Allergic Reactions Research Articles

Functional hyaluronic acid microneedles for skin photoaging based on collagen induction and oxidative stress regulation strategies

Photoaging holds remarkable importance for skin health and senescence. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation results in the disruption of the extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment, the degradation of collagen, and the generation of oxidative stress. Traditional hyaluronic acid (HA) exhibits a diminished capacity to stimulate collagen regeneration, and hampered by its poor permeability as a macromolecule, ultimately resulting in constrained therapeutic outcomes for the treatment of photoaging. In this study, HA/PX was prepared by functional modification of HA with sulfonate-rich or phosphatidylcholine-rich polymers, which could complement the loss of ECM and ameliorate the senescence of human fibroblasts (HDFs) and hairless mouse models subjected to UVB-induced photoaging. The results indicate that HA/PX exhibits superior abilities in delaying cellular aging, promoting collagen regeneration, and resisting reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared to HA. Furthermore, HA/PX shows good biocompatibility both in vivo and in vitro, without causing allergic reactions or other adverse effects. We also demonstrated that the transdermal delivery of HA/PX via microneedle arrays (MNs) can significantly mitigate wrinkles and skin damage in photoaged nude mice, and achieve the treatment of skin photoaging by enhancing epidermal thickness, promoting collagen deposition, and reducing oxidative stress. Therefore, our research offers a novel possibility for future anti-aging therapeutic strategies.

Exploring oak processionary caterpillar induced lepidopterism (Part 1): unveiling molecular insights through transcriptomics and proteomics

Lepidopterism, a skin inflammation condition caused by direct or airborne exposure to irritating hairs (setae) from processionary caterpillars, is becoming a significant public health concern. Recent outbreaks of the oak processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea processionea) have caused noteworthy health and economic consequences, with a rising frequency expected in the future, exacerbated by global warming promoting the survival of the caterpillar. Current medical treatments focus on symptom relief due to the lack of an effective therapy. While the source is known, understanding the precise causes of symptoms remain incomplete understood. In this study, we employed an advanced method to extract venom from the setae and identify the venom components through high-quality de novo transcriptomics, venom proteomics, and bioinformatic analysis. A total of 171 venom components were identified, including allergens, odorant binding proteins, small peptides, enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, and chitin biosynthesis products, potentially responsible for inflammatory and allergic reactions. This work presents the first comprehensive proteotranscriptomic database of T. processionea, contributing to understanding the complexity of lepidopterism. Furthermore, these findings hold promise for advancing therapeutic approaches to mitigate the global health impact of T. processionea and related caterpillars.

Sugamadex na reversão da anafilaxia induzida por rocurônio em paciente pediátrico: relato de caso e revisão de literatura

INTRODUCTION: Among neuromuscular blockers (NMB), rocuronium is the most notably cited as a cause of anaphylactic reaction. Rocuronium-induced anaphylaxis is a serious and potentially fatal complication, requiring immediate and effective management. The advent of the specific antagonist, sugammadex, has widely spread its use because it reduces the incidence of residual neuromuscular blockade and is indicated in the protocol for the treatment and reversal of refractory anaphylaxis. This study reports an episode of anaphylaxis induced by rocuronium and successfully reversed after administration of sugammadex. CASE REPORT: A 6-year-old child, weighing 30 kg, scheduled for video-assisted thoracoscopy under general anesthesia presented with tachycardia, severe hypotension, and diffuse skin rash after induction of general anesthesia and administration of rocuronium. All therapeutic measures were immediately taken for the treatment of a severe allergic reaction, however there was no clinical improvement, and the patient progressed to sinus bradycardia. At this point, cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers were initiated, and adrenaline was administered, but without satisfactory clinical response. In this context, the possibility of the causative agent being rocuronium was raised. Sugammadex was administered 16mg/kg, and the patient immediately returned to sinus rhythm and later presented a favorable clinical evolution and no sequelae. DISCUSSION: Sugammadex is a molecule that encapsulates rocuronium and removes it from both plasma and neuromuscular junction, and then excretes it inertly in the urine. Some authors suggest that sugammadex removes rocuronium molecules from the circulation, whether free or IgE-bound. This mechanism is extremely important, especially in grade III and IV anaphylactic reactions, which can lead to death. In view of the scarcity of publications, this report showed the role of sugammadex in the reversal of rocuronium-induced anaphylaxis, refractory to conventional treatment.

Therapeutic plasma exchange in autoimmune neurological disorders: A comprehensive evaluation of clinical outcomes, safety, and long-term disability using the modified Rankin scale.

Autoimmune neurological diseases (ANDs) involve the immune system attacking the nervous system, leading to various symptoms. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is used to remove pathogenic autoantibodies, aiming to improve clinical outcomes. This ambispective observational study included 99 patients with ANDs who underwent TPE from January 2018 to June 2022 at a tertiary care center in India. Clinical outcomes were measured using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores at admission, post-TPE, at 3-months, 6-months, and 1-year follow-up post-discharge. Data were analyzed using Epi Info version 7.0. The median mRS score improved significantly from 5 (IQR 4-5) before TPE to 3 (IQR 2-4) post-TPE (p < 0.001). Complications occurred in 5.95% of procedures, with allergic reactions being the most common. The in-hospital mortality rate was 9%. TPE is a safe and effective treatment modality for autoimmune neurological diseases, especially in resource-constrained settings. It aids in both symptomatic relief and reducing long-term functional disability.

Understanding immune-mediated titanium allergy to in situ orthopaedic implants: a narrative review of the current literature.

Clinical recognition of potential immune-mediated allergic responses to implanted metal devices is increasing. For orthopaedic implants, while 'pure' compounds are used in specific circumstances, the majority of components are alloys - a combination of two or more distinct metals. Titanium is found commonly in many orthopaedic devices and is often championed as a 'hypoallergenic' option or inclusion. In the absence of a relevant previously published summary on the topic, this paper explores the current state-of-understanding of titanium allergy and proposes a patient management algorithm whereby such immune reactions are clinically-suggested. A structured, systematic literature review was performed following PRISMA search principles to provide a contemporary summary-of-understanding in this area and to highlight clinical and knowledge deficiencies. Thirty-five topic-related articles were identified, the majority reflecting small case series' or proof-of-concept studies. The general standard of scientific evidence available was poor. Justification for arthroplasty utilization of titanium as a 'hypoallergenic' option is largely extrapolated from non-orthopaedic domains. Both ionic and conjugated titanium particles released from implant surfaces have the potential to trigger innate immune responses and true allergy. There exists no simple, high-sensitivity, screening test for titanium allergy. Conventional skin-patch testing is unreliable due to poor dermal penetration. Given established lymphocyte and macrophage activation pathways for allergy responses, in vitro methods using both cell-types show diagnostic promise. Surgical biopsy analysis from host-implant interfaces remains the contemporary 'gold-standard', however this represents an invasive, costly and highly-specialized approach not readily available in most settings. Further research to establish reliable/accessible diagnostic methods are indicated.

Artificial intelligence and machine learning for anaphylaxis algorithms.

Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that requires rapid identification and intervention. Current management includes early recognition, prompt administration of epinephrine, and immediate medical attention. However, challenges remain in accurate diagnosis, timely treatment, and personalized care. This article reviews the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning in enhancing anaphylaxis management. Artificial intelligence and machine learning can analyze vast datasets to identify patterns and predict anaphylactic episodes, improve diagnostic accuracy through image and biomarker analysis, and personalize treatment plans. Artificial intelligence-powered wearable devices and decision support systems can facilitate real-time monitoring and early intervention. The ethical considerations of artificial intelligence use, including data privacy, transparency, and bias mitigation, are also discussed. Future directions include the development of predictive models, enhanced diagnostic tools, and artificial intelligence-driven educational resources. By leveraging artificial intelligence and machine learning, healthcare providers can improve the management of anaphylaxis, ensuring better patient outcomes and advancing personalized medicine.

Prior Bariatric Surgery Predicts Lower Life-Threatening Morbidity in Patients Admitted for Acute Allergic Reaction and Anaphylaxis: a Propensity Score-Matched Analysis of the U.S. Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 2005–2018

PurposeAcute allergic reactions may occur in susceptible individuals following exposure to various allergens. Obesity is linked to allergic reactions, and weight loss from bariatric surgery may attenuate the severity of certain conditions such as airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma. This retrospective observational study investigates associations between prior bariatric surgery and lower risk for life-threatening conditions in patients hospitalized with acute allergic reactions and anaphylaxis.Materials and MethodsAdults ≥ 18 years old diagnosed with morbid obesity and admitted to US hospitals with acute allergic reactions/anaphylaxis were included. All data were extracted from the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database 2005–2018. Patients without information on in-hospital mortality, discharge destination, hospital costs, and length of stay (LOS) were excluded. Patients were divided into two groups based on prior bariatric surgery or not. All diagnoses were verified through ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes. Between-group differences and associations between variables were evaluated using logistic regression analysis.ResultsAfter matching, patients with prior bariatric surgery had significantly lower proportions of any life-threatening morbidity (37.2% vs. 47.4%), respiratory distress or failure (11.2% vs. 17.0%), pneumonia or severe infection (7.4% vs. 10.2%), sepsis/septic shock (15.2% vs. 20.9%), intubation and mechanical ventilation (11.2% vs. 14.6%), prolonged LOS (10.3% vs. 20.6%) and unfavorable discharge (6.9% vs. 12.5%) than those without prior bariatric surgery.ConclusionPrior bariatric surgery predicts a lower risk of life-threatening morbidity and prolonged LOS among adults hospitalized for acute allergic reaction and anaphylaxis. Future prospective studies are warranted to confirm the present findings and reveal underlying mechanisms.Graphical

Efficacy and safety of a self-expandable retainer in endoscopic ear surgery.

During endoscopic ear surgery (EES), it is important to maintain a clear view of the endoscopic camera to achieve a clean field. In this study, a self-expandable external auditory canal (EAC) retainer was developed to enable a more efficient and safer EES. This study aimed to evaluate the retainer's efficacy and safety in EES. Among adult patients scheduled for endoscopic tympanoplasty, 50 participants were recruited. They were assigned to either the retainer or control group in a 1:1 ratio. The anatomical characteristics, number of endoscopic cleanings during surgery, surgeon's satisfaction, and other factors were evaluated. No differences were observed in the surgical direction, EAC size measured on preoperative temporal bone computed tomography scans, location and size of tympanic membrane perforation, or bleeding degree between the two groups. When comparing the surgical time, including retainer insertion and removal, the time was similar between groups (retainer group, 35min; control group, 33.2min). The frequency of endoscopic cleaning per minute was statistically significantly lower in the retainer group than in the control group (0.18 times per minute, p = 0.048). No side effects, including sensory abnormalities or allergic reactions, were reported in any patient who used the retainer. A reduction in unnecessary endoscopic cleaning during EES was observed while using the self-expandable retainer, leading to increased surgeon satisfaction and efficiency. Furthermore, as a safe method without side effects, the retainer could be widely used to various indications for EES beyond tympanoplasty.

Identification of Alpha-Gal glycolipids in saliva of Lone-Star Tick (Amblyomma americanum)

Alpha-Gal Syndrome (AGS) is a delayed allergic reaction triggered by IgE antibodies targeting galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal), prevalent in red meat. Its global significance has increased, with over 450,000 estimated cases in the United States alone. AGS is linked to tick bites, causing sensitization and elevated α-gal specific IgE levels. However, the precise mechanisms and tick intrinsic factors contributing to AGS development post-tick bites remain unclear. This study aims to characterize the alpha-gal conjugated lipid antigens in Amblyomma americanum (Am. americanum) salivary glands and saliva. Nanospray ionization mass spectrometry (NSI-MS) analysis revealed the identification of α-gal bound lipid antigens in Am. americanum saliva. Additionally, the activation of basophils by extracted alpha-gal bound lipids and proteins provides evidence of their antigenic capabilities.

Novel therapeutic receptor agonists and antagonists in allergic conjunctivitis.

Allergic conjunctivitis is characterized by the development of pathophysiological changes to the ocular surface, which occurs when pro-allergic and pro-inflammatory mediators interact with their cognate receptors expressed on immune and nonimmune cells. Traditional treatments with antihistamines and corticosteroids provide relief, but there is a need for more efficacious and tolerable long-term therapy with a better safety profile. This article aims to provide an overview of the mode of action and clinical application of agonist therapies targeting glucocorticoid, melanocortin, and toll-like receptors, as well as antagonist therapies targeting cytokine, chemokine, integrin, and histamine receptors. There has been considerable advancement in immunology and pharmacology, as well as a greater understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of allergic conjunctivitis. Recent research advancing therapy for allergic conjunctivitis has focused on developing synthetic molecules and biologics that can interfere with the process of the allergic immune reaction. This review discusses novel therapeutic receptors being explored agonistically or antagonistically to develop alternative treatment options for allergic conjunctivitis. These novel approaches hold promise for improving the management of allergic eye diseases, offering patients hope for more effective and safer treatment options in the future.

Combinatorial Genomic Biomarkers Associated with High Response in IgE-Dependent Degranulation in Human Mast Cells.

Mast cells are the major effector cells that mediate IgE-dependent allergic reactions. We sought to use integrated network analysis to identify genomic biomarkers associated with high response in IgE-mediated activation of primary human mast cells. Primary human mast cell cultures derived from 262 normal donors were categorized into High, Average and Low responder groups according to their activation response profiles. Transcriptome analysis was used to identify genes that were differentially expressed in different responder cultures in their baseline conditions, and the data were analyzed by constructing a personalized perturbed profile (PEEP). For upregulated genes, the construction of PEEP for each individual sample of all three responder groups revealed that High responders exhibited a higher percentage of "perturbed" samples whose PEEP values lay outside the normal range of expression. Moreover, the integration of PEEP of four selected upregulated genes into distinct sets of combinatorial profiles demonstrated that the specific pattern of upregulated expression of these four genes, in a tandem combination, was observed exclusively among the High responders. In conclusion, this combinatorial approach was useful in identifying a set of genomic biomarkers that are associated with high degranulation response in human mast cell cultures derived from the blood of a cohort of normal donors.

Health risks from exposure to chemicals in clothing - Non-regulated halogenated aromatic compounds

The objective of the present study was to investigate some commonly detected halogenated textile pollutants for their bioavailability and hazardous properties. Release into artificial sweat and skin absorption in vitro were examined as well as mutagenic effects by Ames test, and skin-sensitizing properties from a peptide reactivity assay combined with a cell test.All investigated compounds were shown to migrate from the textile into sweat and be absorbed by the skin, although to a different extent. The experimental values for migration were found to be up to 390 times higher compared to literature values. Two of the studied compounds, 2,5-dinitrochlorobenzene and 3,5-dinitrobromobenzene, both exhibited mutagenic effects in the Ames test, while both 2,5-dinitrochlorobenzene and 2,6-dichlorobenzene-1,4-diamine were classified as skin sensitizers. The allergenic reactivity of the latter was found to be due to an oxidized transformation product.Risks for the induction of skin allergy and other non-carcinogenic effects from dermal exposure to the individual compounds were found low, even when considering clothing with the highest reported levels. However, the complex mixtures of chemicals often present in garments may still constitute a health risk, especially when considering the many hours of daily exposure. It is important to further study the toxicity of other frequently occurring chemicals as well as the synergistic effects of chemicals that co-occur in clothing.

MrgX2-targeted ligand screening from Artemisia capillaris Thunb. extract and receptor-ligand interaction analysis based on MrgX2-HALO-tag/CMC

Artemisia capillaris Thunb. (A. capillaris) is a well-known traditional Chinese herbal medicine with a wide range of pharmacological effects, such as soothing the liver and gallbladder, heat clearance, and detoxifying. Hence, its extract is commonly added to various traditional Chinese medicine formulas. Traditional Chinese medicine injection (TCMI) is a mature pharmaceutical dosage form developed using TCM theory combined with modern science and technology. Notably, allergic reactions, especially pseudo‑allergic reactions (PARs), greatly limited the use of these injections. Therefore, screening pseudo‑allergic components in A. capillaris extract is clinically significant. In the present study, we proposed a two-dimensional screening and identification system based on mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2-HALO-tag/cell membrane chromatography (MrgX2-HALO-tag/CMC) high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS); seven potential active components were screened from 75 % ethanol extract of A. capillaris: NCA, CA, CCA, 1,3-diCQA, ICA-B, ICA-A, and ICA-C. The receptor-ligand interactions between these seven compounds and MrgX2 protein were analyzed using frontal analysis and molecular docking technology. Furthermore, a mast cell degranulation-related assay was used to assess the pseudo‑allergic activity of these compounds. The screened compounds can serve as ligands of MrgX2, and this study provides a research basis for pseudo‑allergic reactions caused by TCMIs containing A. capillaris.

Influence of the Gold Nanoparticle Size on the Colorimetric Detection of Histamine.

Histamine is a well-known biogenic amine (BA) that is often associated with allergic reactions and is a significant cause of foodborne illnesses resulting from the consumption of spoiled food. Detecting histamine is essential for maintaining food safety standards and preserving the quality. In this work, we developed a simple, low-cost, and rapid colorimetric method for detecting histamine. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of different sizes (16, 25, and 40 nm) were synthesized by using the citrate reduction method. The particle size was controlled by adjusting the precursor molar ratio (MR), with smaller ratios leading to larger particles and a red-shift in the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak (520, 524, and 528 nm). The nanoparticles were allowed to interact with increasing concentrations of histamine (ranging from 1 to 100 ppm), and the changes in the absorbance spectra and color of the solution were monitored. AuNP aggregation was induced by interaction with histamine through amino and imidazole groups that will coordinate with the AuNP's surface via electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding interactions, causing the solution to turn blue from red. The size variations of AuNPs significantly affected the colorimetric response to histamine. Among the varied sizes, 25 nm AuNPs exhibited the lowest detection limit of 0.72 μM and a linear detection range of 1-10 ppm. Notably, this sensor offered rapid detection (under 1 min) and a remarkable selectivity toward histamine analyte, highlighting its potential for practical applications.

Exploring Bryophyllum pinnatum compounds as potential inhibitors for Vespula vulgaris allergen proteins: A systematic computational approach

Vespula vulgaris (V. vulgaris), commonly known as the common wasp, poses a significant health threat due to its venom-induced allergic reactions. This research focused on the exploration of bioactive compounds from Bryophyllum pinnatum as potential inhibitors for V. vulgaris allergen proteins, including Phospholipase A1 (Ves V1), Hyaluronoglucosaminidase (Ves V2), and Antigen 5 (Ves V5). Through a multidisciplinary approach involving literature reviews, molecular docking analyses, ADMET assessments and Molecular Dynamics Simulations (MDS) of 100ns we identified two promising drug candidates from four bioactive compounds- Bryophyllin A, Bryophyllin B, Bryotoxin A, and Bryotoxin B of Bryophyllum pinnatum. Molecular docking results revealed strong binding interactions, with Bryophyllin B and Bryotoxin A consistently exhibiting the highest affinity (−9.6 kcal/mol and −10.0 kcal/mol) across the allergen proteins. ADMET analyses highlighted Bryophyllin B as a favorable candidate, showing high absorption (HIA: 92.1 %), minimal metabolic interactions (CYP1A2: No), and a low toxicity profile (LD50 (rat): 2.431). MDS analysis revealed Bryophyllin B and Bryotoxin A as promising drug inhibitors, exhibiting the highest binding stability with the allergen proteins of V. vulgaris, as indicated by the lowest Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD), Root Mean Square Fluctuation (RMSF), Radius of Gyration (RG) values and highest protein-ligand contacts. Our study provides valuable insights into the therapeutic potential of Bryophyllum pinnatum compounds as inhibitors for V. vulgaris allergen proteins having two promising candidates- Bryophyllin B and Bryotoxin A.

Safety of Gonadal Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Geriatric Dogs with Chronic Disease.

Ensuring the safety of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is a fundamental requirement in clinical practice. This study aimed to assess the safety of using gonadal tissue-derived MSCs (n = 10) compared to the commonly utilized adipose tissue-derived MSCs (n = 9) in geriatric dogs with chronic diseases. All participants received allogeneic MSC therapy, and no allergic reactions due to allogeneic cell immunogenicity were noted. Both groups showed no adverse changes in physical exams or hematological parameters before and after therapy. Importantly, there were no instances of tumor formation or growth post-treatment in either group. The findings demonstrated that dogs treated with gonadal tissue-derived MSCs experienced no clinical adverse effects. However, clinical adverse effects were reported in one case of adipose tissue-derived MSC therapy. Despite limitations in monitoring beyond one year and constraints due to a small and diverse patient group, this pioneering study validates the safe use of gonadal tissue-derived MSCs in aged companion animals. It underscores the potential of utilizing tissues from neutering procedures to advance regenerative medicine and expand cell banks and therapy options for companion animals.

Use of indocyanine green dye for sentinel lymph node mapping in patients with endometrial cancer and a history of iodinated contrast allergy

ObjectivesSentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping is a surgical technique with high accuracy in detecting metastases while limiting morbidity associated with full lymphadenectomy in endometrial cancer. Cervical injection of indocyanine green (ICG) dye is associated with very high SLN detection rates; however, iodinated contrast allergy has traditionally been viewed as a contraindication to ICG use. The objective of this study was to describe the use of ICG in a population of patients with iodinated contrast allergies undergoing surgical staging for endometrial cancer. MethodsIRB approval was obtained. All patients with clinically early-stage endometrial cancer who underwent minimally invasive surgical staging with SLN mapping with ICG at a single academic institution from 1/1/2017 to 12/31/2020 were identified retrospectively. Patients with reported iodinated contrast allergies prior to surgery were identified. Data were collected through electronic medical record review and compared using descriptive statistics. Results820 patients who underwent minimally invasive surgical staging with SLN mapping with ICG were identified, and 25 had documented iodinated contrast allergies. Documented reactions included rash/hives (n = 10, 40 %), anaphylaxis (n = 6, 24 %), shortness of breath (n = 5, 20 %), diarrhea (n = 1, 4 %), and not specified (n = 3, 12 %). A majority (24/25, 96 %) received 4 mg intravenous dexamethasone during induction of general anesthesia as per the institutional enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol. No patients experienced allergic reactions or other adverse events after ICG injection. ConclusionsNo patients in this cohort demonstrated an adverse reaction after ICG injection for SLN mapping. This study supports the reasonable safety of ICG in patients with contrast allergies, particularly when routine ERAS protocols containing dexamethasone are utilized.

Elucidating allergic reaction mechanisms in response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in adults.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, novel nanoparticle-based mRNA vaccines were developed. A small number of individuals developed allergic reactions to these vaccines although the mechanisms remain undefined. To understand COVID-19 vaccine-mediated allergic reactions, we enrolled 19 participants who developed allergic events within 2 h of vaccination and 13 controls, nonreactors. Using standard hemolysis assays, we demonstrated that sera from allergic participants induced stronger complement activation compared to nonallergic subjects following exvivo vaccine exposure. Vaccine-mediated complement activation correlated with anti-polyethelyne glycol (PEG) IgG (but not IgM) levels while anti-PEG IgE was undetectable in all subjects. Depletion of total IgG suppressed complement activation in select individuals. To investigate the effects of vaccine excipients on basophil function, we employed a validated indirect basophil activation test that stratified the allergic populations into high and low responders. Complement C3a and C5a receptor blockade in this system suppressed basophil response, providing strong evidence for complement involvement in vaccine-mediated basophil activation. Single-cell multiome analysis revealed differential expression of genes encoding the cytokine response and Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways within the monocyte compartment. Differential chromatin accessibility for IL-13 and IL-1B genes was found in allergic and nonallergic participants, suggesting that invivo, epigenetic modulation of mononuclear phagocyte immunophenotypes determines their subsequent functional responsiveness, contributing to the overall physiologic manifestation of vaccine reactions. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms underlying allergic reactions to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, which may be used for future vaccine strategies in individuals with prior history of allergies or reactions and reduce vaccine hesitancy.

Evaluation of the suitability of β-lactoglobulin and whey protein in a BALB/c mouse model of cow's milk allergy

Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is common in infants and young children, which can adversely affect their growth and quality of life. Currently, research on CMA is mainly carried out in mouse models due to ethical constraints in population studies, but the determination of the optimal modelling protocol remains controversial. Here, we aim to evaluate the applicability of β-lactoglobulin (BLG) and whey protein from multiple perspectives in the construction of CMA models in BALB/c mice. To this end, the mice were sensitized by oral gavage of allergens, and then challenged by BLG or whey protein orally administered as well as whey intradermally in the ear, respectively. The allergic reactions were determined by the evaluation of anaphylactic symptoms, levels of specific immunoglobulins and Th2 cytokines, and intestinal tissue histopathology. Overall, mice in the BLG group showed more severe allergic symptoms and decreased body temperature than the other groups. The stronger allergic reactions to BLG in mice were also proved in higher levels of mouse mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1), allergen specific antibodies, and Th2 cytokines as well as more serious intestinal damage than whey protein. These results suggest that BALB/c mice vary in the susceptibility to different cow's milk allergens, and the single component represented by BLG instead of whey protein, may be a more appropriate and effective allergen for the construction of BALB/c mouse model of CMA.

Andrographis paniculata : risk of allergic reactions

Andrographis paniculata : risk of allergic reactions