen-carrying capacity and often causes severe brain damage. However, the effect of A. chinense on cerebral anoxia remains obscure. Here, the anti-hypoxic effect of A. chinense was investigated for the first time through the cerebral anoxia model of mice. Subsequent a bio-guided investigation brought about the isolation of 16 compounds, including 9 phenolic derivatives (2 new compounds (compound 1, 8) and one new natural product (compound 2), 4 steroidal saponins and 3 fatty acid monoglycerides, among which, 6 compounds (1–4, 7, 16) exhibited significant anoxia-tolerant activity in vitro. Moreover, the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was decreased significantly, and glutathione (GSH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were regulated by the 6 bioactive compounds in oxygen‑glucose deprivation/ reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced BV-2 cells damage. Besides that, protein expressions of HIF-1α, NLRP3, COX-2, NF-κB p65 and IL-18 were suppressed effectively. The investigation provided a new nutritional strategy for A. chinense against cerebral anoxia and altitude illness, which might be partially mediated by downregulating NLRP3/NF-κB.

Characterization of volatile organic compounds with anti-atherosclerosis effects in Allium macrostemon Bge. and Allium chinense G. Don by head space solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

Allium macrostemon Bge. (AMB) and Allium chinense G. Don (ACGD) are both edible Allium vegetables and named officinal Xiebai (or Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus) in East Asia. Their medicinal qualities involve in lipid lowering and anti-atherosclerosis effects. And steroidal saponins, nitrogenous compounds and sulfur compounds are like the beneficial components responsible for medicinal functions. Sulfur compounds are the recognized main components both in the volatile oils of AMB and ACGD. Besides, few researches were reported about their holistic chemical profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and pharmacodynamic effects. In this study, we first investigated the lipid-lowering and anti-atherosclerotic effects of volatile oils derived from AMB and ACGD in ApoE -/- mice with high fat and high cholesterol diets. The results showed the volatile oils of AMB and ACGD both could markedly reduce serum levels of TG, TC, and LDL-C (p < 0.05), and had no alterations of HDL-C, ALT, and AST levels (p > 0.05). Pathological results displayed they both could obviously improve the morphology of cardiomyocytes and the degree of myocardial fibrosis in model mice. Meanwhile, oil red O staining results also proved they could apparently decrease the lesion areas of plaques in the aortic intima (p < 0.05). Furthermore, head space solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry combined with metabolomics analysis was performed to characterize the VOCs profiles of AMB and ACGD, and screen their differential VOCs. A total of 121 and 115 VOCs were identified or tentatively characterized in the volatile oils of AMB and ACGD, respectively. Relative-quantification results also confirmed sulfur compounds, aldehydes, and heterocyclic compounds accounted for about 85.6% in AMB bulbs, while approximately 86.6% in ACGD bulbs were attributed to sulfur compounds, ketones, and heterocyclic compounds. Multivariate statistical analysis showed 62 differentially expressed VOCs were observed between AMB and ACGD, of which 17 sulfur compounds were found to be closely associated with the garlic flavor and efficacy. Taken together, this study was the first analysis of holistic chemical profiles and anti-atherosclerosis effects of AMB and ACGD volatile oils, and would benefit the understanding of effective components in AMB and ACGD.

Determination and dietary exposure assessment of 79 pesticide residues in Chinese onion (Allium fistulosum L.)

ABSTRACT Chinese onion is a common vegetable in daily diet, especially in Southwest China. We collected 184 samples from farm and market in Chongqing Municipality during 2020–2021 and established a multi-residue method for analysis of 79 pesticide residues on Chinese onion. Sixty-three of 184 samples were found pesticide resdues, accounting for 34.2%. A total of 31 pesticides were detected, and 6 pesticides in 11 samples have exceeded the Chinese MRLs, 5.98% of all samples. The chronic and acute dietary exposure assessment showed the %ADI and the %ARfD value were 0.005%–5.46% and 0.03%–297.95%, respectively. The %ARfD of most pesticides were acceptable except for cyhalothrin (297.95%, children; 140.17%, adults) and carbofuran (107.94%, children). The study indicated that pesticide residues on Chinese onion had different concentration levels which were low commonly. The establishment of MRLs for several pesticides (cyfluthrin, carbendazim, propamocarb) in Chinese onion is required for better estimation of dietary risk.

Pengaruh Plant Catalyst dan POC Kotoran Kambing Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Bawang Kucai (Allium Chinense G. Don)

ABSTRACT&#x0D; This reseach is aim Response of Plant Catalyst and Goat Dung Liquid Organic Fertilizer on the Growth and Production of Allium chinense G. Don. In Implementation for four months from Mei to Augurt 2021. Reseach sites on Bung Tomo street Gang Surya Indah RT 23 Sungai Keledang Village, Samarinda Seberang District, Samarinda City. East Kalimantan Province The research design used a randomized completely block design (RCBD) repeate three times. plant catalyst four level and growing medium four. The fist factor is Plant Catalyst 2006 (P) : P0 = without Plant Catalyst 2006 (Control), P1 = 0.5 g Plant Catalyst 2006 per liter of water, P2 = 1 g Plant Catalyst 2006 per liter of water, P3 = 1,5 g Plant Catalyst 2006 per liter of water and the second factor is the Goat Dung Liquid Organic Fertilizer (K), namely: Goat Dung Liquid Organic Fertilizer K0 =o ml/water , K1 = 5 ml/ L water (3:1), K2 = 10 ml / L water, K3 = 15 ml/ L water&#x0D; The results showed that the application of Plant Catalyst fertilizer (P) had no significant effect on all observation variables, the application of POC goat manure (K) had a significant effect on the observed variables for the number of bulbs and bulb weight of Allium tuberosum bulbs with K3 treatment (15 ml / liter of water) which gave the results the best. The interaction of the application of Plant Catalyst fertilizer and POC manure had a significant effect on the observed variables on the number of Allium chinense G. Don bulbs, but had no significant effect on the variables observed for the number of leaves, bulb volume and weight of Allium tuberosum bulbs, P2K1 treatment (1 gram/ltr of water and 5 ml/ltr of water). ) which gives the best results&#x0D; The results showed of plant Catalyst treatment non signifint and growing media treatment higly signifint. effect on the number of leaves 28 DAP, 42 DAP, 56 DAP, 70 DAP, number of tubers 70 DAP, root length 70 DAP, and tuber wet weight 70 DAP. The best treatment is growing medium that is top soil and goad manure (3:1).&#x0D; Recommendation to use Goat Dung Liquid Organic Fertilizer 15 ml / liter of water for the cultivation of Allium chinense G. Don. &#x0D; Key word : plant catalyst, Goat Dung Liquid Organic Fertilizer, Allium chinense G. Don.

Comparative Pathogenomic Analysis of Two Banana Pathogenic Dickeya Strains Isolated from China and the Philippines.

Dickeya is a major and typical member of soft rot Pectobacteriaceae (SRP) with a wide range of plant hosts worldwide. Previous studies have identified D. zeae as the causal agent of banana soft rot disease in China. In 2017, we obtained banana soft rot pathogen strain FZ06 from the Philippines. Genome sequencing and analysis indicated that FZ06 can be classified as D. dadantii and represents a novel subspecies of D. dadantii, which we propose to name as subsp. paradisiaca. Compared with Chinese banana soft rot pathogenic strain D. zeae MS2, strain FZ06 has a similar host range but different virulence; FZ06 is significantly less virulent to banana and potato but more virulent to Chinese cabbage and onion. Characterization of virulence factors revealed obviously less production of pectate lyases (Pels), polygalacturonases (Pehs), proteases (Prts), and extrapolysaccharides (EPSs), as well as lower swimming and swarming motility and biofilm formation in strain FZ06. Genomic comparison of the two strains revealed five extra gene clusters in FZ06, including one Stt-type T2SS, three T4SSs, and one T4P. Expression of cell wall degrading enzyme (CWDE)-encoding genes is significantly lower in FZ06 than in MS2.

Visual authentication of steroidal saponins in Allium macrostemon Bge. and Allium chinense G. Don using MALDI-TOF imaging mass spectrometry and their structure activity relationship

Allium macrostemon Bge. (AMB) and Allium chinense G. Don (ACGD), both named Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus or Xiebai in Chinese, belong to the same genus. They are both used as edible vegetables and medicinal herbs for the treatment of atherosclerosis. So far, comparative analysis of the spatial metabolomes and platelet aggregation function of steroidal saponins has rarely been performed. In this study, high mass resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MSI) were performed on the fresh bulbs of these two herbs for the spatial distribution of steroidal saponins, and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC/TQD-MS) was used to quantify their content levels. Platelet inhibitory activity induced by arachidonic acid, adenosine diphosphate and collagen were fully investigated. A total of 53 differential variables with compounds were identified or tentatively characterized between AMB and ACGD samples by UHPLC/TQD-MS. Furthermore, these steroidal saponins were almost distributed in tunic and outer scale regions of AMB, while they were rich in tunic and whole leaf scale, and rarely in developing flower bud of ACGD bulbs. Quantitative results demonstrated several saponins were the unique components for AMB (macrostemonoside I, timosaponin B-II, macrostemonoside F, etc.) and ACGD (chinenoside I, chinenoside II, chinenoside IV, etc.). Moreover, spirostanol saponins exhibited stronger inhibitory platelet activity than furostanol saponins, and the structure activity relationship was further summarized. In conclusion, high-mass resolution MALDI full-scan MSI provides abundant spatial distribution information of steroidal saponins in AMB and ACGD. And we finished the discussion of their activity characteristics. These findings would benefit the understanding of safety and effectiveness for their edible and medicinal use.

Molecular docking analysis of Allium chinense compounds as Secreted Aspartyl Proteinase-5 (SAP5) inhibitor

Secreted Aspartyl Proteinase-5 (SAP5) or candidapepsin-5 is known as the current and major virulence factor in the biofilm formation of Candida albicans. The protein is secreted into the environment to disrupt the host immune cells and degrade keratin then penetrating the host defense to express its pathogenicity. SAPs has been targeted for many studies including in vitro test and in silico analysis of potential inhibitory agents. In the current study, we tested six selected compounds in the aqueous extract of Allium chinense G. Don. namely 1-tetradecanol, anozol, hyacinthin, isosorbide, mannitan and oleic acid for in silico analysis along with pepstatin A as the most potent inhibitor or control. The results obtained that oleic acid displayed the most stable bonding with the SAP5 based on molecular docking, visualization and data analysis although slightly lower than anozol in terms of binding affinity. Oleic acid also produced the most similar number of binding residues with pepstatin A based on 2D feature with also similar region in the pocket of SAP5 based on 3D visualization. Hence, the compound may be potentially developed as leading compound in treating C. albicans infections.

Adsorption and removal of organophosphorus pesticides from Chinese cabbages and green onions by using metal organic frameworks based on the mussel-inspired adhesive interface

Based on the mussel-inspired adhesive interface (Fe3O4-g-C3N4@PDA), a novel bionic metal–organic framework (Fe3O4-g-C3N4-PDA@MIL-101) was successfully prepared. The composite featured a high specific surface area and a multi-microchannel structure, as well as strong thermochemical stability. The structural property of Fe3O4-g-C3N4-PDA@MIL-101(Fe) was characterized, and the results indicated that Fe3O4, PDA, and MIL-101(Fe) were uniformly coated on the g-C3N4 surface. The adsorption and desorption of organophosphorus pesticides with Fe3O4-g-C3N4-PDA@MIL-101(Fe) were evaluated by batch experiments. This composite showed high adsorption efficiency and selective removal of coralox, phosalone, and chlorpyrifos. Under the optimal conditions, three organophosphorus pesticides were adsorbed from Chinese cabbage and green onion samples with Fe3O4-g-C3N4-PDA@MIL-101(Fe). The analytical method exhibited high sensitivity (LOD, 0.19–2.34 μg/L; LOQ, 0.65–7.82 μg/L), excellent practicality, and good stability, suggesting that Fe3O4-g-C3N4-PDA@MIL-101 was an ideal candidate magnetic adsorbent for the removal of organophosphorus pesticides in Chinese cabbage and green onion samples.

HISTOPATOLOGI PANKREAS TIKUS (Rattus norvegicus) DIABETES MELITUS YANG DIBERI EKSTRAK ETANOL BAWANG BATAK (Allium chinense G.Don)

&lt;p class="abstrak"&gt;Diabetes mellitus occurs due to insulin resistance and disruption of insulin secretion. Bawang Batak (&lt;em&gt;Allium chinense &lt;/em&gt;G.Don) is a herbal plant that is often used by the community as a traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, but there have been no preclinical studies. This study aims to determine the effect of bawang batak extract on the histopathology of the pancreas of alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus rats. This study used rats as experimental animals which were divided into 6 groups (normal control, negative control, metformin group, P1:bawang batak extract dose 250 mg/kg, P2:500 mg/kg, and P3:750 mg/kg), with 4 repetitions. The histological preparations of pancreas were made using the paraffin method with hematoxylin-eosin staining. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's test. The statistical results showed that there was a significant difference (p &amp;lt;0.05) in the diameter and area of islet langerhans between the control group and the treatment group. The diameter and area of islet Langerhans improved when compared to the negative control group. It can be concluded that the onion extract has an effect on the improvement of pancreatic in rats with diabetes mellitus and the most effective dose of bawang batak extract is 500 mg/kg.&lt;/p&gt;

QUEFTS Model-based Estimation of the Nutrient Requirements and Fertilizer Recommendation for Chinese Onion

Accurate estimation of the nutrient requirements of Chinese onion is essential to increase its nutrient utilization efficiency and yield. In this study, the yield and nutrient uptake data were collected from major Chinese onion growing regions during 2001 to 2018, and the relationship between Chinese onion yield and nutrient uptake was evaluated using the Quantitative Evaluation of the Fertility of Tropical Soils (QUEFTS) model. The QUEFTS model predicted the linear-parabolic platform curve of the balanced nutrient uptake of Chinese onion and estimated the demand of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) for the potential target yields ranging from 40 t/ha to 120 t/ha. The nutrients required for the target yield increased linearly before reaching 60% to 70% of the potential yield. Nutrient requirements for producing 1 t of Chinese onion were 1.91 kg N–0.28 kg P–1.71 kg K. The corresponding nutrient internal efficiency (IE, yield per unit nutrient uptake) was 524.6 kg/kg, 3585.7 kg/kg, and 584.3 kg/kg for N, P and K, respectively. Subsequently, a nutrition decision-making software, Nutrient Expert (NE), for the Chinese onion was developed based on the improved QUEFTS model. Field verification studies for NE fertilizer recommendation were conducted in multiple Chinese onion growing plots for 2 consecutive years. Results showed that the QUEFTS model can be used to accurately estimate the nutrient requirements for Chinese onion within a defined range of target yield.

Pengaruh Pemberian Plant Catalyst dan Media Tanam Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Bawang Rambut (Allium chinense G.Don)

This reseach is aim respons plant catalyst and growing medium on the growth and production of Allium chinense G. Don. In Implementation for four months from April to July 2021. Research sites Agroteknologi practice Universitas Widya Gama Mahakam K. H. Wahid Hasyim street, in Samarinda city.The research design used a randomized completely block design (RCBD) repeated three times. Plant catalyst four level and growing medium four. The first factor is Plant Catalyst 2006 (P) : P0 = without Plant Catalyst 2006 (Control), P1 = 1 g Plant Catalyst 2006 per liter of water, P2 = 1.5 g Plant Catalyst 2006 per liter of water, P3 = 2 g Plant Catalyst 2006 per liter of water and the second factor is the planting medium (M), namely: M0 = topsoil, M1 = topsoil + manure (3:1), M2 = topsoil + goad manure + husk charcoal (2:1:1), M3 = topsoil + goad manure + husk charcoal + compost (1:1:1:1). The results showed of plant Catalyst treatment non signifint and growing media treatment are higly significant. Effect on the number of leaves 28 DAP, 42 DAP, 56 DAP, 70 DAP, number of tubers 70 DAP, root length 70 DAP, and tuber wet weight 70 DAP. The best treatment is growing medium that is topsoil and goad manure (3:1). Recommendation to Use the ratio of soil and goat manure 3:1 for the cultivation of allium chinense

Genomic Epidemiology and Evolution of Scallion Mosaic Potyvirus From Asymptomatic Wild Japanese Garlic.

Scallion mosaic virus (ScaMV) belongs to the turnip mosaic virus phylogenetic group of potyvirus and is known to infect domestic scallion plants (Allium chinense) in China and wild Japanese garlic (Allium macrostemon Bunge) in Japan. Wild Japanese garlic plants showing asymptomatic leaves were collected from different sites in Japan during 2012–2015. We found that 73 wild Japanese garlic plants out of 277 collected plants were infected with ScaMV, identified by partial genomic nucleotide sequences of the amplified RT-PCR products using potyvirus-specific primer pairs. Sixty-three ScaMV isolates were then chosen, and those full genomic sequences were determined. We carried out evolutionary analyses of the complete polyprotein-coding sequences and four non-recombinogenic regions of partial genomic sequences. We found that 80% of ScaMV samples have recombination-like genome structure and identified 12 recombination-type patterns in the genomes of the Japanese ScaMV isolates. Furthermore, we found two non-recombinant-type patterns in the Japanese population. Because the wild plants and weeds may often serve as reservoirs of viruses, it is important to study providing the exploratory investigation before emergence in the domestic plants. This is possibly the first epidemiological and evolutionary study of a virus from asymptomatic wild plants.

Acceptability of Vegetable Fortified Ugali in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Corn flour-based porridge like dough, ugali, is the staple food of low-income population in sub-Saharan Africa. Lack of vitamin A, carotenoids, and dietary fibers brings about serious health issues to this population. In this study, vegetables including bok choy, broccoli, cabbage, carrot, Chinese onion stalk (C_onion), mushroom, are added during the cooking of ugali, as nutritional supplements. The freeze-dried powder of each vegetable was used for its long storage, stable nutrients, and similar particle size. Sub-Saharan African assessors were trained and sensory evaluated the six different vegetable fortified ugali with the plain, unfortified as the control on five attributes. The plain ugali was indistinguishable with the C_onion stalk fortified in color, with the carrot and C_onion stalk fortified in odor, with all vegetables (except broccoli and mushroom) fortified ugali in taste, with carrot and C_onion stalk fortified in granularity, and with cabbage, carrot, C_onion stalk fortified in viscosity. Preference ranking analysis showed that the C_onion stalk fortified ugali is even more favorably preferred than the plain, unfortified ugali, probably due to the umami components in C_onion that serve as the taste enhancer. This study indicates that Chinese onion stalk is a potential vegetable supplement to population in the sub-Saharan Africa.

A-24, a steroidal saponin from Allium chinense, induced apoptosis, autophagy and migration inhibition in p53 wild-type and p53-deficient gastric cancer cells

Allium chinense is a vegetable with nutrition and unique flavor, and it is used as traditional Chinese medicine. We previously reported that the active compound A-24 induces apoptosis and autophagy in p53 wild-type gastric cancer cells through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Our present work indicates that A-24 also has a significant proliferation inhibition effect on p53-deficient KATO-III cells, and the p53 status did not affect A-24 induced migration inhibition, but negatively controlled the occurrence of autophagy. We also found that the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated A-24 induced apoptosis is p53-independent. Besides, p-Akt was not downregulated by A-24 in p53-deficient gastric cancer cells. Taken together, our results indicate that A-24 induced apoptosis and autophagy via the ROS-PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in p53 wild-type gastric cancer cells and through the ROS-mTOR pathway in p53-deficient gastric cancer cells. Our study recommended A-24 as a promising future phytotherapeutic candidate for gastric cancer treatment.

The effect of Batak onion (Allium chinense) extract and powder adduction on the carcass characteristic of broiler chicken infected by Escherichia coli

Batak onion (Allium chinense) is a local plant typical of North Sumatra and have several antimicrobial compounds, so it has the potential to be used as natural antibiotics. One of the bacteria that often infects the broiler chickens is Escherichia coli which can reduce the carcass quality of broiler chickens. This research aimed to determine the influence of giving extract and powder of Batak Onions (Allium chinense) on carcass characteristics of broiler chickens infected by Escherichia coli. The research was using a completely randomized design with 7 treatments and 3 repetitions, and there were five broiler chicken for each repetition. The treatments were P0A: Control without infection, P0B: infected by E. coli, P1: P0A + Batak Onion extract, P2: P0A + Batak Onion powder, P3: P0B + Batak Onion extract, P4: P0B + Batak Onion powder and P5: P0B + Tetracycline antibiotic of 0.05%. Research results indicated that the giving of batak onion extract and powder gave a significant difference to the carcass characteristics including slaughter weight, carcass weight and carcass percentage of broiler chickens infected with Escherichia coli. The conclusion of this research was that the giving of Batak onion extract and powder was effective in improving the carcass characteristics of broiler chickens infected with Escherichia coli.

The utilization of extract and powder of Batak onion (Allium chinense) as an antibiotic to broiler chicken performance

Broiler chickens are susceptible to diseases come from bacteria. The bacteria that usually infect broiler chickens is Escherichia coli which can cause diarrhea. The precaution is done using antibiotics, usually. This study aimed to analyse the effect of Batak Onion (Allium chinense) extract and powder as an antibiotic to the performance of broiler chicken. Research method was using the completely randomized design (CRD) with 7 treatments and 3 repetitions, and five samples of broiler chicken were used for each repetition. The treatments were P0A: Control without infection, P0B: with E. coli infection, P1: P0A + Batak Onion Extract (A. Chinense) (1%), P2: P0A + Batak Onion Powder (A. Chinense) (0.05%), P3: P0B + Batak Onion Extract (A. Chinense) (1%), P4: P0B + Batak Onion Powder (A. Chinense) (0.05%) and P5: P0B + Tetracycline Antibiotic (0.05%). Result of the research showed result that were not significantly different for feed consumption, weight gain and feed conversion before infection which was in contrast with after infection condition. It can be concluded that the use of Batak onion extract and powder can be used as a natural antibiotic to replace the tetracyclines.

GC-MS based metabolite profiling and antioxidant activity of solvent extracts of Allium chinense G Don leaves

Allium chinense, a main source of “Xiebai” drug in Chinese traditional medicine and commonly known as Ganoderma lucidum belongs to the family Amaryllidaceae. The main focus of this research was to quantify the secondary metabolites, antioxidant potential and study the GC- MS based metabolite profile of different solvent leaf extracts of A. chinense. The reports on the bioactive compounds of A. chinense leaves are still insufficient compared to the bulb; hence this study was carried out to understand the bioactive compounds present in A. chinense leaves using different solvents of varying polarity. Our investigation showed that the ethanol extract contained the highest saponin, flavonoid, phenol, and DPPH scavenging activity. Further, metabolite profiling revealed a total of forty-eight compounds, indicating a diverse range of phytochemicals present in the four extracts. The highest number of compounds were observed in ethanol extract (15) followed by chloroform extract (13), petroleum ether extract (11) and methanol extract (9). Some of the major compounds identified in the four solvents are octacosane (27.11%), heptadecane (19.66%), eicosane (18.51%), ethyl palmitate (18.50%), phytol (17.68%) and phytol acetate (17.30%). In conclusion, this study highlights that A. chinense leaf extracts contain high saponins, terpenes and alkanes which could be a potential source of a new beneficial drug.

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Immunobiotic Lactiplantibacillusplantarum N14 Fermented Rakkyo (Allium chinense) Pickled Juice on the Immunocompetence and Production Performance of Pigs.

Simple SummaryFermented pickle of Rakkyo (Japanese leek) is a popular dish because it has several proven human health benefits. We tested the effects of dietary adding Lactiplantibacillus plantarum N14 fermented rakkyo pickled juice on the immunocompetence and production performance of pigs. The results showed that the use of 5% mixture of fermented rakkyo pickled juice and the rakkyo residues in the porcine feed could be a cost-effective approach to promote the immune-health and production performance of pigs. This approach might contribute to exploring the sustainable management of food waste through utilizing them as livestock feed supplement.Rakkyo (Allium chinense), is a Japanese leek that is primarily used to make a popular sweet or sour pickled dish. Lactic acid bacteria are often involved in the preparation steps of fermented pickles, which helps in the effective preservation of the natural bioactive compounds of fruits and vegetable, and thereby exert several health benefits including immunomodulation and growth performance. This work aimed to evaluate the in vivo effects of adding Lactiplantibacillus plantarum N14 fermented rakkyo pickled juice as feed supplement on the immunocompetence and production performance of pigs. We first analyzed the nutritional composition, which revealed that the proportion of protein, lipid, and water-soluble fiber content were estimated as of 4%, 5%, and 5% in rakkyo residual liquid or juice, while 22%, 15% and 14%, respectively, were estimated in rakkyo residual powder. For the in vivo feeding trials, three groups of pigs were treated either with 5%, 20%, or 40% mixture (v/v) of fermented rakkyo pickled juice and the grinded residual liquid supplemented in the drinking water in addition to standard feed. The results of the feeding trials showed that the administration of a juice mixture of 5% or 20% (fermented pickled juice and residual liquid) had a similar trend of effects in improving the complement activity, phagocytic activity and leucocytes counts in the peripheral blood when compared to pigs fed with 40% mixture or untreated controls. Those changes were related to an improved resistance to enteric infections. Moreover, animals receiving a mixture of fermented pickled juice and fermented rakkyo residues had a higher growth rate and carcass quality than controls. The results suggested that the use of 5% mixture of fermented rakkyo pickled juice and the residual liquid through drinking water could be a cost-effective approach to promote the immune-health and production performance of pigs. This approach would contribute not only to the sustainable management of food wastes but also to the application of a value-added feed supplement for the promotion of animal health and production.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY TEST OF GENUS ALLIUM: A REVIEW

The genus Allium plants are often used by people as a food flavoring. These plants are also used for medicinal purposes. The genus Allium plants are known to inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites by having the Allicin, Ajoene main compounds, and secondary metabolites. This review article describes plants from the genus Allium that have antimicrobial potential. In the writing process, this review article used literature study techniques by finding literature in the form of official books, national journals, and international journals in the last 10 years (2010-2020). The literature search in writing this review article was conducted through online media search with keywords as follows: antimicrobial, Allium, and inhibition zone diameter. The search for the main references in this review article was done through Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Reserachgate, and other published journals. Some plants of the genus Allium such as Allium ascalonicum, Allium cepa, Allium chinense, Allium porrum, Allium roseum, Allium sativum, Allium staticiforme, Allium subhirsutum, Allium tuberosum, Allium tuncelianum, and Allium wallichii showed antimicrobial activity. The potential antimicrobial activity of each part of the plant depends on the solvent used, the concentration and levels of secondary metabolites contained therein.

Efficacy of different extracts of Allium chinense bulb against Sitotroga cerealella infestation in stored paddy grain, Oryza sativa

Efficacy of different extracts of Allium chinense bulb against Sitotroga cerealella infestation in stored paddy grain, Oryza sativa