All-European Cooperation Research Articles

DOCTRINAL BASICS OF THE LEGAL TECHNIQUE: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITHIN THE EUROPEAN LEGAL FRAMEWORK

The legal technique was initially developed as a kind of “interpreter” for the legislative will in the legal language using a specific ingenuity of legal engineering. Historically, the theoretical base of the legal technique was formed on a phased basis, essentially stimulated by state reforms, social transformations, and active legislation systematization. It should be mentioned here that legal technique is a distinctive category reflecting the political, economic, and legal situation in the historical period of a certain state development, but being extra-national in itself.The resource harmonization of the legal technique within the European legal framework means norm-setting regulations, coordination, and elaboration of common recommendations for the European countries. The cooperation in the legal technique standards harmonization will require the all-European cooperation to the new level as far as legal standards, human rights, democratic development, legitimacy and cultural cooperation are concerned.

Defense Alliances in the Future: West European Integration and All-European Co-operation

Defense Alliances in the Future: West European Integration and All-European Co-operation

International Relations Studies in Poland: An Essay on Trends in Research and Theory

International relations studies developed as a scientific discipline in Poland primarily after World War II. Major research institutions in this field are the Polish Institute of International Affairs in Warsaw, the Western Institute in Poznan, the Research Institute on Contemporary Capitalism in Warsaw, the Silesian Institute in Katowice, and several political science institutes at major Polish universities. International relations in Poland has been treated as a part of political science, but there seems to be a growing tendency to treat it as a separate and independent discipline. This article presents views of Polish scholars concerning the substantive and theoretical aspects of international relations. It also notes both the strengths and current shortcomings of Polish political science. Polish scholarship is noteworthy in the study of local government and in the analysis of political issues examined in sociological and legalistic terms. In the realm of international relations, regional or area studies, e.g., German studies, European security, all-European cooperation problems, American studies, and developing area studies are being productively investigated. However, the shortcomings of international relations studies in Poland include the areas of methodology, empirical studies, decision-making studies, and theoretical approaches and analyses. Although political science and international relations are still among the youngest scientific disciplines in Poland, in terms of number of research centers, publications, and pedagogy, the discipline can boast major achievements in Poland.

All-European Co-Operation: The CSCE's Basket Two and the ECE

All-European Co-Operation: The CSCE's Basket Two and the ECE

All-European Co-operation: The CSCE's Basket Two and the ECE

All-European Co-operation: The CSCE's Basket Two and the ECE

The Geographical Peculiarities of Europe and Some Aspects of an All-European Economic Cooperation

AbstractGreater economic cooperation between the two socioeconomic systems in Europe is held to be mutually beneficial and to be favored by some of the continent's physical-geographical aspects (deeply indented coastline, easy overland transportation, resource complementarity). An area deserving priority in all-European projects is the interconnection of power systems to make possible the transmission of electricity covering peak load needs and other requirements. Such interconnections may save significant capital investment that would otherwise be required for additional generating capacity within each system. Other potential areas for all-European cooperation include the provision of east-west inland waterways, motor roads and improved rail lines. One aspect of the possible integration of transport systems would be the organization of overland container traffic between Europe and Japan (as well as Iran and Afghanistan) through the territory of the USSR.

Polish Foreign Policy in the 1970’s

Foreign policy was somewhat of an exception to the gloom surrounding the twilight of the GomuHca era. While in the domestic sphere, on the government side there was deepening stagnation and widespread popular dissatisfaction which culminated in the explosion of December 1970, in external relations, especially from the spring of 1969, there was an upsurge of activity.1 Taking its cue from the appeal for allEuropean cooperation issued by the meeting of Communist leaders in Budapest in March 1969, Polish diplomacy increased its contacts with various Western European capitals. The attempts to reduce tensions in Europe were linked to earlier Polish proposals, especially the Rapacki and the GomuMca plans, and Poland soon emerged as a major proponent of a European conference. On 17 May 1969 Gomutka offered to undertake negotiations aimed at normalization of relations between Poland and West Germany. His speech maintained that the FRG must accept the Polish western boundary, but otherwise was surprisingly moderate in its tone. In the fall, after Brandt's coming to power, Bonn responded favourably to Warsaw's overture, and by February 1970 Polish-German talks were underway. The negotiations, in which the Poles displayed a good deal of flexibility, went on until late that year. By November the treaty providing for acceptance by the FRG of the Polish western boundary and the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries was agreed upon. It was signed during Chancellor Brandt's visit to Warsaw on 7 December 1970.2 Two weeks later, after the workers' rebellion in