Reaction Of Allenes Research Articles

Recent advances in the functionalization of allenes via radical process

This review is focused on the recent advances in the functionalization of allenes via radical process. Different radical partners including carbon radicals and heteroatom radicals are discussed in the reactions of allenes. Generally, the radical formed in situ would attack the allene at the central carbon leading to allyl radical intermediate. However, the formation of alkenyl radical intermediate from allene could be observed as well in some cases with high regioselectivity and stereoselectivity.

Regio- and Stereoselective Palladium-Catalyzed Intermolecular Three-Component Aryletherification of Terminal Allenes

A palladium-catalyzed three-component intermolecular aryl­etherification reaction of ferrocene-substituted allenes, aryl iodides and phenols or alcohols is reported. In this three-component reaction, two new C–C and C–O bonds are formed in one step with high regio- and stereoselectivity. The high selectivity obtained in this reaction can be attributed to the steric effect of the bulky ferrocene group.

Gold(I)-Catalyzed Intramolecular Diels–Alder Reaction: Evolution of Trappable Intermediates via Asynchronous Transition States

In recent years allenes have been shown to be capable of exhibiting several modes of cycloadditions in the presence of transition metal catalysts that are otherwise unattainable for ethylene and acetylene. Herein, we predict that the [1 + 2]-cycloaddition pathway is accessible in a Au(I)-catalyzed reaction of allene with cis-1,3-butadiene. The electrophilicity of the central carbon of allene can be harnessed using a Au(I)-catalyst and -COOMe mediated stereoelectronics. A potential energy modification approach is applied to stabilize the diradicaloid intermediates. Our simulations establish that the product selectivity of the [4 + 2]- and [2 + 2]-pathways are steered by dynamical effects. Furthermore, a bioinspired version of this reaction is shown to afford an alternative synthetic pathway for proline and azepine analogs indicating rich prospects for thermal allene-butadienereactions in drug discovery.

Mechanism of Phosphine-Catalyzed Allene Coupling Reactions: Advances in Theoretical Investigations.

Organocatalysis has emerged as an effective strategy for chemical synthesis. Within this area, phosphine-catalyzed coupling reactions have attracted considerable attention because of their versatility and wide range of applications in the construction of new C-C bonds. Recently, various experimental studies on the phosphine-catalyzed coupling reaction of allenes have been reported, and mechanistic and computational studies have also progressed considerably. As a nucleophile, phosphine can react with an allene to form a zwitterionic phosphoniopropenide intermediate. After stepwise cycloaddition and proton transfer, the phosphine catalyst can be regenerated by C-P bond cleavage. Alternatively, the zwitterionic phosphoniopropenide intermediate could also be protonated by a Brønsted acid to generate a phosphonium intermediate, which can be used to construct new C-C bonds by electrophilic addition. In this review, we have summarized details of mechanistic studies of phosphine-catalyzed allene coupling reactions that follow these two reaction modes. In addition to detailing the reaction pathway, the regioselectivity and diastereoselectivity of the phosphine-catalyzed allene coupling reaction are also discussed in this review.

Gold- and Silver-Catalysed Cyclisation Reactions of β-Amino Allenes

Herein we report the formation of pyrrolines and tetrahydropyridines from the cyclisation reactions of β-amino allenes by both AuI and AgI catalysts in yields ranging from 5 to 70 %. AuI catalysts favour a 5-endo-dig cyclisation before rapid rearrangement to the 5-exo-dig product, while AgI favours a 6-endo-trig cyclisation. We also report the first known Ag2O catalysed cyclisation reaction of an allene which occurred in good yield (61 %).

Transition-metal-free radical cleavage of a hydrazonyl N–S bond: tosyl radical-initiated cascade C(sp3)–OAr cleavage, sulfonyl rearrangement and atropisomeric cyclopropanation

Combination of 1,10-phenanthroline and potassium carbonate enables a radical cleavage of a hydrazonyl N–S bond, allowing a coupling reaction of N-tosylhydrazone and phosphinyl allene via cascade C–O cleavage, sulfonyl rearrangement and atropisomeric cyclopropanation.

Direct Observation of a Photochemical Alkyne-Allene Reaction and of a Twisted and Rehybridized Intramolecular Charge-Transfer State in a Donor-Acceptor Dyad.

The excited-state dynamics of an aniline-triazine electron donor-acceptor dyad with an alkyne spacer has been investigated using a combination of ultrafast broadband mid-IR and visible transient absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. The transient IR data reveal the occurrence of an efficient alkyne to allene isomerization of the spacer with a time constant increasing from a few hundreds of femtoseconds to a few picoseconds with solvent viscosity. This process is faster than the vibrational cooling of the Franck-Condon excited state, indicative of nonequilibrium dynamics. The transient electronic absorption and fluorescence data evidence that this transformation is accompanied by a charge separation between the donor and the acceptor subunits. The allene character of the spacer implies an orthogonal orientation of the donor and acceptor moieties, similar to that proposed for twisted intramolecular charge-transfer states. Such states are often invoked in the excited-state dynamics of donor-acceptor dyads, but their involvement could never be unambiguously evidenced spectroscopically. The alkyne-allene isomerization involves not only a torsional motion but also a bending of the molecule due to the sp to sp2 rehybridization of one of the alkyne carbon atoms. This twisted and rehybridized intramolecular charge transfer ("TRICT") state decays back to the planar and linear alkyne ground state on a time scale decreasing from a few hundred to ten picoseconds upon going from weakly to highly polar solvents. The different solvent dependencies reveal that the dynamics of the allene buildup are controlled by the structural changes, whereas the decay is limited by the charge recombination step.

Acyl Fluorides as Efficient Electrophiles for the Copper-Catalyzed Boroacylation of Allenes

The copper-catalyzed reaction of allenes with bis(pinacolato)diboron and acyl electrophiles is reported. In this transformation, acyl fluorides have been proven to be more efficient coupling partners than their chloride or carboxylate analogues. The optimized reaction conditions employed were shown to be compatible with a range of commonly used functional groups, thereby allowing the formation of a library of β-boryl β,γ-unsaturated ketones by varying the nature of the allene and acyl fluoride substrates.

Rhodium-Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Linear Allene-Ene-Ynes to afford Fused Tricyclic Scaffolds: Insights into the Mechanism.

Allene-(E)-ene-yne N-tosyl-tethered substrates 3 a-3 h were efficiently prepared and their rhodium-catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions were evaluated. The cycloadditions are chemoselective as only the proximal double bond of the allene reacted to afford exocyclic double bonds in the fused-tricyclic scaffolds. The stereoselectivity depended on the catalytic system used. Reactivity between allene, alkene, and alkyne was studied for the first time by density functional theory calculations. This mechanistic study determines the order in which the unsaturated groups take part in the catalytic cycle.

Catalytic Regio- and Enantioselective [4+2] Annulation Reactions of Non-activated Allenes by a Chiral Cationic Indium Complex.

Regio- and enantioselective [4+2] annulation between β,γ-unsaturated α-keto esters and non-activated allenes was achieved by using a chiral cationic indium(III)/phosphate catalyst. The reaction affords the corresponding C3-selective dihydropyrans in good yields and with high enantioselectivity (up to 99 % ee).

NHC Ligands Tailored for Simultaneous Regio- and Enantiocontrol in Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Couplings

An exceptionally hindered class of enantiopure NHC ligands has been developed. While racemic forms had previously been utilized, a scalable and practical route to the enantiopure form of this ligand class is described utilizing a Buchwald-Hartwig N,N-diarylation in a highly sterically demanding environment. Using this newly accessible ligand class, nickel-catalyzed enantioselective reductive coupling reactions of aldehydes and alkynes have been developed. These studies illustrate that the newly available NHC ligands are well suited for simultaneous control of regio- and enantioselectivity, even in cases with internal alkynes possessing only very subtle steric differences between two aliphatic substituents. The steric demand of the new ligand class enables a complementary regiochemical outcome compared with previously described enantioselective processes. Using this method, a number of allylic alcohol derivatives were efficiently obtained with high regioselectivity (up to >95:5) and high enantioselectivity (up to 94% ee). The reaction conditions can also be extended to the reaction of aldehydes and allenes, providing silyl-protected allylic alcohol derivatives possessing a terminal methylene substituent. Computational studies have explained the origin of the exceptional steric demand of this ligand class, the basis for enantioselectivity, and the cooperative relationship of the aldehyde, alkyne, and ligand in influencing enantioselectivity.

Copper-Catalyzed Hydroamination of Allenes: from Mechanistic Understanding to Methodology Development

Experimental and theoretical mechanistic studies on the Cu(OTf)2-catalyzed hydroamination reaction of terminal allenes with secondary amines reveal that in situ generated cationic Cu(I) is the catalytically active species and explain the observed regio- and stereoselectivity for the unbranched E product. Insight into the structure of the relevant transition states allowed the generalization of this methodology to allenamides and N-allenylcarbamates under unprecedentedly mild and functional-group-tolerant conditions. Chelation effects by the amide oxygen in addition to electronic effects explain the high innate reactivity of this class of substrates.

CuBr2/TBHP‐Promoted Selective Dibromination and Bromohydroxylation of (Diphenylphosphoryl)allenes

A cooperative CuBr2 and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) system allowed for the highly stereoselective dibromination and bromohydroxylation reactions of (diphenylphosphoryl)allenes under mild (room temperature) and operationally simple conditions. These reactions selectively proceeded through either a dibromination or bromohydroxylation process and are characterized by their broad substrate scope (22 examples), their step economy, and ability to be carried out on a gram scale. This method offers a useful protocol to access allyl bromides and alcohols. Moreover, synthetic applications of the dibromination products include a Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction and copper‐catalyzed cascade process, which could also afford various important derivatives.

On the NHC/DBU-Mediated Tosyl Group Transfer to Allenes: Is There an Organocatalytic Role for DBU?

The reactions of allenylphosphonates/allenylphosphine oxides or an allenyl sulfone [4-Cl-C6H4-SO2C(R)=C=CMe2] with the aldimine PhCH=NTs in the presence of a carbene [NHC·HCl/DBU] afford tosylated allylic phosphonates/phosphine oxides or a sulfone. This reaction involves C–S bond formation and not C–O bond formation, and thus is different from similar reactions of allenes with PhCH=NTs in the presence of bases like DMAP, DBU or Ph3P/(alkyl)3P wherein cycloaddition products are generally observed. The reactions of phosphorylated allenes with DBU lead to the unprecedented formation of products in which the DBU ring is cleaved, as evidenced by single crystal X-ray crystallography. This observation suggests a ‘reactant’ role for DBU when using this base in the reactions of allenes.

Exploring allene chemistry using phosphorus-based allenes as scaffolds

Abstract In this paper, we review some of our results on cycloaddition and cyclization reactions of allenylphosphonates/and allenyl phosphine oxides. Thus nitro-substituted propargylic alcohols react with P(III)–Cl substrates to lead to unprecedented phosphono-benzazepines or -hydroxyindolinones. A similar reaction using a higher stoichiometry of P(III)–Cl precursor has led to the first observation of spontaneous resolution by crystallization in allene chemistry. In the reaction of these phosphorus based allenes with diphenyl isobenzofuran (DPBF), depending on the substituents, both [α, β] and [β, γ]-cycloaddition products are formed. Extension of this work to sulfur based allenes and leading to a new [4+2] cycloadduct with DPBF is reported. A novel cyclization reaction of a functionalized allenylphosphine oxide with diethylamine leading to 3-diethylamino-4-diphenylphosphinoyl-1-naphthol is discovered. Base-catalyzed reactions of allenylphosphonates with 2-substituted benzaldehdes lead to novel thiochromans, chromenes, and quinolines. Allenylphosphonates undergo phosphonylation in the presence of tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride (TBAF). Vinyl azides derived from allenylphosphonates undergo thermolysis to form bis-phosphonopyrazines. [Pd]-catalyzed reactions of allenes with 2-iodophenols, 2-iodobenzyl alcohol and 3-iodo-indole-2-carboxylic acids lead to a variety of benzofurans, benzopyrans and benzopyranones, respectively.

Palladium-catalyzed three-component tandem reaction of sulfonyl hydrazones, aryl iodides and allenes: highly stereoselective synthesis of (Z)-α-hydroxymethyl allylic sulfones

Sulfonyl hydrazones have been identified as an excellent sulfonyl anion surrogate in the tandem reaction with aryl iodides and allenes for the synthesis of functionalized (Z)-allylic sulfones.

ChemInform Abstract: Cascade Reactions of Nitrones and Allenes for the Synthesis of Indole Derivatives

AbstractReview: 52 refs.

Cascade Reactions of Nitrones and Allenes for the Synthesis of Indole Derivatives.

Cascade reactions involving nitrones and allenes are known to facilitate the rapid synthesis of several indole derivatives. The chemoselectivity of these complicated transformations can be influenced by substrate functionalization, reaction conditions, and catalyst control. While seminal studies established primary reactivity patterns, recent work has illustrated the impact of these cascade reactions for creating diverse libraries, increased the breadth of these methods with facilitated access to challenging nitrones, and shown that these transformations can be controlled by asymmetric catalysis.

ChemInform Abstract: Acid‐Promoted Transformations of Aryl Substituted Diphenylphosphoryl Allenes.

AbstractIn the reaction of phosphoryl allene (Id) the formation of oligomers is observed.

A Gold(I)-Catalyzed Domino Coupling of Alcohols with Allenes Enables the Synthesis of Highly Substituted Indenes.

The reaction of aryl-substituted allenes with alcohols under gold catalysis led to highly substituted indenes in good yields, with low catalyst loading and under mild conditions. During this domino transformation, two C-C bonds are formed with water as the only byproduct.